Post-liver transplant biliary complications: Current knowledge and therapeutic advances

Figure 1 Endoscopic treatment of anastomotic stricture after living donor liver transplantation. A: Two plastic stents; and B: Occlusive cholangiogram after treatment.

Figure 2 Anastomotic stricture. A: Cholangiogram; B: Balloon dilation; and C: Multiple stent treatment.

Figure 3 Anastomotic stricture after living donor liver transplantation (right lobe). A: Guidewire insertion; B: Balloon dilation; C: Second guidewire insertion; and D: Stent placement (7Fr + 5Fr).

Figure 4 Complex anastomotic stricture. A: Impossible insertion of guidewire through a stricture; B: Guidewire insertion under direct visual control; and C: Guidewire inserted above anastomosis.

Figure 5 Digital cholangioscopy image of an anastomotic stricture.

Figure 6 Anastomotic leak. A: Guidewire insertion; and B: Stent placement (10Fr).

Figure 7 Multiple intrahepatic stones above anastomotic stricture. A: Fluoroscopic image; B: Digital cholangioscopic image; C: Electrohydraulic lithotripsy performance; and D: Fluoroscopic image after treatment.

Figure 8 Biliary cast syndrome. A: Fluoroscopic image; B: Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography; and C: Digital cholangioscopic image.