Short-term outcomes of robotic liver resection: An initial single-institution experience

Table 1 Patient demographics and chronic preoperative conditions, n (%)

Sex (female)	18 (45)
Age (yr)	59.6 ± 11.8
BMI	29.4 ± 4.7
ASA class
ASA I	3 (7.5)
ASA II	13 (32.5)
ASA III	24 (60)
Previous abdominal surgery	17 (42.5)
Chronic liver disease	12 (30)
History of type 2 diabetes	14 (35)
History of hypertension	22 (55)
Chronic respiratory disease	7 (17.5)
Chronic cardiac disease	7 (17.5)
Chronic renal disease	2 (5)
Viral infection
HCV	5 (17.5)
HBV	1 (2.5)
Benign/malignant	11 (27.5)/29 (72.5)

BMI: Body mass index; ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; HBV: Hepatitis B virus.

Table 2 Type of liver resection

Type of liver resection, n (%)		Combined procedures	Cirrhosis	Conversion	Postoperative complications
Wedge resection	3 (7.5)	LAR (1), CH (2)
Segmentectomy	10 (25)	CH (3)	4	1 (Bleeding)	Ascites (1), colon ischemia (1)
Left lateral sectionectomy	10 (25)	CH (1)	4		AKI (1), POT (1)
Bisegmentectomy V-VI	2 (5)	CH (1)
Bisegmentectomy IVb-V	4 (10)	CH (3)
Right posterior sectionectomy	2 (5)	CH (1)
Right anterior sectionectomy	2 (5)	CH (2)			Ileus (1)
Left hepatectomy	5 (12.5)	RFA (1), CH (4)			Bile leak (1)
Right hepatectomy	2 (5)	PS (1), CH (1)	1		PHLF, ascites, LGIB and AKI (1), Bile leak (1)

LAR: Low anterior resection; CH: Cholecystectomy; RFA: Radiofrequency ablation; PS: Pancreatosplenectomy; AKI: Acute kidney injury; POT: Postoperative red blood cell transfusion; PHLF: Post-hepatectomy liver failure; LGIB: Low gastrointestinal bleeding.

Table 3 Perioperative and postoperative outcomes

Operative duration (min)	247.6 ± 119.2
Inflow occlusion	30 (75%)
Total clamping time (min)	32.6 ± 26.6
Intraoperative vasopressors use	14 (35%)
Intraoperative blood transfusion	2 (5%)
Postoperative complications	8 (20%)
Clavien–dindo classification
Grade I	1
Grade II	4
Grade IIIa	2
Grade IIIb
Grade IV
Grade V	1
Conversion	1 (2.5%)
Mortality	1 (2.5%)
Length of stay (d)	5.6 ± 6.1
30-d readmission

Table 4 Pathologic examination

Malignant	n (%)
Primary
Hepatocellular carcinoma	16 (40)
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma	6 (15)
Gallbladder carcinoma	1 (2.5)
Metastatic
Colorectal metastases	5 (12.5)
Non-colorectal metastases	1 (2.5)
Benign
Adenoma	1 (2.5)
Giant hemangioma	4 (10)
Giant focal nodular hyperplasia	3 (7.5)
Hydatid cyst	2 (5)
Simple cyst	1 (2.5)
Number of lesions	1.2 ± 0.7
Tumor size (mm)	60.6 ± 40.5
Surgical margin
R0	27 (93)
R1	2 (7)