Non-viral factors contributing to hepatocellular carcinoma

Table 1 Non-viral factors associated with hepatocellular carcinoma

Non-viral factors contributing hepatocellular carcinoma	Ref.
Hereditary hemochromatosis	Powell et al[23]
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease	Caldwell et al[14]
Obesity	Wolk et al[36]
Diabetes	El-Serag et al[15]
Diet	Polesel et al[44]
N-nitroso compounds	Sauvaget et al[47]
Alcohol	Donato et al[52]
Smoking	Marrero et al[55]
Oral contraceptives	Rosenberg[63]
Betel quid	Tsai et al[70]
Aflatoxin	Qian et al[77]
Coffee	La Vecchia et al[81]
Schistosomiasis	Ezzat et al[87]
Pesticides	Anwar et al[10]
Thorotrast	Bull et al[89]
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency	Van Thiel et al[90]
Autoimmune hepatitis	Wong et al[92]
Porphyrias	Mogl et al[96]
Wilson disease	Reyes[98]
Primary biliary cirrhosis	Liang et al[100]
Congestive liver disease	Muguti et al[102]
Family history of liver cancer	Turati et al[103]