Efficacy and mechanism of Xing-Pi-Qing-Gan decoction in treating alcoholic liver disease

Table 1 Summary of key molecular pathways in alcoholic liver disease

Pathway	Key molecules	Role in ALD pathogenesis	Ref.
ER stress	DDIT3, PERK, IRE1, ATF6	Mediates hepatocyte apoptosis and steatosis	[9-14]
Oxidative stress	Nrf2, HO-1, Keap1	Drives oxidative damage and inflammation	[31-34,36,37]
Inflammation	TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, TLR4	Amplifies immune response and tissue damage	[22-25]
Gut-liver axis	ZO-1, occludin	Disruption leads to endotoxemia	[26-28]
Epigenetics	miR-34a, miR-155, miR-21, miR-125b-5p	Regulates gene expression post-transcriptionally	[15,16,38,40-43]
Mitophagy	PINK1, Parkin	Clears damaged mitochondria	[44-47]

ATF6: Activating transcription factor 6; DDIT3: DNA damage-inducible transcript 3; HO-1: Heme oxygenase-1; IL-1β: Interleukin-1 beta; IL-6: Interleukin-6; IRE1: Inositol-requiring enzyme 1; Keap1: Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1; Nrf2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; PERK: Protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase; TLR4: Toll-like receptor 4; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha; ZO-1: Zonula occludens-1.