Published online Sep 27, 2024. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v16.i9.1245
Revised: July 20, 2024
Accepted: July 29, 2024
Published online: September 27, 2024
Processing time: 82 Days and 7.7 Hours
For cirrhotic refractory ascites, diuretics combined with albumin and vasoactive drugs are the first-line choice for ascites management. However, their therapeutic effects are limited, and most refractory ascites do not respond to medication treat
Core Tip: For cirrhotic refractory ascites, peritoneovenous shunt is rarely used due to its high complication rate. Initial treatment for most refractory ascites prioritizes large-volume paracentesis combined with albumin infusion and peritoneal catheter drainage. If these treatments are ineffective or result in severe complications, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt or automated low-flow ascites pump may be considered. Cell-free and concentrated ascites reinfusion therapy requires further validation for suitability.
- Citation: Yang JX, Peng YM, Zeng HT, Lin XM, Xu ZL. Drainage of ascites in cirrhosis. World J Hepatol 2024; 16(9): 1245-1257
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-5182/full/v16/i9/1245.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v16.i9.1245
Ascites denotes the accumulation of excess free fluid in the abdominal cavity, with cirrhosis being the predominant cause, responsible for over 60% of cases. The onset of ascites is a critical marker in the progression of cirrhosis, often signaling a transition from a stable to a more severe clinical phase. This condition frequently accompanies acute decompensation events, such as acute-on-chronic liver failure, bacterial infections, and recurrent hospitalizations, significantly impacting overall treatment outcome[1]. Ascites is associated with multiple interrelated pathogenic mechanisms involving visceral and systemic hemodynamics, as well as dysfunctions in both liver and extrahepatic organs, primarily the kidneys and heart[2]. Portal hypertension is the primary and initiating factor of ascites formation in cirrhosis[3], causing reduced tissue fluid reabsorption and leakage into the abdominal cavity. Additionally, decreased serum albumin levels lead to reduced plasma colloid osmotic pressure, causing fluid to seep into the abdominal cavity or interstitial spaces. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome also significantly contributes to ascites formation. The primary mechanism involves interactions between bacterial products or pathogen-associated molecular patterns and their respective receptors, promoting the formation and release of inflammatory cytokines. This inflammation stimulates the production of endogenous vasodilators, such as endotoxins, vasoactive intestinal peptides, and nitric oxide, leading to vasodilation[4]. This vasodilation results in effective circulating volume (ECV) deficiency, reduced renal blood flow, and activation of the renin-angiotensin system, exacerbating sodium and water retention, thereby promoting ascites formation. Furthermore, the impaired hepatic processing function in cirrhotic patients weakens the inactivation of aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone, further promoting sodium and water retention. Increased pressure within the hepatic sinusoids in cirrhotic patients leads to increased lymph formation. When the volume of returning lymph exceeds the drainage capacity of the thoracic duct, it can seep from the liver surface into the abdominal cavity, forming ascites[5].
Currently, managing and controlling refractory ascites and its related complications remains a significant clinical challenge. Pharmacotherapy, commonly using diuretics (furosemide or spironolactone) combined with albumin and vasoactive drugs, is the first-line choice for ascites management[6]. However, its therapeutic effects are often limited, and most refractory ascites do not respond to drug treatment, necessitating consideration of drainage or surgical inter
Ascites drainage methods | Characteristics |
LVP | In the majority of patients suffering from refractory ascites, the preferred treatment approach involves the prioritization of LVP in conjunction with HSA administration. An advisable frequency for this therapeutic regimen is approximately once every two weeks, ensuring that the maximum volume of fluid removed during a single paracentesis does not surpass 5 L. It is imperative to note that repetitive LVP procedures heighten the potential for the development of complications. |
TIPS | For patients who require frequent paracentesis procedures, frequent hospitalizations, or are awaiting liver transplantation, TIPS can act as a vital bridge therapy, facilitating the transition to definitive liver transplantation. However, due to its associated complications and contraindications, TIPS is typically reserved as a second-line therapeutic option, employed subsequent to the failure of LVP treatment. This approach ensures that the most appropriate and safe treatment pathway is pursued for each individual patient’s unique circumstances. |
PVS | When addressing refractory ascites, PVS has not demonstrated superiority over repeated LVP in terms of treatment outcomes. Furthermore, the risk of severe complications associated with PVS has rendered this approach virtually obsolete, as it has led to its near-complete abandonment in clinical practice. |
Alfapump | The alfapump system holds significant potential in drastically reducing the reliance on LVP for patients. Nonetheless, it is important to acknowledge that the complication rate associated with this treatment modality remains relatively high. For those individuals diagnosed with non-malignant refractory ascites who are deemed ineligible for alternative therapies, such as TIPS or liver transplantation, the implantation of an alfapump represents an efficacious and viable treatment option. |
CART | CART exhibits remarkable efficacy in swiftly alleviating abdominal distension, mitigating the burden of ascites, and enhancing nutritional intake for patients. Nevertheless, this innovative therapy is not without its challenges, including substantial equipment costs, intricate procedural requirements, and potential allergic reactions. Presently, CART is predominantly utilized in Japan, and its universal applica |
Peritoneal catheter drainage | The adoption of peritoneal catheter drainage as a management strategy for cirrhotic ascites boasts a high rate of symptom alleviation, coupled with low financial costs and a minimal incidence of associated complications. This approach significantly diminishes the necessity for repeated LVP procedures, positioning it as a potential cornerstone in the evolving landscape of cirrhotic ascites management. Nevertheless, meticulous attention must be paid to minimizing the duration of catheter retention, as this is paramount in preventing the emergence of complications. |
LVP combined with human serum albumin (HSA) supplementation remains the cornerstone of current ascites management (Figure 1)[8]. Defined as the removal of more than 5 L ascites in a single session, LVP can significantly alleviate patient discomfort, such as abdominal distension, by draining 4-6 L per day. Studies indicate that patients undergoing paracentesis exhibit lower in-hospital mortality rates compared to those who do not[9]. Compared with diuretics, LVP rapidly controls large volumes of ascites and shortens hospital stays[10], with fewer complications, such as electrolyte abnormalities, renal dysfunction, and hemodynamic instability[11]. However, LVP requires repeated punctures and has limitations, as it does not address the underlying pathophysiology of ascites formation, leading to rapid recurrence. The reduction in intra-abdominal pressure after LVP often increases the pressure gradient between the liver and abdominal cavity, causing rapid ascites refilling. Thus, repeated LVP is typically necessary, with most patients needing another paracentesis within two weeks. Martin et al[12] found that repeated LVP increases the risk of complica
TIPS involves inserting a stent to bridge the portal vein branch and hepatic vein, effectively creating a portosystemic shunt to treat cirrhotic ascites (Figure 2). Unlike paracentesis, this procedure targets the elimination of portal hypertension and its complications rather than merely alleviating symptoms[25]. Successful TIPS insertion lowers portal vein pressure, enhances circulatory function in ascites patients[26], increases visceral blood flow to systemic circulation, mitigates effective arterial blood volume deficiency, and improves heart and kidney functions[27]. Two types of stents are used in TIPS: bare metal stents and covered stents. Approximately 70% of patients with bare metal TIPS stents develop stenosis due to excessive endothelial growth within the stent, narrowing the lumen[28]. TIPS stenosis can be treated by balloon dilatation of the stent, and new stent insertion is required if this fails. Covered stents, coated with polytetrafluo
PVS (LeVeen or Denver), first employed in the 1970s for refractory ascites, has been shown to reduce hospitalization duration, the number of hospitalizations, and diuretic dosage. This method involves implanting a device in the abdominal cavity to collect and filter blood from the peritoneal cavity based on the pressure gradient between the peritoneal cavity and central veins, directing it to the heart for further processing. The primary mechanism aims to reduce ascites volume while expanding plasma volume[60]. Ginès et al[61] have demonstrated that PVS effectively controls ascites compared to LVP combined with albumin infusion. Additionally, PVS has been reported to improve the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in cirrhotic patients with refractory ascites, particularly those with moderate to severe renal impairment[62]. However, other studies indicate that PVS does not surpass repeated LVP and albumin infusion in treating refractory ascites[63]. Despite its relatively simple operation, PVS can cause serious, even fatal, complications, including infections[64], device blockage, shunt dysfunction, thrombosis, volume overload, disseminated intravascular coagulation, heart failure[65], air embolism, and complications related to surgical insertion[66]. These complications significantly increase patient mortality. Moreover, PVS placement can hinder TIPS procedures and cause peritoneal adhesions, complicating liver transplantation surgery. Although PVS can be used for refractory ascites patients ineligible for TIPS or liver transplantation, its high risk of adverse outcomes has led to its near-total abandonment[67].
Alfapump is currently an alternative therapy for patients with refractory ascites (Figure 3)[68]. This implanted, battery-powered pump includes two silicone catheters: One in the peritoneum to collect ascites and the other in the bladder to deliver the ascites. The alfapump has four pressure sensors that monitor abdominal and bladder pressure, providing information on flow rates and system behavior. Generally, the pumping cycle starts when bladder pressure is below a certain threshold and stops immediately when peritoneal cavity pressure decreases significantly. This control allows the alfapump to manage the volume of ascites drained as well as the timing and frequency of pump activity. The alfapump’s purpose is to transfer ascites from the abdominal cavity to the bladder, allowing elimination through urination[69], effectively performing continuous small-volume, low-rate paracentesis daily. Despite requiring daily battery charging for less than 20 min, the pump operates for about 16 hours, with an expected battery life of over three years[70]. In managing cirrhotic ascites, the alfapump can significantly reduce the need for LVP[71,72]. A meta-analysis revealed that 62% of patients no longer needed LVP after alfapump implantation, and the number of required LVPs was significantly reduced[73]. Compared to repeated LVP, alfapump is more acceptable to patients with refractory ascites and improves their quality of life[74-76]. Studies show that the alfapump system offers advantages over LVP by reducing or eliminating the need for paracentesis and enhancing quality of life and nutritional status[77]. Although the alfapump system’s implan
CART was first reported in 1977[89]. It is mainly used for treating patients with ascites due to decompensated cirrhosis (Figure 4). The purpose of CART is to maintain plasma colloid osmotic pressure by reinfusing proteins recovered from ascites[90]. The CART procedure includes several steps: First, paracentesis is performed to remove ascites into a drainage bag. Next, filtration is used to remove pathogens and small molecular harmful substances such as urea nitrogen, creatinine, and bilirubin. Then, excess water is removed through concentration. Finally, the liquid obtained from these steps, including useful proteins like albumin and globulin, is reinfused intravenously[91]. This method avoids the loss of proteins contained in the ascites, reduces the cost of using large amounts of albumin, and avoids the risk of infection from using blood products. The main indication for CART is ascites due to cirrhosis, but it has also been used to treat malig
Peritoneal catheter drainage serves as an effective method for managing cirrhotic ascites. Studies suggest that long-term abdominal drainage provides a safe and effective palliative intervention for end-stage liver disease (Figure 5)[107]. Various catheter placements have been recommended as an alternative to traditional treatments for refractory ascites[108]. This approach involves inserting a peritoneal puncture catheter kit into the abdominal cavity under local anesthesia guided by ultrasound. The drainage amount is adjusted based on the patient’s condition, along with basic treatments such as liver protection, diuretics, and albumin supplementation. The catheter is removed once ascites is no longer present or ultrasound indicates near-total absorption. Typically, daily drainage is limited to 5 hours, with volumes controlled between 800 and 1500 mL over 3 to 7 days. Research indicates that peritoneal indwelling central venous cathe
Different drainage methods for cirrhotic ascites have their advantages and disadvantages. PVS is rarely used currently due to its high complication rate. Initial treatment for most refractory ascites should prioritize LVP combined with albumin infusion and peritoneal catheter drainage. If these treatments are ineffective or cause severe complications, TIPS or alfapump may be considered. CART, primarily used in Japan, requires further validation for suitability in other populations. Clinicians must evaluate the patient’s specific condition and circumstances to determine the most appropriate treatment.
We would like to thank our colleagues for their valuable contributions to this review. We gratefully acknowledge Jinan University and Shenzhen People’s Hospital for providing the necessary support for this study.
1. | Aithal GP, Palaniyappan N, China L, Härmälä S, Macken L, Ryan JM, Wilkes EA, Moore K, Leithead JA, Hayes PC, O'Brien AJ, Verma S. Guidelines on the management of ascites in cirrhosis. Gut. 2021;70:9-29. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 139] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 172] [Article Influence: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
2. | Bernardi M, Moreau R, Angeli P, Schnabl B, Arroyo V. Mechanisms of decompensation and organ failure in cirrhosis: From peripheral arterial vasodilation to systemic inflammation hypothesis. J Hepatol. 2015;63:1272-1284. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 347] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 399] [Article Influence: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
3. | Pedersen JS, Bendtsen F, Møller S. Management of cirrhotic ascites. Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2015;6:124-137. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 48] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 35] [Article Influence: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
4. | Larrue H, Vinel JP, Bureau C. Management of Severe and Refractory Ascites. Clin Liver Dis. 2021;25:431-440. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
5. | Neong SF, Adebayo D, Wong F. An update on the pathogenesis and clinical management of cirrhosis with refractory ascites. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;13:293-305. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 18] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 19] [Article Influence: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
6. | Chinese Society of Hepatology; Chinese Medical Association. [Guidelines on the management of ascites in cirrhosis (2023 version)]. Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi. 2023;31:813-826. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
7. | European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: Liver transplantation. J Hepatol. 2016;64:433-485. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 543] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 638] [Article Influence: 79.8] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
8. | Zhao R, Lu J, Shi Y, Zhao H, Xu K, Sheng J. Current management of refractory ascites in patients with cirrhosis. J Int Med Res. 2018;46:1138-1145. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 11] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 14] [Article Influence: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
9. | Orman ES, Hayashi PH, Bataller R, Barritt AS 4th. Paracentesis is associated with reduced mortality in patients hospitalized with cirrhosis and ascites. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;12:496-503.e1. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 58] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 63] [Article Influence: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
10. | Zaccherini G, Tufoni M, Iannone G, Caraceni P. Management of Ascites in Patients with Cirrhosis: An Update. J Clin Med. 2021;10. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 8] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 11] [Article Influence: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
11. | Ginés P, Arroyo V, Quintero E, Planas R, Bory F, Cabrera J, Rimola A, Viver J, Camps J, Jiménez W. Comparison of paracentesis and diuretics in the treatment of cirrhotics with tense ascites. Results of a randomized study. Gastroenterology. 1987;93:234-241. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 352] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 344] [Article Influence: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
12. | Martin DK, Walayat S, Jinma R, Ahmed Z, Ragunathan K, Dhillon S. Large-volume paracentesis with indwelling peritoneal catheter and albumin infusion: a community hospital study. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect. 2016;6:32421. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 8] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
13. | Wong F. Management of refractory ascites. Clin Mol Hepatol. 2023;29:16-32. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 11] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
14. | Lindsay AJ, Burton J, Ray CE Jr. Paracentesis-induced circulatory dysfunction: a primer for the interventional radiologist. Semin Intervent Radiol. 2014;31:276-278. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 14] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 13] [Article Influence: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
15. | Chandna S, Zarate ER, Gallegos-Orozco JF. Management of Decompensated Cirrhosis and Associated Syndromes. Surg Clin North Am. 2022;102:117-137. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 2] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 6] [Article Influence: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
16. | Harvey JJ, Prentice R, George J. Diagnostic and therapeutic abdominal paracentesis. Med J Aust. 2023;218:18-21. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 1] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
17. | Tsochatzis EA, Gerbes AL. Diagnosis and treatment of ascites. J Hepatol. 2017;67:184-185. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 19] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 19] [Article Influence: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
18. | Zheng X, Bai Z, Wang T, Romeiro FG, Mancuso A, Philips CA, Wong YJ, Nery FG, Qi X. Human Albumin Infusion for the Management of Liver Cirrhosis and Its Complications: An Overview of Major Findings from Meta-analyses. Adv Ther. 2023;40:1494-1529. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 3] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 5] [Article Influence: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
19. | Caraceni P, Abraldes JG, Ginès P, Newsome PN, Sarin SK. The search for disease-modifying agents in decompensated cirrhosis: From drug repurposing to drug discovery. J Hepatol. 2021;75 Suppl 1:S118-S134. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 18] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 25] [Article Influence: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
20. | Tan HK, James PD, Wong F. Albumin May Prevent the Morbidity of Paracentesis-Induced Circulatory Dysfunction in Cirrhosis and Refractory Ascites: A Pilot Study. Dig Dis Sci. 2016;61:3084-3092. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 18] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 19] [Article Influence: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
21. | Piano S, Tonon M, Angeli P. Management of ascites and hepatorenal syndrome. Hepatol Int. 2018;12:122-134. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 45] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 48] [Article Influence: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
22. | Romanelli RG, La Villa G, Barletta G, Vizzutti F, Lanini F, Arena U, Boddi V, Tarquini R, Pantaleo P, Gentilini P, Laffi G. Long-term albumin infusion improves survival in patients with cirrhosis and ascites: an unblinded randomized trial. World J Gastroenterol. 2006;12:1403-1407. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in CrossRef: 96] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 86] [Article Influence: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
23. | Bai Z, Wang L, Wang R, Zou M, Méndez-Sánchez N, Romeiro FG, Cheng G, Qi X. Use of human albumin infusion in cirrhotic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Hepatol Int. 2022;16:1468-1483. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 5] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
24. | Di Pascoli M, Fasolato S, Piano S, Bolognesi M, Angeli P. Long-term administration of human albumin improves survival in patients with cirrhosis and refractory ascites. Liver Int. 2019;39:98-105. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 56] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 79] [Article Influence: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis (2)] |
25. | Møller S, Henriksen JH, Bendtsen F. Ascites: pathogenesis and therapeutic principles. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2009;44:902-911. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 32] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 31] [Article Influence: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
26. | Adebayo D, Neong SF, Wong F. Refractory Ascites in Liver Cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2019;114:40-47. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 27] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 28] [Article Influence: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
27. | Wong F. Management of ascites in cirrhosis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;27:11-20. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 53] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 50] [Article Influence: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
28. | Sanyal AJ, Freedman AM, Luketic VA, Purdum PP 3rd, Shiffman ML, DeMeo J, Cole PE, Tisnado J. The natural history of portal hypertension after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts. Gastroenterology. 1997;112:889-898. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 218] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 197] [Article Influence: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
29. | Barrio J, Ripoll C, Bañares R, Echenagusia A, Catalina MV, Camúñez F, Simó G, Santos L. Comparison of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt dysfunction in PTFE-covered stent-grafts versus bare stents. Eur J Radiol. 2005;55:120-124. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 77] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 85] [Article Influence: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
30. | Zhu P, Dong S, Sun P, Belgaumkar AP, Sun Y, Cheng X, Zheng Q, Li T. Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE)-covered stents versus bare stents for transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in people with liver cirrhosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023;8:CD012358. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
31. | Sommer CM, Gockner TL, Stampfl U, Bellemann N, Sauer P, Ganten T, Weitz J, Kauczor HU, Radeleff BA. Technical and clinical outcome of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent shunt: bare metal stents (BMS) versus viatorr stent-grafts (VSG). Eur J Radiol. 2012;81:2273-2280. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 33] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 38] [Article Influence: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
32. | Angermayr B, Cejna M, Koenig F, Karnel F, Hackl F, Gangl A, Peck-Radosavljevic M; Vienna TIPS Study Group. Survival in patients undergoing transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt: ePTFE-covered stentgrafts versus bare stents. Hepatology. 2003;38:1043-1050. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 56] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 77] [Article Influence: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
33. | Bureau C, Garcia Pagan JC, Layrargues GP, Metivier S, Bellot P, Perreault P, Otal P, Abraldes JG, Peron JM, Rousseau H, Bosch J, Vinel JP. Patency of stents covered with polytetrafluoroethylene in patients treated by transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts: long-term results of a randomized multicentre study. Liver Int. 2007;27:742-747. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 220] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 212] [Article Influence: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
34. | García-Pagán JC, Caca K, Bureau C, Laleman W, Appenrodt B, Luca A, Abraldes JG, Nevens F, Vinel JP, Mössner J, Bosch J; Early TIPS (Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt) Cooperative Study Group. Early use of TIPS in patients with cirrhosis and variceal bleeding. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:2370-2379. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 826] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 777] [Article Influence: 55.5] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
35. | Perarnau JM, Le Gouge A, Nicolas C, d'Alteroche L, Borentain P, Saliba F, Minello A, Anty R, Chagneau-Derrode C, Bernard PH, Abergel A, Ollivier-Hourmand I, Gournay J, Ayoub J, Gaborit C, Rusch E, Giraudeau B; STIC-TIPS group. Covered vs. uncovered stents for transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt: a randomized controlled trial. J Hepatol. 2014;60:962-968. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 122] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 135] [Article Influence: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
36. | Kwan SW, Allison SK, Gold LS, Shin DS. Cost-Effectiveness of Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt versus Large-Volume Paracentesis in Refractory Ascites: Results of a Markov Model Incorporating Individual Patient-Level Meta-Analysis and Nationally Representative Cost Data. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2018;29:1705-1712. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 10] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 11] [Article Influence: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
37. | Triantafyllou T, Aggarwal P, Gupta E, Svetanoff WJ, Bhirud DP, Singhal S. Polytetrafluoroethylene-Covered Stent Graft Versus Bare Stent in Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 2018;28:867-879. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 13] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 19] [Article Influence: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
38. | Schepis F, Vizzutti F, Garcia-Tsao G, Marzocchi G, Rega L, De Maria N, Di Maira T, Gitto S, Caporali C, Colopi S, De Santis M, Arena U, Rampoldi A, Airoldi A, Cannavale A, Fanelli F, Mosconi C, Renzulli M, Agazzi R, Nani R, Quaretti P, Fiorina I, Moramarco L, Miraglia R, Luca A, Bruno R, Fagiuoli S, Golfieri R, Torricelli P, Di Benedetto F, Belli LS, Banchelli F, Laffi G, Marra F, Villa E. Under-dilated TIPS Associate With Efficacy and Reduced Encephalopathy in a Prospective, Non-randomized Study of Patients With Cirrhosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;16:1153-1162.e7. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 67] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 79] [Article Influence: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
39. | Trebicka J, Bastgen D, Byrtus J, Praktiknjo M, Terstiegen S, Meyer C, Thomas D, Fimmers R, Treitl M, Euringer W, Sauerbruch T, Rössle M. Smaller-Diameter Covered Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt Stents Are Associated With Increased Survival. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;17:2793-2799.e1. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 51] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 68] [Article Influence: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
40. | Miraglia R, Maruzzelli L, Tuzzolino F, Petridis I, D'Amico M, Luca A. Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunts in Patients with Cirrhosis with Refractory Ascites: Comparison of Clinical Outcomes by Using 8- and 10-mm PTFE-covered Stents. Radiology. 2017;284:281-288. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 46] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 53] [Article Influence: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
41. | Bucsics T, Hoffman S, Grünberger J, Schoder M, Matzek W, Stadlmann A, Mandorfer M, Schwabl P, Ferlitsch A, Peck-Radosavljevic M, Trauner M, Karner J, Karnel F, Reiberger T. ePTFE-TIPS vs repetitive LVP plus albumin for the treatment of refractory ascites in patients with cirrhosis. Liver Int. 2018;38:1036-1044. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 22] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 22] [Article Influence: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
42. | Fagiuoli S, Bruno R, Debernardi Venon W, Schepis F, Vizzutti F, Toniutto P, Senzolo M, Caraceni P, Salerno F, Angeli P, Cioni R, Vitale A, Grosso M, De Gasperi A, D'Amico G, Marzano A; AISF TIPS Special Conference. Consensus conference on TIPS management: Techniques, indications, contraindications. Dig Liver Dis. 2017;49:121-137. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 77] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 95] [Article Influence: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
43. | Sanyal AJ, Freedman AM, Purdum PP, Shiffman ML, Luketic VA. The hematologic consequences of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts. Hepatology. 1996;23:32-39. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 84] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 86] [Article Influence: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
44. | Mizrahi M, Adar T, Shouval D, Bloom AI, Shibolet O. Endotipsitis-persistent infection of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt: pathogenesis, clinical features and management. Liver Int. 2010;30:175-183. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 23] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 29] [Article Influence: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
45. | Vilstrup H, Amodio P, Bajaj J, Cordoba J, Ferenci P, Mullen KD, Weissenborn K, Wong P. Hepatic encephalopathy in chronic liver disease: 2014 Practice Guideline by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the European Association for the Study of the Liver. Hepatology. 2014;60:715-735. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 1158] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 1293] [Article Influence: 129.3] [Reference Citation Analysis (1)] |
46. | Siramolpiwat S. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts and portal hypertension-related complications. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20:16996-17010. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in CrossRef: 43] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 38] [Article Influence: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
47. | Gerbes AL, Gülberg V. Benefit of TIPS for patients with refractory or recidivant ascites: serum bilirubin may make the difference. Hepatology. 2005;41:217. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 18] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 17] [Article Influence: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
48. | Rudler M, Mallet M, Sultanik P, Bouzbib C, Thabut D. Optimal management of ascites. Liver Int. 2020;40 Suppl 1:128-135. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 10] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 14] [Article Influence: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
49. | Boyer TD, Haskal ZJ; American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. The Role of Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt (TIPS) in the Management of Portal Hypertension: update 2009. Hepatology. 2010;51:306. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 390] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 384] [Article Influence: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis (1)] |
50. | Khungar V, Saab S. Cirrhosis with refractory ascites: serial large volume paracentesis, TIPS, or transplantation? Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;9:931-5; quiz e121. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 2] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 3] [Article Influence: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
51. | Lan T, Chen M, Tang C, Deltenre P. Recent developments in the management of ascites in cirrhosis. United European Gastroenterol J. 2024;12:261-272. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
52. | Deltenre P, Mathurin P, Dharancy S, Moreau R, Bulois P, Henrion J, Pruvot FR, Ernst O, Paris JC, Lebrec D. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in refractory ascites: a meta-analysis. Liver Int. 2005;25:349-356. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 98] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 87] [Article Influence: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
53. | Garcia-Tsao G. The transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for the management of cirrhotic refractory ascites. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;3:380-389. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 23] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 25] [Article Influence: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
54. | Bai M, Qi XS, Yang ZP, Yang M, Fan DM, Han GH. TIPS improves liver transplantation-free survival in cirrhotic patients with refractory ascites: an updated meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20:2704-2714. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in CrossRef: 94] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 101] [Article Influence: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis (2)] |
55. | Iannone G, Pompili E, De Venuto C, Pratelli D, Tedesco G, Baldassarre M, Caraceni P, Zaccherini G. The Role of Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt for the Management of Ascites in Patients with Decompensated Cirrhosis. J Clin Med. 2024;13. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
56. | Bureau C, Thabut D, Oberti F, Dharancy S, Carbonell N, Bouvier A, Mathurin P, Otal P, Cabarrou P, Péron JM, Vinel JP. Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunts With Covered Stents Increase Transplant-Free Survival of Patients With Cirrhosis and Recurrent Ascites. Gastroenterology. 2017;152:157-163. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 233] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 273] [Article Influence: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
57. | European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of patients with decompensated cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 2018;69:406-460. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 1177] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 1594] [Article Influence: 265.7] [Reference Citation Analysis (2)] |
58. | Fonio P, Discalzi A, Calandri M, Doriguzzi Breatta A, Bergamasco L, Martini S, Ottobrelli A, Righi D, Gandini G. Incidence of hepatic encephalopathy after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) according to its severity and temporal grading classification. Radiol Med. 2017;122:713-721. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 27] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 34] [Article Influence: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
59. | Bercu ZL, Fischman AM, Kim E, Nowakowski FS, Patel RS, Schiano TD, Chang CY, Lookstein RA. TIPS for refractory ascites: a 6-year single-center experience with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene-covered stent-grafts. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2015;204:654-661. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 27] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 27] [Article Influence: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
60. | Vadeyar HJ, Doran JD, Charnley R, Ryder SD. Saphenoperitoneal shunts for patients with intractable ascites associated with chronic liver disease. Br J Surg. 1999;86:882-885. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 9] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 9] [Article Influence: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
61. | Ginès P, Arroyo V, Vargas V, Planas R, Casafont F, Panés J, Hoyos M, Viladomiu L, Rimola A, Morillas R. Paracentesis with intravenous infusion of albumin as compared with peritoneovenous shunting in cirrhosis with refractory ascites. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:829-835. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 230] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 223] [Article Influence: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
62. | Segawa T, Kato K, Kawashima K, Suzuki T, Ehara S. The influence of a peritoneovenous shunt for cirrhotic and malignant intractable ascites on renal function. Acta Radiol Open. 2018;7:2058460118764208. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 2] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 2] [Article Influence: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
63. | Ginès A, Planas R, Angeli P, Guarner C, Salerno F, Ginès P, Saló J, Rodriguez N, Domènech E, Soriano G. Treatment of patients with cirrhosis and refractory ascites using LeVeen shunt with titanium tip: comparison with therapeutic paracentesis. Hepatology. 1995;22:124-131. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 1] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 5] [Article Influence: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
64. | Koyama S, Nogami A, Yoneda M, Cheng S, Koike Y, Takeuchi Y, Iwaki M, Kobayashi T, Saito S, Utsunomiya D, Nakajima A. Chronological Course and Clinical Features after Denver Peritoneovenous Shunt Placement in Decompensated Liver Cirrhosis. Tomography. 2024;10:471-479. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
65. | Fukui H, Kawaratani H, Kaji K, Takaya H, Yoshiji H. Management of refractory cirrhotic ascites: challenges and solutions. Hepat Med. 2018;10:55-71. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 10] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 11] [Article Influence: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
66. | White MA, Agle SC, Padia RK, Zervos EE. Denver peritoneovenous shunts for the management of malignant ascites: a review of the literature in the post LeVeen Era. Am Surg. 2011;77:1070-1075. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 28] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 33] [Article Influence: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
67. | European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines on the management of ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 2010;53:397-417. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 1125] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 1102] [Article Influence: 78.7] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
68. | Wong F. Innovative approaches to the management of ascites in cirrhosis. JHEP Rep. 2023;5:100749. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 3] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
69. | Dembinski J, Aranovich D, Banz V, Ehmann T, Klein I, Malago M, Richter N, Schnitzbauer AA, Staszewicz W, Tautenhahn HM, Capel J, Regimbeau JM. Surgical technique for placement of the automated low flow ascites pump (Alfapump). Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2020;405:117-123. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 5] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 5] [Article Influence: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
70. | Stirnimann G, Banz V, Storni F, De Gottardi A. Automated low-flow ascites pump for the treatment of cirrhotic patients with refractory ascites. Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2017;10:283-292. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 27] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 29] [Article Influence: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis (1)] |
71. | Fotopoulou C, Berg T, Hausen A, Hennig R, Jalan R, Malagó M, Capel J, De Gottardi A, Stirnimann G. Continuous low flow ascites drainage through the urinary bladder via the Alfapump system in palliative patients with malignant ascites. BMC Palliat Care. 2019;18:109. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 7] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 8] [Article Influence: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
72. | Lepida A, Marot A, Trépo E, Degré D, Moreno C, Deltenre P. Systematic review with meta-analysis: automated low-flow ascites pump therapy for refractory ascites. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2019;50:978-987. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 14] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 22] [Article Influence: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
73. | Thomas MN, Sauter GH, Gerbes AL, Stangl M, Schiergens TS, Angele M, Werner J, Guba M. Automated low flow pump system for the treatment of refractory ascites: a single-center experience. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2015;400:979-983. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 21] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 22] [Article Influence: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
74. | Wong F, Bendel E, Sniderman K, Frederick T, Haskal ZJ, Sanyal A, Asrani SK, Capel J, Kamath PS. Improvement in Quality of Life and Decrease in Large-Volume Paracentesis Requirements With the Automated Low-Flow Ascites Pump. Liver Transpl. 2020;26:651-661. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 14] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 13] [Article Influence: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
75. | Stepanova M, Nader F, Bureau C, Adebayo D, Elkrief L, Valla D, Peck-Radosavljevic M, McCune A, Vargas V, Simon-Talero M, Cordoba J, Angeli P, Rossi S, MacDonald S, Capel J, Jalan R, Younossi ZM. Patients with refractory ascites treated with alfapump® system have better health-related quality of life as compared to those treated with large volume paracentesis: the results of a multicenter randomized controlled study. Qual Life Res. 2018;27:1513-1520. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 24] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 22] [Article Influence: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
76. | Weil-Verhoeven D, Di Martino V, Stirnimann G, Cervoni JP, Nguyen-Khac E, Thévenot T. Alfapump(®) implantable device in management of refractory ascites: An update. World J Hepatol. 2022;14:1344-1356. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 1] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 1] [Article Influence: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis (1)] |
77. | Garbuzenko DV, Arefyev NO. Current approaches to the management of patients with cirrhotic ascites. World J Gastroenterol. 2019;25:3738-3752. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in CrossRef: 20] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 15] [Article Influence: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis (3)] |
78. | Will V, Rodrigues SG, Berzigotti A. Current treatment options of refractory ascites in liver cirrhosis - A systematic review and meta-analysis. Dig Liver Dis. 2022;54:1007-1014. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 4] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 4] [Article Influence: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
79. | Bendel EC, Sniderman K, Shaw C, Frederick RT, Wong F, Sanyal A, Asrani SK, Kamath PS, Capel J, Haskal ZJ. Feasibility and Procedural Safety of alfapump System Implantation by IR: Experience from the MOSAIC Study, a Multicenter, Open-Label Prospective Study in Cirrhotic Patients with Refractory Ascites. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2020;31:1256-1262.e3. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 4] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 4] [Article Influence: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
80. | Solbach P, Höner Zu Siederdissen C, Wellhöner F, Richter N, Heidrich B, Lenzen H, Kerstin P, Hueper K, Manns MP, Wedemeyer H, Jaeckel E. Automated low-flow ascites pump in a real-world setting: complications and outcomes. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;30:1082-1089. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 18] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 17] [Article Influence: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
81. | Bureau C, Adebayo D, Chalret de Rieu M, Elkrief L, Valla D, Peck-Radosavljevic M, McCune A, Vargas V, Simon-Talero M, Cordoba J, Angeli P, Rosi S, MacDonald S, Malago M, Stepanova M, Younossi ZM, Trepte C, Watson R, Borisenko O, Sun S, Inhaber N, Jalan R. Alfapump® system vs. large volume paracentesis for refractory ascites: A multicenter randomized controlled study. J Hepatol. 2017;67:940-949. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 68] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 66] [Article Influence: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
82. | Will V, Rodrigues SG, Stirnimann G, Gottardi A, Bosch J, Berzigotti A. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt and alfapump® system for refractory ascites in liver cirrhosis: Outcomes and complications. United European Gastroenterol J. 2020;8:961-969. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 4] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 4] [Article Influence: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
83. | Solà E, Sanchez-Cabús S, Rodriguez E, Elia C, Cela R, Moreira R, Pose E, Sánchez-Delgado J, Cañete N, Morales-Ruiz M, Campos F, Balust J, Guevara M, García-Valdecasas JC, Ginès P. Effects of alfapump™ system on kidney and circulatory function in patients with cirrhosis and refractory ascites. Liver Transpl. 2017;23:583-593. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 31] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 31] [Article Influence: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
84. | Bellot P, Welker MW, Soriano G, von Schaewen M, Appenrodt B, Wiest R, Whittaker S, Tzonev R, Handshiev S, Verslype C, Moench C, Zeuzem S, Sauerbruch T, Guarner C, Schott E, Johnson N, Petrov A, Katzarov K, Nevens F, Zapater P, Such J. Automated low flow pump system for the treatment of refractory ascites: a multi-center safety and efficacy study. J Hepatol. 2013;58:922-927. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 96] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 97] [Article Influence: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
85. | Aagaard NK, Malago M, De Gottardi A, Thomas M, Sauter G, Engelmann C, Aranovich D, Cohen M, Thévenot T, Ehmann T, Capel J, Angeli P, Jalan R, Stirnimann G. Consensus care recommendations for alfapump(®) in cirrhotic patients with refractory or recurrent ascites. BMC Gastroenterol. 2022;22:111. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 2] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 2] [Article Influence: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
86. | Stirnimann G, Berg T, Spahr L, Zeuzem S, McPherson S, Lammert F, Storni F, Banz V, Babatz J, Vargas V, Geier A, Stallmach A, Engelmann C, Trepte C, Capel J, De Gottardi A. Treatment of refractory ascites with an automated low-flow ascites pump in patients with cirrhosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2017;46:981-991. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 36] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 27] [Article Influence: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
87. | Shrestha DB, Budhathoki P, Sedhai YR, Baniya R, Awal S, Yadav J, Awal L, Davis B, Kashiouris MG, Cable CA. Safety and efficacy of human serum albumin treatment in patients with cirrhotic ascites undergoing paracentesis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Hepatol. 2021;26:100547. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 7] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 5] [Article Influence: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
88. | Stirnimann G, Berg T, Spahr L, Zeuzem S, McPherson S, Lammert F, Storni F, Banz V, Babatz J, Vargas V, Geier A, Engelmann C, Herber A, Trepte C, Capel J, De Gottardi A. Final safety and efficacy results from a 106 real-world patients registry with an ascites-mobilizing pump. Liver Int. 2022;42:2247-2259. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 4] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
89. | Inoue N, Yamazaki Z, Oda T, Sugiura M, Wada T. Treatment of intractable ascites by continuous reinfusion of the sterilized, cell-free and concentrated ascitic fluid. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs. 1977;23:699-702. [PubMed] [Cited in This Article: ] |
90. | Iwasa M, Ishihara T, Kato M, Isoai A, Kobayashi R, Torii N, Soneda N, Takei Y. Cell-free and Concentrated Ascites Reinfusion Therapy for Refractory Ascites in Cirrhosis in Post-marketing Surveillance and the Role of Tolvaptan. Intern Med. 2019;58:3069-3075. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 4] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 2] [Article Influence: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
91. | Ito T, Hanafusa N. CART: Cell-free and Concentrated Ascites Reinfusion Therapy against malignancy-related ascites. Transfus Apher Sci. 2017;56:703-707. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 13] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 19] [Article Influence: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
92. | Ito T, Hanafusa N, Fukui M, Yamamoto H, Watanabe Y, Noiri E, Iwase S, Miyagawa K, Fujita T, Nangaku M. Single center experience of cell-free and concentrated ascites reinfusion therapy in malignancy related ascites. Ther Apher Dial. 2014;18:87-92. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 31] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 31] [Article Influence: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
93. | Ito T, Hanafusa N, Iwase S, Noiri E, Nangaku M, Nakagawa K, Miyagawa K. Effects of cell-free and concentrated ascites reinfusion therapy (CART) on symptom relief of malignancy-related ascites. Int J Clin Oncol. 2015;20:623-628. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 24] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 26] [Article Influence: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
94. | Chen H, Ishihara M, Horita N, Tanzawa S, Kazahari H, Ochiai R, Sakamoto T, Honda T, Ichikawa Y, Watanabe K, Seki N. Effectiveness of Cell-Free and Concentrated Ascites Reinfusion Therapy in the Treatment of Malignancy-Related Ascites: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 3] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
95. | Kozaki K, IInuma M, Takagi T, Fukuda T, Sanpei T, Terunuma Y, Yatabe Y, Akano K. Cell-Free and Concentrated Ascites Reinfusion Therapy for Decompensated Liver Cirrhosis. Ther Apher Dial. 2016;20:376-382. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 19] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 23] [Article Influence: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
96. | Yamada Y, Inui K, Hara Y, Fuji K, Sonoda K, Hashimoto K, Kamijo Y. Verification of serum albumin elevating effect of cell-free and concentrated ascites reinfusion therapy for ascites patients: a retrospective controlled cohort study. Sci Rep. 2019;9:10195. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 7] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 7] [Article Influence: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
97. | Hanada R, Yokomichi N, Kato C, Miki K, Oyama S, Morita T, Kawahara R. Efficacy and safety of reinfusion of concentrated ascitic fluid for malignant ascites: a concept-proof study. Support Care Cancer. 2018;26:1489-1497. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 8] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 8] [Article Influence: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
98. | Jatoi A, Nieva JJ, Qin R, Loprinzi CL, Wos EJ, Novotny PJ, Moore DF Jr, Mowat RB, Bechar N, Pajon ER Jr, Hartmann LC. A pilot study of long-acting octreotide for symptomatic malignant ascites. Oncology. 2012;82:315-320. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 11] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 15] [Article Influence: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
99. | Graziotto A, Rossaro L, Inturri P, Salvagnini M. Reinfusion of concentrated ascitic fluid versus total paracentesis. A randomized prospective trial. Dig Dis Sci. 1997;42:1708-1714. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 27] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 27] [Article Influence: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
100. | Japanese CART Study Group; Matsusaki K, Ohta K, Yoshizawa A, Gyoda Y. Novel cell-free and concentrated ascites reinfusion therapy (KM-CART) for refractory ascites associated with cancerous peritonitis: its effect and future perspectives. Int J Clin Oncol. 2011;16:395-400. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 47] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 44] [Article Influence: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
101. | Shimizu S, Ohira M, Nakano R, Imaoka Y, Sato K, Tahara H, Ide K, Kobayashi T, Kuroda S, Ono H, Tanaka Y, Ohdan H. Management of Refractory Ascites for Liver Transplant Candidates: A Novel Cell-free and Concentrated Ascites Reinfusion Therapy. Transplant Proc. 2019;51:2740-2744. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 1] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
102. | Yoshiji H, Nagoshi S, Akahane T, Asaoka Y, Ueno Y, Ogawa K, Kawaguchi T, Kurosaki M, Sakaida I, Shimizu M, Taniai M, Terai S, Nishikawa H, Hiasa Y, Hidaka H, Miwa H, Chayama K, Enomoto N, Shimosegawa T, Takehara T, Koike K. Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for liver cirrhosis 2020. Hepatol Res. 2021;51:725-749. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 52] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 87] [Article Influence: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
103. | Zaak D, Paquet KJ, Kuhn R. Prospective study comparing human albumin vs. reinfusion of ultrafiltrate-ascitic fluid after total paracentesis in cirrhotic patients with tense ascites. Z Gastroenterol. 2001;39:5-10. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 22] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 23] [Article Influence: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
104. | Hanafusa N, Isoai A, Ishihara T, Inoue T, Ishitani K, Utsugisawa T, Yamaka T, Ito T, Sugiyama H, Arakawa A, Yamada Y, Itano Y, Onodera H, Kobayashi R, Torii N, Numata T, Kashiwabara T, Matsuno Y, Kato M. Safety and efficacy of cell-free and concentrated ascites reinfusion therapy (CART) in refractory ascites: Post-marketing surveillance results. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0177303. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 30] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 32] [Article Influence: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
105. | Ito T, Hanafusa N, Soneda N, Isoai A, Kobayashi R, Torii N, Kato M. Safety and efficacy of cell-free and concentrated ascites reinfusion therapy against cirrhotic ascites in comparison with malignancy-related ascites. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;36:3224-3232. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 1] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 4] [Article Influence: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
106. | Yorioka N, Namisaki T, Shibamoto A, Suzuki J, Kubo T, Iwai S, Tomooka F, Tanaka M, Takeda S, Fujimoto Y, Enomoto M, Muarata K, Inoue T, Tsuji Y, Fujinaga Y, Nishimura N, Kitagawa K, Takaya H, Kaji K, Kawaratani H, Akahane T, Mitoro A, Yamazaki M, Yoshiji H. Changes in Coagulation and Fibrinolytic Factors in Patients With Cirrhotic Refractory Ascites Undergoing Cell-free and Concentrated Ascites Reinfusion Therapy: A Retrospective Observational Study in Japan. In Vivo. 2023;37:1226-1235. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
107. | Macken L, Joshi D, Messenger J, Austin M, Tibble J, Mason L, Verma S. Palliative long-term abdominal drains in refractory ascites due to end-stage liver disease: A case series. Palliat Med. 2017;31:671-675. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 6] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 7] [Article Influence: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
108. | Van Thiel DH, Moore CM, Garcia M, George M, Nadir A. Continuous peritoneal drainage of large-volume ascites. Dig Dis Sci. 2011;56:2723-2727. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 15] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 16] [Article Influence: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
109. | Caldwell J, Edriss H, Nugent K. Chronic peritoneal indwelling catheters for the management of malignant and nonmalignant ascites. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2018;31:297-302. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 16] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 10] [Article Influence: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
110. | Ratre BK, Suvvari P, Hoda W, Roychoudhury P, Bharti SJ, Bhatnagar S. Central Venous Catheter as Peritoneal Indwelling Catheter for the Management of Recurrent Malignant Ascites: A Case Series. Indian J Palliat Care. 2019;25:57-60. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 2] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
111. | Solbach P, Höner Zu Siederdissen C, Taubert R, Ziegert S, Port K, Schneider A, Hueper K, Manns MP, Wedemeyer H, Jaeckel E. Home-based drainage of refractory ascites by a permanent-tunneled peritoneal catheter can safely replace large-volume paracentesis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;29:539-546. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 28] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 26] [Article Influence: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
112. | Leache L, Gutiérrez-Valencia M, Saiz LC, Uriz J, Bolado F, García-Erce JA, Cantarelli L, Erviti J. Meta-analysis: Efficacy and safety of albumin in the prevention and treatment of complications in patients with cirrhosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2023;57:620-634. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
113. | Macken L, Bremner S, Gage H, Touray M, Williams P, Crook D, Mason L, Lambert D, Evans CJ, Cooper M, Timeyin J, Steer S, Austin M, Parnell N, Thomson SJ, Sheridan D, Wright M, Isaacs P, Hashim A, Verma S. Randomised clinical trial: palliative long-term abdominal drains vs large-volume paracentesis in refractory ascites due to cirrhosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2020;52:107-122. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 22] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 18] [Article Influence: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
114. | Nadir A, Van Thiel DH. Frequency of peritoneal infections among patients undergoing continuous paracentesis with an indwelling catheter. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2010;22:37-41. [PubMed] [Cited in This Article: ] |
115. | Wong YJ, Lum HM, Tan PT, Teo EK, Tan J, Kumar R, Thurairajah PH. Clinical implications of prompt ascitic drain removal in cirrhosis with refractory ascites. Singapore Med J. 2021;62:659-664. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 2] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 2] [Article Influence: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
116. | Stratmann K, Fitting D, Zeuzem S, Bojunga J, Trebicka J, Friedrich-Rust M, Dultz G. Establishing an indwelling peritoneal catheter as a standard procedure for hospitalized patients with ascites: Retrospective data on feasibility, effectiveness and safety. United European Gastroenterol J. 2019;7:673-681. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 1] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 1] [Article Influence: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
117. | Kathpalia P, Bhatia A, Robertazzi S, Ahn J, Cohen SM, Sontag S, Luke A, Durazo-Arvizu R, Pillai AA. Indwelling peritoneal catheters in patients with cirrhosis and refractory ascites. Intern Med J. 2015;45:1026-1031. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 15] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 17] [Article Influence: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
118. | Kaur S, Motta RV, Chapman B, Wharton V, Collier JD, Saffioti F. Palliative long-term abdominal drains vs large volume paracenteses for the management of refractory ascites in end-stage liver disease. World J Hepatol. 2024;16:428-438. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |