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Copyright ©The Author(s) 2015.
World J Hepatol. Oct 18, 2015; 7(23): 2474-2481
Published online Oct 18, 2015. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i23.2474
Figure 1
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Figure 1 Insulin resistance and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (cited from Eslam et al[16], 2011). HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; HOMA-IR: Homeostasis model of insulin resistance; IRS: Insulin receptor; MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase; IGF1: Insulin like growth factor 1; CTGF: Connective tissue growth factor.
Figure 2
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Figure 2 The balancing effects of the renin-angiotensin system on tumourigenesis (cited from Ager et al[23], 2008). The renin-angiotensin system can promote or inhibit angiogenesis and cellular proliferation and thereby, support or block tumour neovascularisation, growth and metastasis. ANG: Angiopoietin; ACE: Angiotensin converting enzyme.
Figure 3
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Figure 3 Pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma and targets for chemopreventive agents (cited from Singh et al[25], 2014). AMPK: Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; IGFR1: Insulin-like growth factor receptor 1; MAPK: Ras mitogen-activated protein kinase; mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin; PI3K: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; PTEN: Phosphatase/Tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10; P53: A tumor suppressor protein; P21: Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 inhibitor; CDK2: Cyclin-dependent kinase 2; ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinase protein; MEK: Minase that phosphorylate mitogen activated protein (MAP); PDGFR: Platelet derived growth factor receptor; VEGFR: Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor; IGFR1: Insulin like growth factor receptor 1; EGFR: Epidermal growth factor receptor; Ras: Prototypical member of the RAS superfamily of proteins; Raf: A MAP kinase kinase kinase (a serine/threonine specific kinase); Akt: A protein kinase family of genes involved in regulating cell survival.
Figure 4
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Figure 4 Diagnostic algorithm for hepatocellular carcinoma. MDCT: Multidetector CT; MR: Magnetic resonance; AFP: Alpha-fetoprotein; DCP: Des-γ-carboxyprothrombin; GP73: Golgi protein 73; AUC: Area under the curve; MRI: MR imaging; CT: Computed tomography; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma.