Postoperative adjuvant management in hepatocellular carcinoma: A review of therapeutic efficacy and prognostic outcomes

Table 1 Adjuvant therapy with molecular targeting and Immunotherapy after hepatocellular carcinoma surgery

Ref.	Drug	Type of trial	Primary end point	Result
Molecular targeted therapy
Bruix et al[58], 2015	Sorafenib	A phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial	RF	mRFS: 33.3 m
Zhang et al[59], 2014	Sorafenib	Single-center retrospective analysis	RFS and OS	RFS: 11.7 m
				OS: 32.4 m
Bai et al[60], 2022	Lenvatinib	A retrospective analysis	Recurrence and survival rates	1-year, 2-year recurrence rate: 15.9%, 43.2%
				1-year, 2-year survival rate: 85.8%, 71.2%
Sun et al[6], 2020	Apatinib	Single-center, open-label, phase II trial	RFS and OS	mRFS: 7.6 m
				1-year RFS and OS: 36.1%, 93.3%
Zhou et al[62], 2022	Lenvatinib	A multi-center, single-arm, prospective clinical trial	RFS	mRFS: 16.5 m
Immunotherapy
Kudo et al[65], 2022	Nivolumab	Multi-center, single-arm clinical trial	1-year RFS	1-year RFS: 78.6%
Zhang et al[66], 2023	Anti-PD-1 antibodies include camrelizumab, toripalimab, sintilimab, and pembrolizumab	Retrospective study	OS and RFS	The 1-year, 2-year, 3-year, and 4-year OS rates: 93.1%, 86.8%, 78.2%, and 51.1%
				The 1-year, 2-year, 3-year, and 4-year RFS rates: 81.7%, 77.0%, 52.3%, and 23.1%
Wang et al[67], 2024	Sintilimab	A multicenter, open-label, randomized, controlled, phase 2 trial.	RFS	mRFS: 27.7 m
Xu et al[68], 2023	Pembrolizumab, tislelizumab, sintilimab, camrelizumab, and toripalimab	A retrospective, multicenter, PSM analysis	RFS and OS	mRFS: 29.6 m mOS: 35.1 m
Targeted combination immunotherapy
Qin et al[74], 2023	Atezolizumab, bevacizumab	A randomised, open - label, multicentre, phase 3 trial	RFS	1-year RFS: 78%
Xia et al[75], 2022	Camrelizumab, apatinib	A single-arm, open label, phase II clinical trial	RFS	1-year RFS: 53.85%
Wang et al[76], 2023	C + A	Retrospective cohort study	RFS and OS	mPFS: C + A: 14.0 m, C + L: 18.0 m, C + S: 12.0 m
	C + L			mOS: C + A: 17.0 m, C + L: 19.0 m, C + S: 15.0 m
	C + S

PD-1: Programmed death 1; PSM: Propensity score matching; RFS: Recurrence free survival time; OS: Overall survival; C + A: Camrelizumab + apatinib; C + L: Camrelizumab + lenvatinib; C + S: Camrelizumab + sorafenib; mRFS: Median recurrence-free survival; mOS: Median overall survival.