Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and the consequence of extra-hepatic malignancy

Figure 1 Shared oncogenic mechanisms of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and extrahepatic malignancy as the downstream outcome. Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and its shared oncogenic mechanisms, which include insulin resistance, chronic inflammation, lipotoxicity, gut-liver axis dysbiosis, extracellular vesicle signaling, adipose and hormonal dysregulation, and fibrosis severity, predispose to gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinal extrahepatic malignancies. IGF-1: Insulin-like growth factor 1; NF-κB: Nuclear factor kappa B; STAT3: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; GI: Gastrointestinal; MASLD: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.