Epidemiological profiles of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus infections in Malian women: Risk factors and relevance of disparities

Table 1 Demographic characteristics and clinical history among young and old women

Descriptive characteristics	Young women ( ≤50 yr)		Older women (> 50 yr)
	n (%)	mean ± SD	n (%)	mean ± SD
Age (yr)	999	25.2 ± 6.3	231	62.1 ± 8.6
Sex (women)	1000 (100)		231 (100)
Rural residence area	26 (2.6)		67 (29.1)
Urban residence area	964 (97.4)		163 (70.9)
Transfusion history	21 (2.1)		16 (7)
Hospitalization history	137 (13.8)		76 (33.2)
Knowledge of HIV status	577 (58.8)		35 (15.3)
Knowledge of HCV status	16 (1.6)		11 (4.8)
Condom use	2171 (21.9)		N/I
Condom use for ITS/HIV prevention	113 (52.1)
Condom use for contraception	117 (53.9)
Marital status
Single	77 (7.7)		N/I
Divorced	2 (0.2)		6 (2.6)
Married	916 (91.9)		108 (47)
Widowed	2 (0.2)		116 (50.4)

¹217 young women reported condom use; among them, 21 did not explain their motivation and 34 used it for contraception as well as for infections transmitted by sexual relation (ITS)/human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention. N/I: Not implemented in old women (cultural context); HCV: Hepatitis C virus.

Table 2 Risk factors according to both hepatitis C virus seropositivity and active infection in older women

Variables	Anti-HCV					HCV-RNA
	Negative	Ind	Positive	OR (95%CI)	P value	Negative	Ind	Positive	OR (95%CI)	P value
Hospitalization
No	146	4	3			151	0	2
Yes	64	0	12	4.13 (1.60-10.97)	< 0.01	65	0	11	12.8 (2.75-59.30)	< 0.01
Transfusion
No	196	4	14			202	0	12
Yes	15	0	1	0.74 (0.09-5.83)	0.77	15	0	1	1.12 (0.14-9.22)	0.91

Ind: Indeterminate result of the INNO-LIA hepatitis C virus (HCV) confirmation test.

Table 3 Human immunodeficiency virus status - multivariate logistic model

Variables	Estimation	SE	OR	P value
Marital status (monogamous)	0.29	0.16	1.35	0.06
Travel (husband/partner)	0.55	0.17	1.73	0.002
Condom use (HIV or ITS prevention)	- 0.78	0.18	0.46	< 0.01
HIV knowledge (sexual routes)	- 0.43	0.26	0.65	0.09

HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; ITS: Infections transmitted by sexual relation.

Table 4 Comparison of risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus infection among young and older women

Variables	Anti-HIV
	Young women ( ≤50 yr)					Older women (> 50 yr)
	Negative	%	Positive	%	P value	Negative	%	Positive	%	P value
Locality
Municipality II (CSRef)/CHU-GT (hospital)	150	15.7	16	39		149	69.6	9	64.3
Other municipalities/CH-ME	803	84.3	25	61	0.020	65	30.4	5	35.7	0.680
Marital status
Single	71	7.5	5	12.2
Divorced	2	0.2	0	0		4	1.9	2	14
Married	877	92.2	35	85.4		101	47.4	6	43	0.027
Widowed	1	0.1	1	2.4	0.070	108	50.7	6	43	0.022
Knowledge of sexual routes
No	147	16.1	1	2.5		106	63.1	9	64.3
Yes	766	83.9	39	97.5	0.047	62	36.9	5	35.7	0.930
Condom use
No	751	79.2	20	51.3				N/I
Yes	197	20.8	19	48.7	< 0.01
Condom use to prevent HIV/ITS
No	100	50.8	3	15.8				N/I
Yes	97	49.2	16	84.2	0.008
Condom use for contraception
No	83	42.1	16	84.2				N/I
Yes	114	57.9	3	15.8	0.002
Travel of husband/partner
No	482	51.4	32	78.1				N/I
Yes	456	48.6	9	21.9	0.002
Knowledge of the infectious status (from questionary)
No	392	41.9	10	25		184	86.4	8	57.1
Yes	544	58.1	30	75	0.038	29	13.6	6	42.9	0.007
Dialysis
No	950	99.9	40	97.6		211	99.5	14	100
Yes	1	0.1	1	2.4	0.026	1	0.5	0	0	0.990
Tattooing/scarification/piercing
No	291	30.9	14	35.9		112	54.1	4	28.6
Yes	652	69.1	25	64.1	0.510	95	45.9	10	71.4	0.075
Transfusion
No	925	97.9	39	97.5		197	92.5	14	100
Yes	20	2.1	1	2.5	0.870	16	7.5	0	0	0.980
Hospitalization
No	816	86.1	37	90.2		141	66.5	10	71.4
Yes	132	13.9	4	9.8	0.450	71	33.5	4	28.6	0.710
Dental care
No	574	60.9	21	52.5		128	60.7	8	57.1
Yes	369	39.1	19	47.5	0.290	83	39.3	6	42.9	0.790
Excision
No	92	9.7	4	9.8				N/I
Yes	859	90.3	37	90.2	0.970
Residence area
Rural	25	2.7	1	2.4		61	28.5	5	38.5
Urban	919	97.3	40	97.6	0.930	153	71.5	8	61.5	0.450

N/I: Not implemented in old women (cultural context); CSRef: Reference health center; CHU-GT: Hospital university Gabriel TOURE; CH-ME: Mother-Child hospital; HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus.