Hepatocellular carcinoma and microbiota: Implications for clinical management and treatment

Table 1 Human studies involving gut microbial composition in various hepatocellular carcinoma-related etiologies

		Microbiota balance
Ponziani et al[38]	Cirrhosis + HCC	↑ Bacteroides; ↑ Ruminococcus; ↑ Enterobacteriaceae	↓ Bifidobacterium; ↓ Akkermansia
Ren et al[41]	HBV cirrhosis + HCC	↑ Actinobacteria	↓ Verrucomicrobia
Liu et al[97]	NBNC cirrhosis + HCC	↑ Escherichia; ↑ Enterococcus	↓ Faecalibacterium;↓ Ruminococcus;↓ Ruminoclostridium
Huang et al[39]	HBV cirrhosis + HCC	↑ Bacteroides; ↑ Lachnospiracea incertae sedis; ↑ Clostridium XIVa

↑: Increased; ↓: Decreased; NBNC: Non-hepatitis B virus non- hepatitis C virus; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma.

Table 2 Correlation studies between intestinal microbial composition and response to immune checkpoint inhibitors

	Treatment	Responder	Non responder
Zheng et al[42]	Anti-PD1	↑ Akkermansia muciniphila; ↑ Ruminococcaceae	↑Proteobacteria
Li et al[9]	Anti-PD1	↑ Faecalibacterium	↑ Bacteroidales
Chung et al[43]	Anti-PD1	Dialister pneumosintes; Escherichia coli; Lactobacillus reteri; Streptococcus mutans; Enterococcus faecium; Streptococcus gordonii; Veillonella atypica; Granulicatella sp.; Trchuris trichiura; ↑ Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio; ↓ Prevotella/Bacteroides ratio	Citrobacter freundii; Azospirillum sp.Enterococcus durans; ↑ Akkermansia species

↑: Increased; ↓: Decreased.