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©The Author(s) 2022.
World J Hepatol. Sep 27, 2022; 14(9): 1747-1756
Published online Sep 27, 2022. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v14.i9.1747
Published online Sep 27, 2022. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v14.i9.1747
Controls (n = 200) | Cases (n = 200) | Test for difference | |
Age, yr [mean (SD; range)] | 61.5 (11.6; 29.1-95.1) | 63.6 (11.6; 28.1-94.3) | P = 0.073 |
Sex | |||
Male | 18 (9.0) | 17 (8.5) | |
Female | 182 (91.0) | 183 (91.5) | P = 0.86 |
Country of birth | |||
Australia | 157 (78.5) | 122 (61.0) | |
Overseas | 43 (21.5) | 78 (39.0) | P < 0.001 |
Self-reported ethnicity | |||
Caucasian | 180 (90.0) | 175 (87.5) | |
Asian | 11 (5.5) | 14 (7.0) | |
Other | 3 (1.5) | 4 (2.0) | |
Mixed race | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0) | |
Unspecified | 5 (2.5) | 7 (3.5) | P = 0.75 |
Education completed | |||
Up to some secondary | 3 (1.5) | 18 (9.0) | |
Yr 10/11 | 33 (16.5) | 56 (28.0) | |
Yr 12 | 21 (10.5) | 26 (13.0) | |
TAFE/Trade | 32 (16.0) | 43 (21.5) | |
University | 111 (55.5) | 57 (28.5) | P < 0.001 |
Family history of PBC? | |||
No | 200 (100.0) | 194 (97.0) | |
Yes | 0 (0) | 6 (3.0) | |
BMI (kg/m2) mean | 26.8 | 27.1 | P = 0.49 |
Controls, n (%) | Cases, n (%) | Univariable | Adjusted1 | Further adjusted for current alcohol consumption | |
16-20 yr2 | |||||
Frequency per week | |||||
Didn’t drink | 70 (35.5) | 91 (46.2) | 1.34 (0.84, 2.13) | 1.36 (0.79, 2.35) | 1.32 (0.74, 2.36) |
< 1 d per week | 71 (36.0) | 68 (34.5) | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] |
≥ 1 d per week | 56 (28.4) | 38 (19.3) | 0.65 (0.37, 1.15) | 0.59 (0.31, 1.15) | 0.71 (0.36, 1.43) |
Trend | P = 0.015 | P = 0.022 | P = 0.088 | ||
Drinks per session | |||||
Didn’t drink | 68 (35.4) | 89 (46.1) | 1.34 (0.81, 2.22) | 1.28 (0.71, 2.31) | 1.04 (0.55, 1.95) |
1-2 drinks | 67 (34.9) | 63 (32.6) | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] |
≥ 3 drinks | 57 (29.7) | 41 (21.2) | 0.61 (0.33, 1.15) | 0.54 (0.26, 1.09) | 0.46 (0.21, 0.99) |
Trend | P = 0.010 | P = 0.023 | P = 0.055 | ||
Drinks per week | |||||
Didn’t drink | 68 (35.4) | 89 (46.1) | 1.50 (0.95, 2.37) | 1.53 (0.89, 2.62) | 1.35 (0.76, 2.41) |
1-5 drinks per week | 87 (45.3) | 79 (40.9) | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] |
≥ 6 drinks per week | 37 (19.3) | 25 (13.0) | 0.67 (0.35, 1.27) | 0.71 (0.35, 1.48) | 0.85 (0.40, 1.82) |
Trend | P = 0.014 | P = 0.065 | P = 0.26 | ||
21-30 yr2 | |||||
Frequency per week | |||||
Didn’t drink | 19 (9.9) | 64 (33.5) | 3.11 (1.59, 6.08) | 3.11 (1.42, 6.79) | 2.81 (1.26, 6.29) |
< 1 day per week | 65 (33.9) | 69 (36.1) | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] |
1-2 days per week | 69 (35.9) | 43 (22.5) | 0.49 (0.27, 0.86) | 0.48 (0.25, 0.92) | 0.51 (0.26, 1.00) |
≥ 3 days per week | 39 (20.3) | 15 (7.9) | 0.26 (0.11, 0.57) | 0.18 (0.07, 0.47) | 0.22 (0.09, 0.57) |
Trend | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | ||
Drinks per session | |||||
Didn’t drink | 18 (9.6) | 63 (33.9) | 5.57 (2.76, 11.22) | 4.81 (2.18, 10.65) | 3.99 (1.76, 9.01) |
1-2 drinks | 102 (54.6) | 67 (36.0) | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] |
≥ 3 drinks | 67 (35.8) | 56 (30.1) | 1.03 (0.61, 1.77) | 0.78 (0.41, 1.46) | 0.89 (0.46, 1.71) |
Trend | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | P = 0.003 | ||
Drinks per week | |||||
Didn’t drink | 18 (9.6) | 63 (33.9) | 5.05 (2.53, 10.09) | 4.77 (2.16, 10.53) | 3.89 (1.73, 8.76) |
1-5 drinks per week | 98 (52.4) | 75 (40.3) | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] |
6-10 drinks per week | 47 (25.1) | 37 (19.9) | 0.86 (0.49, 1.53) | 0.82 (0.42, 1.58) | 0.84 (0.43, 1.65) |
≥ 11 drinks per week | 24 (12.8) | 11 (5.9) | 0.52 (0.23, 1.18) | 0.31 (0.12, 0.83) | 0.42 (0.15, 1.14) |
Trend | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | P = 0.001 | ||
31-40 yr2 | |||||
Frequency per week | |||||
Didn’t drink | 14 (9.2) | 47 (31.1) | 3.60 (1.28, 10.11) | 3.60 (1.10, 11.81) | 3.57 (1.09, 11.72) |
< 1 day per week | 49 (32.2) | 52 (34.4) | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] |
1-2 days per week | 53 (34.9) | 35 (23.2) | 0.56 (0.27, 1.18) | 0.64 (0.28, 1.47) | 0.69 (0.30, 1.60) |
≥ 3 days per week | 36 (23.7) | 17 (11.3) | 0.28 (0.11, 0.70) | 0.29 (0.10, 0.84) | 0.36 (0.12, 1.08) |
Trend | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | P = 0.002 | ||
Drinks per session | |||||
Didn’t drink | 13 (8.8) | 46 (31.1) | 5.12 (1.92, 13.67) | 4.48 (1.48, 13.59) | 3.94 (1.27, 12.27) |
1-2 drinks | 94 (64.0) | 71 (48.0) | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] |
≥ 3 drinks | 40 (27.2) | 31 (21.0) | 0.85 (0.42, 1.73) | 0.71 (0.33, 1.55) | 0.81 (0.36, 1.81) |
Trend | P = 0.002 | P = 0.006 | P = 0.034 | ||
Drinks per week | |||||
Didn’t drink | 13 (8.8) | 46 (31.1) | 3.65 (1.34, 9.91) | 3.51 (1.13, 10.93) | 3.00 (0.95, 9.54) |
1-5 drinks per week | 78 (53.1) | 72 (48.7) | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] |
6-10 drinks per week | 38 (25.9) | 18 (12.2) | 0.37 (0.15, 0.89) | 0.38 (0.14, 1.01) | 0.39 (0.15, 1.03) |
≥ 11 drinks per week | 18 (12.2) | 12 (8.1) | 0.51 (0.19, 1.38) | 0.48 (0.16, 1.40) | 0.66 (0.20, 2.15) |
Trend | P < 0.001 | P = 0.001 | P = 0.008 |
Controls (n = 200), n (%) | Cases (n = 200), n (%) | Univariable | Adjusted1 | Adjusted2 | |
Ever smoked tobacco prior to PBC diagnosis | |||||
No | 116 (58.0) | 89 (44.5) | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | |
Yes | 84 (42.0) | 111 (55.5) | 1.73 (1.15, 2.59) | 1.42 (0.88, 2.30) | |
P = 0.008 | P = 0.15 | ||||
Age started smoking tobacco | |||||
Never smoker | 115 (57.8) | 88 (44.2) | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | |
10-15 | 19 (9.6) | 24 (12.1) | 1.66 (0.79, 3.47) | 1.16 (0.49, 2.74) | |
> 15-17 | 30 (15.1) | 35 (17.6) | 1.59 (0.87, 2.91) | 1.15 (0.57, 2.31) | |
> 17-19 | 19 (9.6) | 26 (13.1) | 1.66 (0.87, 3.16) | 1.72 (0.79, 3.73) | |
> 19-38 | 16 (8.0) | 26 (13.1) | 2.23 (1.10, 4.53) | 2.16 (0.97, 4.83) | |
Trend | P = 0.008 | P = 0.022 | |||
Years smoking tobacco prior to PBC diagnosis | |||||
Never smoker | 115 (57.8) | 88 (44.2) | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | |
0-10 | 28 (14.1) | 23 (11.6) | 1.15 (0.63, 2.09) | 1.07 (0.54, 2.13) | |
> 10-20 | 26 (13.1) | 32 (16.1) | 1.63 (0.89, 3.00) | 1.18 (0.58, 2.38) | |
> 20-35 | 22 (11.1) | 41 (20.6) | 2.46 (1.33, 4.55) | 2.27 (1.12, 4.62) | |
> 35-59.9 | 8 (4.0) | 15 (7.5) | 2.47 (1.01, 6.06) | 1.90 (0.68, 5.30) | |
Trend | P = 0.001 | P = 0.018 | |||
Ever smoked marijuana prior to PBC diagnosis | |||||
No | 184 (92.0) | 179 (89.5) | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] |
Yes | 16 (8.0) | 21 (10.5) | 1.36 (0.68, 2.71) | 1.45 (0.66, 3.20) | 1.27 (0.56, 2.87) |
P = 0.39 | P = 0.36 | P = 0.56 | |||
Marijuana smoking status (constrained to starting smoking marijuana prior to PBC diagnosis) | |||||
Never smoker | 184 (92.0) | 179 (89.5) | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] |
Ex-smoker | 16 (8.0) | 19 (9.5) | 1.21 (0.60, 2.46) | 1.23 (0.55, 2.79) | 1.10 (0.48, 2.55) |
Current smoker | 0 (0) | 2 (1.0) | - | - | - |
- Citation: French JA, Gow P, Simpson-Yap S, Collins K, Ng J, Angus PW, van der Mei IAF. Alcohol intake is associated with a decreased risk of developing primary biliary cholangitis. World J Hepatol 2022; 14(9): 1747-1756
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-5182/full/v14/i9/1747.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v14.i9.1747