Ultrasound imaging in orthotopic hepatocellular carcinoma models: Promise, practicality, and points for refinement

Figure 1 Representative high-frequency ultrasound–based monitoring of orthotopic hepatocellular carcinoma established using the rat hepatoma cell line (N1S1). Tumor volume measurements obtained by ultrasound demonstrate an excellent correlation with reference histological and volumetric assessments (r = 0.998, P < 0.001; Devan et al[1]), underscoring the accuracy, reproducibility, and experimental utility of this imaging approach for preclinical tumor evaluation. CT: Computed tomography; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; 3D: Three dimensional; 3R: Replacement, reduction, and refinement. Created in BioRender (www.biorender.com).