Hepatocellular carcinoma: Review of disease and tumor biomarkers

Figure 1 Global incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Sourced from GLOBOCAN 2012.

Figure 2 Independent risk factors of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma.

Figure 3 Warburg theory of heightened glycolysis in tumor cells. TCA: Tri-carboxylic acid cycle; ATP: Adenosine triphosphate; NAD: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.

Figure 4 “Angiogenic switch” in hepatocellular carcinoma. VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; HIF 1: Hypoxia inducible factor 1.

Figure 5 Univariate analysis of discriminatory urinary variables from an Egyptian cohort, comparing values from healthy controls, cirrhosis group and hepatocellular carcinoma group. Discriminatory variable A: Creatine; B: Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO); C: Glycine; D: Carnitine. Adapted from Shariff et al[125]. HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma.