Integrating molecular and immune biomarkers for precision therapy in hepatitis B: Associated hepatocellular carcinoma

Figure 1 Tri-axial biomarker model for response to sintilimab plus lenvatinib in hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. This schematic illustrates how molecular (LINC01554 expression), immune (CD4+ central memory T cell infiltration), and anatomical (tumour morphology) axes interact to define therapeutic outcomes. Tumours characterised by high LINC01554, high CD4+ memory T-cell, and solitary morphology cluster within a favourable response zone, whereas loss of these features such as reduced LINC01554 expression, declining CD4+ memory T-cell, or increased tumour number progressively shifts the disease toward a resistance zone, reflecting transition from biological sensitivity to refractoriness.