To develop and validate the psychometric properties, reliability, and criterion validity of the Physical Activity Barriers Scale for pediatric type 1 diabetes (PABS-1) in Spanish-speaking children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes.

A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 93 Spanish-speaking children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. The PABS-1 questionnaire was developed by experts and refined with patient feedback. Its validity was assessed by comparing results with accelerometer data, linking scores to objective physical activity measures.

The PABS-1 showed good internal consistency, with a Cronbach's alpha (α) coefficient of 0.89, indicating strong reliability. Confirmatory factor analysis supported a four-factor structure, with physical, diabetes-related, psychological, and environmental barriers showing good fit indices (comparative fit index [CFA] = 0.94, root mean square error of [RMSEA] = 0.06, standardized root mean square residual [SRMR] = 0.05). Although the associations were small, the total PABS-1 score was significantly negatively correlated with cardiorespiratory fitness (Spearman's rho [ρ]= -0.15, p = 0.035) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (ρ = -0.12, p = 0.039). Among the four factors, motivational barriers exhibited the strongest associations with physical activity and fitness, showing significant negative correlations.

The PABS-1 is a valid and reliable tool for assessing perceived barriers to physical activity in Spanish-speaking children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes.

Inadequate physical activity poses significant health threats to young people. Adolescents are at a developmental stage characterized by heightened impulsivity, which may limit the explanatory power of rational behavior theories in this population. This study developed an integrated model to explain adolescents' physical activity while examining the mechanism of peer influence from a dual-process perspective. The hypothetical model integrated the Theory of Planned Behavior with constructs from social, reactive, and habit theories and was tested using a two-wave prospective correlational survey design. Participants (n = 638) completed a baseline questionnaire assessing all psychological constructs. One week later, participants reported their time spent in physical activity over the past week in a follow-up questionnaire. Structural equation modeling was used to evaluate model fit and predictive utility. The model explained 14.6%, 7.1%, and 18.4% of the variances in averaged overall, weekday, and weekend physical activity levels, respectively. The latent variable of automaticity, representing impulsive processing, significantly explained adolescents' physical activity, while the reflective pathway through intention was not statistically significant. In addition, physical activity was statistically significantly explained by prototype favorability and prototype similarity via the impulsive pathway. Combining strategies to modify peer influence and impulsive processing is suggested for promoting adolescents' physical activity.

This study aimed to explore school nurses' experience of using physical activity on prescription with children in Swedish compulsory school. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 24 school nurses who had the educational qualification to prescribe physical activity. The analysis resulted in one overarching theme, "A delicate process of tailoring physical activity on prescription to a child's social context," and two categories: "Promoting joyful physical activity through individualization and support" and "Dealing with dilemmas and challenges," with related subcategories. The results demonstrate the importance of tailoring prescribed physical activity to each individual child, their living conditions, and the school context. In addition, they highlight the nurses' working conditions and collaborations as important prerequisites when initiating physical activity on prescription. In conclusion, the results suggest that school nurses perceive physical activity on prescription as a useful tool in the school context, but it needs to be tailored to each individual child.

Paediatric limb absence results in complex rehabilitation and requires distinct prosthetic care, yet literature on paediatric prosthetic provision remains sparse, hindering improvements in care.

62 clinical casefiles of children with lower limb absence from prosthetic centres in Cambodia were analysed. Problems related to growth and prosthetic component failures were analysed across limb absence levels. Prosthetic repair and replacement rates were quantified for each component. Residual limb health conditions were reviewed and the impact of socket fit on these conditions was assessed.

Growth posed the largest challenge, particularly for socket fit in knee disarticulation and transtibial cases. Durability issues were common for suspension systems and knees. Donated modular components were less durable than locally manufactured ones (foot: p < 0.001, knee: p = 0.008). Children with transtibial amputations reported more residual limb health issues (bone overgrowth: p = 0.002, wounds: p = 0.018, skin issues: p = 0.010). Poor socket fitting was associated with calluses (p = 0.007) and wounds (p = 0.005).

The impact of growth on paediatric prosthetic provision has been quantified for children with different amputation levels. Findings provide insight to manufacturers of prosthetic components on durability considerations. Results provide clarity for care providers on the residual limb conditions to consider for children with different amputation levels and the impact of socket fit on these conditions.

While exercise training has been shown to improve various aspects of adolescent metabolic health, such as blood pressure, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia, the underlying metabolic mechanisms remain poorly understood. No study has examined the metabolomic changes to identify potential mechanisms and explore biomarkers that predict exercise benefits in adolescents.

We used propensity score matching to select 54 pairs of adolescents (ages 12-14 years) with and without long-term exercise training. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and metabolic indicators including blood pressure, Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) and triglycerides (TGs) were assessed at enrollment and 1-year follow-up. Untargeted metabolomics was analyzed at enrollment. The associations between metabolites and clinical metabolic indicators were tested.

Metabolomic analysis revealed 73 differential metabolites between exercise and non-exercise groups, with 59 metabolites associated with metabolic health indicators. Among them, a group of eicosanoids were consistently upregulated and negatively associated with diastolic blood pressure (DBP), HOMA-IR, or TGs, suggesting their potential roles in exercise-related improvements. Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed better predictive performance for exercise benefits on DBP and TGs using papaverine and azelaic acid compared to BMI and WC.

Adolescents with long-term exercise are associated with improved metabolic health. Metabolomic profiles provide novel insights into the underlying mechanisms and offer useful biomarkers for predicting exercise benefits.

For students, sleep, sedentary behavior (SB), and physical activity (PA) all have a direct impact on overweight and obesity. However, out-of-school time SB, PA, and sleep have not been adequately studied for their effects on overweight and obesity. We aim to explore the correlations among PA, SB, sleep duration, and the likelihood of excess body weight in youth during out-of-school hours, focusing on dose-response relationships and isotemporal substitution effects.

This study conducted a cross-sectional analysis by employing data obtained from the China Health and Nutrition Survey, spanning from 2004 to 2015. Restricted cubic spline and isotemporal substitution model were used to assess the corresponding relationships. The weighted quantile sum regression was used to study how different behaviors contribute to the risk of excess body weight.

There are linear dose-response relationships between sleep, SB, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) during out-of-school hours and the risk of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents (all P for nonlinear > 0.05). Furthermore, screen-based SB shows a non-linear dose-response association with overweight/obesity. (P for nonlinear = 0.038). Theoretically, replacing 10 min of SB with an equal amount of sleep and PA could reduce the risk of overweight and obesity by 2.3-4.4%. Considering sleep, MVPA, and LPA during out-of-school time together, sleep contributed the most to overweight and obesity(weight = 0.6363).

During out-of-school time, SB demonstrated a cross-sectional dose-response association with a heightened likelihood of overweight and obesity in childhood. Conversely, sleep and MVPA displayed a contrasting dose-response association with overweight and obesity risk when compared to SB. Substituting SB with sleep or PA might potentially mitigate the risk of overweight and obesity.

This study investigates the association between adherence to the 24-h movement guidelines, which include physical activity (PA), screen time (ST), and sleep duration (SD), and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in a representative sample of Spanish children and adolescents aged 8-14 years.

Data were obtained from the Spanish National Health Survey (2017), a representative cross-sectional survey. The survey employed a three-stage sampling process and included 2711 participants aged 8-14 years after exclusions for missing data. HRQoL was assessed using the modified KIDSCREEN-10 (proxy version). PA, ST, and SD were self-reported by parents and categorized based on international guidelines. Covariates such as age, sex, socioeconomic status, body mass index (BMI), and diet quality were also considered. Robust linear regression models were used to examine associations between the number of guidelines met and HRQoL, adjusting for potential confounders.

Overall, a positive dose-response association was observed, with greater compliance with the 24-h movement guidelines linked to higher HRQoL. After adjusting for potential covariates, significant differences in HRQoL were identified on the basis of adherence to the guidelines. Compared with those who complied with one, two, or all three guidelines, participants who adhered to none of the guidelines presented a lower HRQoL. However, significant differences were found only between those who adhered to any of the guidelines and those who followed two (p = 0.003), or all the three (p < 0.001) guidelines.

A combination of optimal levels of PA, ST and SD could play a crucial role in enhancing HRQoL among children and adolescents.

Physical activity (PA) is widely known for its outstanding benefits across several health domains including physical, psychological, social, and cognitive in children and adolescents. However, global trends indicate how low levels of PA and physical fitness among adolescents are increasing, with over 80% failing to meet the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines of 60 min of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) daily.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of an 8-week high-intensity interval training (HIIT) intervention based on strength and endurance trainings protocols during physical education (PE) classes on body composition, physical fitness, and cognitive functions in adolescents aged 13-17 years. A quasi-experimental pre-post design was employed with experimental group (EG) and control group (CG).

Results indicated significant improvements in the EG in cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max), strength (hand grip, horizontal jump), and speed-agility (4 × 10 m test). Cognitive outcomes assessed via the D2 attention test revealed notable enhancements in concentration, a reduction in errors, and improved processing speed in the EG relative to the CG (p > 0.05).

Future studies should explore the long-term impacts of HIIT on cognitive growth and academic achievement, as well as determine the ideal duration and frequency of sessions to optimize benefits in various educational contexts. The results obtained reinforce the use of HIIT in school environments and are further research on its application.

This study seeks to propose and empirically test a conceptual model that elucidates the complex interrelationships among sports participation, spontaneous sports, sports motivation, lifelong sports, and physical fitness among university students in Fuzhou. While the existing literature has examined various facets of physical activity and fitness, there is a notable paucity of research that simultaneously explores the influence of both spontaneous sports engagement and sports motivation on physical fitness, particularly within the context of university students in China. This gap in the literature highlights the pressing need for a nuanced empirical investigation to better understand how these factors interact and contribute to the promotion of lifelong sports and enhanced fitness outcomes.

A systematic stratified sampling method was used to collect data from 400 university students across 18 undergraduate institutions in Fuzhou. The collected survey data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM).

Sports participation (β = 0.32, p < 0.001) and spontaneous sports engagement (β = 0.21, p < 0.001) demonstrated a significant positive influence on the physical fitness of university students. Moreover, sports participation (β = 0.43, p < 0.001) was a strong predictor of sustained physical activity levels among this group. In addition, sports participation (β = 0.47, p < 0.001) fostered spontaneous sports behaviors in university students, with spontaneous sports acting as a mediating variable in the relationship between sports participation and physical fitness. Furthermore, sports motivation played a crucial moderating role in the relationship between sports participation and spontaneous sports behaviors among university students.

The SEM results of this study support the proposed model, which explains the interrelationships among sports participation, spontaneous sports, Sports Motivation, and physical fitness. These findings highlight the importance of incorporating spontaneous sports and verbal motivation mechanisms into sports participation interventions to enhance physical fitness. The results of this study contribute to the development of more effective health and exercise programs for university students in Fuzhou to improve their physical fitness.

Worldwide, it is of public health concern that the majority of children and adolescents fail to meet physical activity guidelines. Evidence shows a positive association between socioeconomic status (SES) and levels of physical activity. Socioeconomic health inequalities are persistent and the socioeconomic gap in physical activity may be exacerbated during periods of economic downturn such as the current cost-of-living crisis affecting many countries globally. This study aimed to understand the perceived impact of the cost-of-living crisis on access to sport and physical activity opportunities for children and adolescents.

Parents/guardians (aged > 18 years) resident in Northern Ireland (NI) were invited to participate in an online survey (March-June 2024) which assessed SES, parental support for physical activity and the perceived impact of the cost-of-living crisis on access to sport and physical activity opportunities for children and adolescents. Thematic (qualitative data) and statistical analysis (quantitative data) was undertaken.

In total, 855 parents/guardians completed the survey. The majority of parents/guardians (85%) agreed that sport and physical activity were important for their children to manage stress, however, 30% were unable to afford the equipment and clothing that their children needed to participate in sport/physical activity. More than a third of parents/guardians (35%) had reduced spending on sport and physical activity for their children since the onset of the cost-of-living crisis. For 37% of parents/guardians, their children had missed out on sport/physical activity because of the costs involved and 24% of parents/guardians reported using credit or borrowing money to cover sport and physical activity costs. The perceived impact of the cost-of-living crisis on sport and physical activity opportunities for children varied by SES. A greater proportion of parents/guardians with lower SES reported reducing spending and borrowing money to cover sport/physical activity related costs.

Despite parental support for children's sport and physical activity, cost was a barrier for many families. The 'socioeconomic gap' in physical activity and sports provision was evident and although establishing positive physical activity and sedentary behaviours during childhood is crucial, the cost-of-living crisis is likely to worsen the existing SES gap in physical activity and requires urgent intervention.

N/A.

Anecdotal evidence suggests that children with epilepsy (CWE) are limited in the frequency of their daily physical activity (PA). However, there is limited research utilizing device-based measures of PA. We compared levels of PA and sedentary behavior in CWE (11-15 y) and age- and gender-matched healthy controls.

Participants (n = 60 CWE [25 males, 35 females] and n = 49 controls [25 males, 24 females]) wore a Actigraph accelerometer (GT3X or GT3X+) for 7 consecutive days during waking hours and self-reported their PA and sedentary behaviors. CWE were compared with control children on time spent in different intensities of PA and on self-reported PA and sedentary behavior. Factors associated with PA were analyzed using linear regression.

CWE spent less time in accelerometer assessed light (189.15 vs 215.01 min/d, P < .05) and vigorous PA (35.14 vs 44.28 min/d, P < .05) on weekdays compared with controls. There were no significant differences between CWE and control participants in accelerometer assessed time spent sedentary or time spent in PA on weekends. Among CWE, older children engaged in more reported sedentary behavior and younger children spent more time in most domains of PA (P < .05). Furthermore, CWE reported less PA than controls (P = .006). Sixteen percent of controls met World Health Organization PA guidelines compared with 10% of CWE. There was a positive relationship between accelerometer assessed PA and quality of life for CWE.

CWE spent less time in light and moderate to vigorous PA on weekdays. Further research is needed to understand reasons for these differences.

This study examines gender- and educational level-based differences in young people's physical activity (PA) and different leisure-time sedentary behaviors (LTSB) according to their (non)participation in organized sport. 1968 participants (Mage = 12.1 years; 48.1% girls; 42.6% secondary school) self-reported their PA and LTSB through the PAQ and the YLSBQ, respectively, during May and June 2021. Gender (boys vs. girls) and educational level (primary vs. secondary) differences were assessed using analyses of covariance. Findings revealed that boys and girls who participated in organized sport reported higher PA than their non-participating peers. Participating boys and girls spent less time on screens and total sedentary time (ST) than their non-participant peers. Participating girls also spent less time socializing and in other sedentary activities than non-participant girls. Primary and secondary students who engaged in organized sport showed higher PA than their non-participant peers. In comparison with their non-participant peers, participating primary students spent less time on academic tasks and total ST, while participating secondary students spent less time on screens and total ST. Therefore, participation in organized sport appears not only to increase PA in both genders and educational stages but also to decrease some LTSB in a gender- and educational-level-specific way.

We are seeing a steady decline in children's physical fitness. Along with overweight and obesity, low physical fitness is one of the most serious disorders in child development. One solution to these problems is additional physical activity. It was investigated whether reduced physical fitness is associated with an increased body mass index and whether children who participate in extra-curricular sports activities have better physical fitness.

The study involved 201 children (101 girls, 100 boys) aged 10 ± 2 (grades 1-8 of the primary school). Half of the participants reported participating in extra-curricular sports activities, while half did not participate in any sports activities. The children were assessed for body mass index, grip strength, balance, strength, speed and reaction time.

Significant differences in fitness test results were observed between active and inactive students. Significant differences were also found between students with different body mass index. The 4 months of schooling had a positive effect on most of the fitness characteristics assessed. Grip strength appeared to be a determinant of the other fitness scores.

The hypotheses that both additional physical activity and BMI will influence children's fitness, and that 4 months of schooling will have a positive effect on improving students' fitness, were confirmed. Hand-grip strength was found to be a determinant of better performance in almost all other fitness tests.

Background/Objectives: This paper aims to assess the unhealthy dietary habits and sedentary behaviours among adolescents and young adults simultaneously. Methods: The sample consists of 682 participants aged 10-24 years old (58.9% males and 68.2% aged 15-19 years old), recruited for the ALIMA (ALImentazione Multiculturale negli Adolescenti) study in both secondary schools and youth aggregation centres, located in Rome. The study utilizes structured questionnaires to gather data on anthropometric measurements, eating habits, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and sedentary behaviours. Data are analyzed by using the Pearson chi-squared test. Results: Excessive screen time (>3 h/day) and inadequate dietary habits (insufficient consumption of fruit, vegetables, and legumes, skipping breakfast, and a high consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and alcohol) are observed in the total sample, but mainly in older adolescents aged 15-19 years old. The adherence to the MD, measured via the KIDMED index, is significantly different among the three age groups (p = 0.001); 47.8% of the sample has a medium adherence, while among those with a low adherence, the highest percentage is represented by older adolescents (39.8%); those with foreign-born parents have healthier diets, whereas lower parental education correlates with unhealthy behaviours. Conclusions: These results highlight the need for targeted interventions tailored to adolescents and young adults to encourage healthier lifestyle choices.

The aim of this meta-analysis was to investigate the effect of exercise intervention on glycolipid metabolism in overweight and obese adolescents.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials were conducted. The review adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and was registered (ID: CRD42024623686). Electronic searches were performed using the following databases: Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane and Embase. Randomized controlled trials of exercise interventions were included. Data on fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting insulin (FINS), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) before and after exercise interventions were extracted for overweight and obese adolescents. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) tool was used to evaluate the quality of the evidence. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) were calculated to compare differences between exercise and conventional control groups. Subgroup analyses were performed to assess whether effects differed by exercise type, intervention duration, supervision, and intervention frequency.

A total of 984 participants (576 in experimental groups and 408 in control groups) were included across 26 studies. The analysis revealed that exercise interventions significantly improved key metabolic parameters: FBG (SMD: -0.42 95% CI [-0.73 to -0.12]), FINS (SMD: -0.81 95% CI [-1.13 to -0.49]), TC (SMD: -0.18 95% CI [-0.34 to -0.01]), TG (SMD: -0.46 95% CI [-0.56 to -0.25]), LDL-C (SMD: -0.28 95% CI [-0.44 to -0.12]), and HDL-C (SMD: 0.26 95% CI [0.11-0.40]). Subgroup analysis indicated that exercise type, supervision and intervention frequency influenced the effectiveness.

The analysis suggests that exercise interventions improve glycolipid metabolism in adolescents with overweight and obesity. Continuous endurance training demonstrated greater efficacy in improving blood glucose parameters, whereas hybrid-type exercise showed advantages in improving lipid metabolism. Engaging in three supervised training sessions weekly may be the optimal approach to enhance glycolipid metabolism in obese adolescents. These findings provide evidence for clinicians and healthcare professionals (e.g., exercise physiologists, physical therapists) to guide exercise prescriptions for obese adolescents, thereby preventing worsening metabolic imbalances.

To evaluate differences in sport-specific concomitant injuries, return-to-sport (RTS), second ACL injuries and Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) subscales after adolescent ACL reconstruction (ACLR) across popular sports.

This prospective cohort study included patients aged 10-18 years at ACLR. Demographic and injury-related data and KOOS subscales before ACLR and at the 1 and 2 years follow-ups were obtained. A survey to assess sport-specific outcomes and RTS was sent to eligible patients. Group comparisons were performed between the most popular sports and between females and males.

Overall, 1392 patients with a mean age of 16.4±1.4 years at ACLR were included. The mean time between ACLR and survey completion was 9.7±4.2 years. The most prevalent type of sport was soccer, followed by handball, floor hockey/field hockey, basketball and other sports. Concomitant injuries (71%) and second ACL injuries (30%; 20% ipsilateral, 13% contralateral) were common across all sports. No significant differences were found in ipsilateral second ACL injuries across sexes and sports. 24% of patients competed at an elite level sport (highest national level of junior sport or higher) for some period after ACLR. 8% of patients did not RTS at all, with females significantly more often without RTS than males (9% vs 4%, p=0.041). Significant improvements were observed in KOOS subscales from baseline to the 1 and 2 years follow-ups for all sports.

Concomitant injuries are frequently observed after ACL injury in adolescents, with nearly one-third suffering a second ACL injury. While significant improvements in KOOS subscales and return to high-level sports can be expected, better injury prevention is needed after ACLR.

In the UK, the number of ethnically diverse older adults (OA) is growing. These individuals suffer complex health issues that are made worse by socioeconomic status, acculturation experiences and language barriers. Additionally, this varied group is the least active and a highly sedentary subgroup in the general population, which poses serious health concerns. Various interventions have been implemented with OAs to reduce their sedentary behaviour (SB) and enhance their physical activity (PA). However, there is still limited research that implements stakeholders' perceptions in translating the interventions into real-life settings, particularly for ethnically diverse OAs. Therefore, the current study aims to explore stakeholders' perceptions of the transferability of a 12-week home space intervention for ethnically diverse sedentary OAs, that is, aimed at reducing their SB and increasing their PA.

Exploratory qualitative research using in-depth interviews (IDIs) and a purposive sampling technique will be employed to recruit stakeholders. Before conducting the IDIs, the primary researcher (NAAM) will discuss the findings of the 12-week home space intervention study for ethnically diverse OAs to explain the intervention, and then the interview will revolve around the transferability of the intervention to transfer the intervention into real-world practice into the stakeholder contexts. A diverse group of stakeholders from Swansea, Wales, UK, representing a range of roles including health promotion professionals, programme leads, service providers, policymakers and researchers will be included. The qualitative data obtained will be analysed using reflexive thematic analysis.

Stakeholders will be required to provide written informed consent prior to initiation of the study. Ethical approval for this study has been obtained from the College of Engineering Research Ethics Committee (320249732903), Swansea University. The study's results will be shared with the scientific community through a peer-reviewed journal publication and with study participants through seminars and workshops.

This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effects of school-based interventions on all 24-hour movement behaviours.

Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Studies published in English, French, and Spanish from four databases from inception to February 2024 were identified.

Eligible articles were randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that targeted and assessed physical activity (PA), sedentary behaviour (SB) and sleep duration among school-aged youth (3-17 years). Risk of bias and quality assessment were assessed using the Risk of Bias Tool 2 and Quality Assessment of Controlled Intervention Studies tool, respectively. Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) tool evaluated the certainty of evidence. The study was registered in International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) (ID: removed for peer review).

Of the 5141 records initially identified, 41 studies remained for full-text review. After full reading, 7 RCTs, comprising 8234 participants (49% girls), were included. Results indicated no effect in PA-related outcomes (Hedge's g=0.12, -0.05 to 0.28), a small reduction in SB-related outcomes (g=-0.33, -0.51 to -0.16) and a small increase in sleep duration (g=0.30, 0.16 to 0.43) according to Hedges' g (small effects (0≤g ≤0.50)). The GRADE, risk of bias and quality assessment tools indicated that most of the studies have a low risk of bias and are of good quality.

More school-based interventions promoting all movement behaviours are needed to determine if schools are optimal for encouraging 24-hour movement behaviours among young people.

Previous studies have demonstrated the relationship between health risk behaviors and mental health, but little is discussed among college students. The current study aims to examine clusters of health risk behaviors and their correlation with depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation among Chinese college students.

Data was obtained from the 2022 Surveillance for Common Diseases and Health Risk Factors among Students project conducted by the Hubei Province of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Latent class analysis (LCA) was conducted based on health risk behaviors, including diet (breakfast skipping, consumption of sweetened beverages, fast food, milk, soymilk and yogurt), physical activities (physical exercise and sedentary), adverse experiences (verbal violence and emotional neglect), substance use (smoking and drinking), sleep, and unprotected sex behaviors. Mental health was assessed by the depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation. Multivariate logistic regression evaluated the correlation between mental health and health risk behaviors.

Among the 6372 Chinese college students, most had sedentary behavior, physical inactivity and unhealthy diet, and > 60 % had more than two health risk behaviors. We further identified four classes of health risk behaviors using LCA. Class 1 (low-risk group, 25.1 %) was unlikely to engage in health-risk behaviors. Class 2 (moderate-risk group, 66.9 %) showed the lowest or second lowest probabilities of most health risk behaviors. Class 3 (High-risk-substance abuse/unprotected sex, 5.2 %) presented the highest probabilities of smoking, drinking, irregular breakfast, unhealthy diet and unprotected sex. Class 4 (High-risk-adverse experiences, 2.8 %) showed the highest probabilities of verbal violence, emotional neglect and insufficient sleep. The high-risk (adverse experiences) class had the highest odds of both depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation, followed by Class 3 and Class 2. Moreover, single-parent and intergenerational families were positively associated with mental health problems in female college students.

Due to the cross-sectional study, we cannot identify the changes in different developmental stages.

Different intervention strategies should be customized based on clustering patterns of health risk behaviors in the prevention of depression and suicide among college students.

Sedentary behavior among adolescents is a growing concern globally, including in Pakistan, due to its association with negative physical and psychological health outcomes. Fragmented time agility training has arisen as a prospective solution to tackle these challenges. The proposed work evaluates the impact of a structured six-week agility training protocol on sedentary behavior, mood, and stress among adolescents aged 12-18 in Pakistan. A total of 100 participants (50 intervention, 50 control) were recruited from three schools in Islamabad, with equal representation of males and females. Participants were randomly assigned to an intervention group that completed daily 30-min agility training sessions (including high-knee running, lateral shuffles, and cone drills, five days a week) or a control group that maintained their usual routines. Sedentary behavior (sitting and screen time), mood [Profile of Mood States (POMS)], and stress levels [Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)] were assessed at baseline and post-intervention. Differences between groups were analyzed using independent t-tests. At post-intervention, significant between-group differences were observed. The intervention group showed reductions in sitting time (6-4 h/day, p < 0.001) and screen time (4-2.5 h/day, p < 0.001) equated to the control group. Mood improvements were noted with decreased tension and fatigue and increased vigor (p < 0.01 for all). Stress levels in the intervention group decreased significantly from 31 to 24 (p < 0.001), though no notable alterations were detected in the control group. Concise, systematically organized agility-oriented training significantly diminishes sedentary behavior while concurrently improving psychological well-being in adolescent populations. This adaptable and economically feasible intervention provides critical insights for public health initiatives focused on mitigating sedentary lifestyles and addressing mental health issues among young individuals, especially in contexts with limited resources.

Regular physical activity (PA) and good motor performance are essential for children's physical and mental health. However, historical trends suggest that levels of PA and motor performance in children and adolescents are at a low point. The relationships between PA, motor performance, health and their respective determinants, as well as their individual development throughout childhood and adolescence, are not yet fully understood. Therefore, continuous monitoring of PA, motor performance and health is needed to identify vulnerable subpopulations and provide data for policy-makers and health promotion professionals. The Motorik Monitoring 2.0-Study aims to analyse the developmental, historical and periodic trends in motor performance and PA, as well as the underlying determinants, in children and adolescents in Germany.

A representative sample of children and adolescents aged 4-17 years is drawn across 195 sample points in Germany. The assessment, carried out by test instructors, includes (1) a PA questionnaire covering different settings, including determinants, (2) anthropometric measures, (3) fine and gross motor performance tests focusing on coordination, flexibility, strength and endurance, (4) 24 hours device-based measured physical behaviour by accelerometry for 1 week and (5) a health interview focusing on health behaviour, physical and mental health as well as socioeconomic status. In addition, external data may be linked to the study using geographical information systems (eg, area deprivation, access to sports facilities). Analyses will be conducted using mixed-effects models to account for the nationwide structure of the study.

Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. Results will be published in open-access scientific journals and disseminated at congresses for scientists, policy-makers and stakeholders.

The study was registered in the NFDI4health database (https://csh.nfdi4health.de/resource/1034). The NFDI4health database is a central platform of the National Research Data Infrastructure for Personal Health Data. It is used to collect, manage and provide health data for scientific research and facilitates access to high-quality data for epidemiological and clinical studies.

To examine the mediation of obesity-related variables in the association between physical fitness and cardiometabolic risk in children and adolescents.

Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Studies from electronic databases from inception to 31 December 2023.

Included were 123 observational studies (cross-sectional and longitudinal) that assessed risk by constructing a continuous score incorporating cardiometabolic parameters. Studies were considered if they evaluated at least one fitness component as an exposure in children and adolescents (5-19 years). Thirty-one were included in the main meta-analyses.

Cross-sectional findings indicate that cardiorespiratory fitness is modestly but beneficially associated with cardiometabolic risk, either indirectly via obesity-related variables (indirect standardized beta coefficient [βIndirect]=-0.17; 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.23; -0.11; inconsistency index [I2]=94.4%) or directly and independently from obesity-related variables (r=-0.11; 95% CI -0.15; -0.07; I2=87.4%), whereas muscular fitness seems to be associated with risk only via obesity-related variables (βIndirect=-0.34; 95% CI -0.47; -0.20; I2=85.1%). There was no cross-sectional difference between biological sexes (p≥0.199). Longitudinal findings indicate no total (r=-0.12; 95% CI -0.24; 0.01; I2=23.1%) and direct (r=-0.03; 95% CI -0.08; 0.03; I2=0%) associations.

The association between fitness and risk appears to take place either indirectly through the reduction of obesity-related levels or directly by influencing risk. The latter underscores that the inverse association extends beyond a mere reduction in obesity-related variables, encompassing specific enhancements linked to exercise training, including increased metabolic efficiency, and cardiovascular capacity.

CRD42022354628.

Recently the Swedish Public Health Agency published recommendations of a maximum of two-to-three hours of daily leisure screen time for adolescents aged 13-18, partly to promote better sleep (2024-Sep-02). Biologically and socially, adolescence is characterized by belated sleep times, and depressive effects of screen time can arise through sleep displacements. Theorized links between screen time, sleep, and depression, merited examination of four sleep mediators to determine their relative importance and determine which of them mediate future depression. Hypotheses were preregistered. Three-wave psychometric health data were collected from healthy Swedish students (N = 4810; 51% Boys; ages 12-16; N = 55 schools; n = 20 of 26 Stockholm municipalities). Multiple imputation bias-corrected missing data. Gender-wise Structural Equation Modelling tested four sleep facets as competing mediators (quality, duration, chronotype, social jetlag). The primary model result included the three first mediators to achieve acceptable fit indices (RMSEA = 0.02; SRMR = 0.03; CFI = 0.95; TLI = 0.94). Screen time deteriorated sleep within three months and effect sizes varied between mediators (Beta weights ranged: 0.14-0.30) but less between genders. Among boys, screen time at baseline had a direct adverse effect on depression after twelve months (Beta = 0.02; p <0.038). Among girls, the depressive effect was mediated through sleep quality, duration, and chronotype (57, 38, 45% mediation). Social jetlag remained non-significant. This study supports a modernized 'screen-sleep-displacement theory'. It empirically demonstrates that screen-sleep displacements impact several aspects of sleep simultaneously. Displacements led to elevated depressive symptoms among girls but not boys. Boys may be more prone to externalizing symptoms due to sleep loss. Results could mirror potentially beneficial public health effects of national screen time recommendations.

A worry regarding young people's physical activity engagement relates to a potentially competing development: the role of screen-based media (SBM) in their everyday lives. The present study aimed to assess time spent on different types of SBM, self-reported moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and physical activity in different domains and their interrelations.

The study is based on data from 3737 participants aged 11, 13 and 15 years from Norway collected in 2021/2022 as part of the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children collaborative cross-national survey.

The findings revealed high amounts of total SBM time. There were age and gender differences in physical activity, especially with lower levels of active transport during leisure time among girls than among boys. A series of binary logistic regression analyses with adjustment for age, gender and socioeconomic status showed that high levels of total SBM time were negatively associated with involvement in club sports, active school transport, active travel to friends and leisure activities, and 60 min MVPA 5 days/week. Gaming and social media use were also negatively associated with most of the physical activity indicators. All SBM variables were negatively associated with involvement in club sports and 60 min MVPA 5 days/week.

The study demonstrates negative associations between SBM time among adolescents and physical activity in various domains. Actions to facilitate youth physical activity in the digital age seem crucial. Additional studies with nuanced data on these behaviours and longitudinal research design allowing for examining their interrelations over time are needed.

The aims of this study are to evaluate the effectiveness of an online supervised training program in modulating lipid and glucose metabolism in children with obesity and to investigate the possible role of the 6-minute walking test (6MWT) as a predictor of metabolic improvement. A total of 35 Caucasian children with obesity (aged 8-13) were enrolled in the study and tested before (T0) and after (T1) a 12-week online supervised exercise training protocol: cardiovascular fitness (by means of 6MWT), metabolic biochemical profile, lifestyle (with ad hoc questionnaires focusing on physical activity, nutrition, sedentariness, sleep hours and quality, health perception) and Cardiac Autonomic Regulation (CAR) were assessed. Spearman correlations between the variations in the studied outcomes were explored. After intervention, the distance covered during 6MWT significantly increased (p < 0.001), and nutrition quality improved slightly but significantly (p = 0.03). The improvement in the 6MWT performance was shown to be significantly correlatee with the reduction of insulin levels (r = -0.455; p = 0.02), HOMA-IR Index (r = -0.452; p = 0.02), total cholesterol values (r = -0.549; p = 0.004) and Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP) (r = 0.422; p = 0.04). Moreover, there was a significant correlation between the improvement in 6MWT and health perception (r = 0.578; p = 0.002). We observed that the improvement in the 6MWT performance correlates with better metabolic profile after exercise training in children with obesity suggesting the goodness of this simple test on unveil changes in pathogenetic processes underlying obesity.

Adolescent physical activity (PA) is essential for mental health. However, the declining PA levels amongst this group pose global challenges. This study examines the relationship between PA and mental health amongst 1668 Chinese high school students, focusing on gender and grade-level differences. Only 30.9% of students met the recommended 60 min of daily moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), with boys showing a significantly higher compliance rate than girls (44.2% vs. 25.2%, P < 0.001). MVPA compliance was linked to better mental health, as compliant students had a lower mental health detection rate (43.6%) compared with non-compliant peers (56.4%, P < 0.001). The grade 11 students were at the highest risk of mental health issues (OR = 2.421, 95% CI: 1.893-3.096 and P < 0.001), whilst being female (OR = 0.630, 95% CI: 0.502-0.791 and P < 0.001). Meanwhile, MVPA non-compliance (OR = 0.792, 95% CI: 0.736-0.851 and P = 0.008) were additional risk factors. Poorer mental health correlated with reduced time in vigorous PA and increased time in low-intensity activities (P = 0.001). These findings highlight the low PA levels and significant mental health risks amongst adolescents, particularly girls and grade 11 students. Targeted interventions promoting PA, time management and mental health support are critical.

To investigate the association between family socioeconomic status (SES) and the physical activity (PA) levels of adolescents, as well as the moderating effect of gender on this relationship.

A total of 10,327 Chinese adolescents aged 12-17 were recruited to complete questionnaires regarding their SES and PA levels. "Physical Activity Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents Aged 7-18 Years" was utilized to examine the specific items, intensity, duration, and frequency of PA. The Kruskal-Wallis test and the Mann-Whitney U test were employed to compare PA time among adolescents across different groups. To analyze the interaction effect between gender and SES, the Scheirer-Ray-Hare test was conducted using R software. Additionally, SPSSAU was utilized to examine the moderating effect of gender and SES on PA.

(1) Different intensities of PA: Overall, the times for LPA, MPA, VPA, MVPA, and TPA in the low SES group were 190 (100, 400) minutes, 190 (80, 400) minutes, 60 (0, 160) minutes, 290 (150, 570) minutes, and 580 (345, 925) minutes, respectively.The duration of PA at each intensity level in the low SES group was significantly lower compared to that in the middle and high SES groups (all P-values < 0.05). (2) Different PA types: The low SES group exhibited the shortest durations for both transportation PA (260 min) and exercise PA (155 min), while household PA was the longest (15 min)(all P-values < 0.05). (3) Moderating effect test: After controlling for relevant variables, the interaction term coefficient between gender and SES was statistically significant (B = -19.141, t = -2.059, P < 0.05).

Adolescents from low SES backgrounds exhibited the lowest levels of MVPA and TPA, which were mainly manifested in transportation PA and exercise PA. Gender moderates the relationship between SES and MVPA, with different SES levels having a more pronounced effect on PA in boys than in girls.

Interest in 'exercise snacks' has increased, yet a comprehensive and holistic review of this novel concept is lacking. We aimed to map global research on 'exercise snacks', across youth, adult and clinical populations through a scoping review.

A systematic search was conducted in six databases. Grey literature searches were also conducted. Studies whereby participants were prescribed a structured bout of intense exercise dispersed across the day, or the exercise was explicitly defined as a form of 'snacks', in any setting were included. We used the Consensus on Exercise Reporting Template (CERT) to assess the completeness of exercise descriptions. Data were recorded into spreadsheets, then descriptively analyzed and summarized in graphic form.

The 45 publications meeting our inclusion criteria represented 33 original studies. These 33 studies enrolled a total of 1118 participants, with a median sample size of 24. Studies were categorized as either acute (n = 12) or chronic (n = 21) trials with both trial types performed across a wide range of participant ages (range 8.7 to 78 years) but mostly conducted on healthy adults and older adults. The majority of studies (20/33) defined the concept as 'exercise snacks', with study context being predominantly the laboratory or home. A wide variety of exercise modes (e.g., cycling, stair climbing, body weight exercises) and comparator conditions (e.g., moderate intensity continuous exercise, prolonged sitting, non-exercise controls) were used. 'Exercise snack' intensity was prescribed more frequently than it was reported, and, of the available data, mean intensity was estimated at 76.9% of maximal heart rate and 5.2 Arbitrary Units (AU) on the Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) CR10 scale. Study outcome measures were predominantly cardiovascular, metabolic, muscular, and psychological, with studies mostly adhering to the CERT, though there was underreporting of detail for the exercise provider, motivation strategies, adverse events and intervention fidelity.

The 'exercise snack' concept is being increasingly used to cover an array of exercise models. The most common protocols to date utilize body weight exercises or stair climbing. We recommend 'exercise snacks' terminology is consistently used to describe protocols whereby short, purposeful structured exercise is dispersed throughout the day. Future studies should provide detailed descriptions of their 'exercise snacks' model, through exercise and adverse event reporting checklists.

The school environment (SE) plays a crucial role in determining adolescents' physical activity (PA), including physical education classes, sports spaces and facilities, and active recreation. This study aimed to evaluate the association between the SE and indicators of PA and sitting time (ST), while exploring Brazilian sociodemographic differences. The SE was characterized by PA practices, PA outside regular class hours, running/athletic track condition, use of the courtyard for PA with a professional, participation in inter-school games or physical-sports competitions, and the number of physical education classes per week. PA and ST were assessed via self-report questionnaires, categorizing participants as active or insufficiently active for PA and as having low or excessive ST. The study included a nationally representative sample of 155,019 Brazilian adolescents (50.9% female). Among them, 28.5% were classified as active and 47.3% had adequate ST. Taking two or more physical education classes was positively associated with being active (OR: 1.669; 95% CI: 1.665-1.673) and with having low ST (OR: 1.050; 95% CI: 1.048-1.052). The association between SE characteristics and PA varied by region and school type (rural/urban, public/private), emphasizing that SE impacts PA and ST differently depending on the sociodemographic context of the adolescents.

There is little evidence on the tracking of physical activity during school hours. In addition, tracking physical activity in schools provides important evidence for understanding children's physical activity and conducting intervention studies. Therefore, this study examined longitudinal changes and tracking of in-school physical activity in primary school children.

In this study, physical activity was investigated longitudinally in primary school children for 4 years. The baseline participants consisted of 103 second-grade students (7-8 years old) who participated. Step counts and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in school and during first recess and lunch/second recess were examined using an accelerometer (Kenz Lifecorder GS 4-second version; Suzuken Co. Ltd, Nagoya, Japan).

After excluding missing data (moving school; n = 8, physical activity; n = 8), 87 (43 boys and 44 girls) of whom were included in the final analysis. Step counts and MVPA during school and physical education in boys did not decrease across the school years. By contrast, in girls, step counts during school did not decrease across the school years, however MVPA did decrease. In addition, for both sexes, step counts and MVPA during first recess decrease across the school years. During lunch/second recess, only step counts decrease across the school years in both sexes. In addition, the tracking coefficients for step counts and MVPA for boys in school and during first recess and lunch/second recess were found across many school years. Contrarily, girls had fewer significant tracking coefficients between school years than boys. There were also few significant tracking coefficients between grades for physical education step counts and MVPA for both boys and girls.

Our results suggested that in-school step counts for both boys and girls does not decrease across the school years. However, given that girls demonstrated reduced levels of in-school MVPA across the school years, it is important to promote strategies to increase MVPA in this group.

Adherence to physical activity guidelines is crucial for children's physical, social, and cognitive well-being. While previous research shows that about 77% of preschoolers meet the World Health Organization (WHO) physical activity guidelines, differences in outcomes based on geographic locations are unclear. This study examines disparities in physical activity, sedentary behavior, sleep, and gross motor skills between rural and urban preschoolers.

The study involved 131 healthy preschoolers (3.4 ± 0.8 years) from Lagos State, Nigeria. Participants wore ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometers on their hips for at least 72 h per week. Socio-demographic data were collected using a parent-reported survey. Physical activity (light, moderate-vigorous) and sedentary time were measured using accelerometers, while gross motor skills were assessed using a modified version of the NIH Toolbox. Independent sample t-tests tested the difference between the two groups.

No significant difference in sleep time (t = -0.22, p = 0.83) was found between urban and rural preschoolers. However, significant differences were observed in sedentary time (t = -3.49, p < 0.01, d = -0.67), light-intensity physical activity (LPA; t = 3.07, p < 0.01, d = 0.62), moderate-to vigorous-physical activity (MVPA; t = 4.77, p < 0.01, d = 0.91), and all gross motor skills (p < 0.05). Urban children exhibited more sedentary time and lower gross motor skill scores.

Rural preschoolers demonstrated higher physical activity levels and better gross motor skills than urban preschoolers. There is a pressing need for intervention programs to enhance physical activity and gross motor skills and reduce sedentary time among urban preschoolers.

Insufficient physical activity, excessive recreational screen time, and inadequate sleep pose health risks in school-aged children and adolescents. The Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for Children and Youth advocate for balanced daily movement behaviours. This population-level study in British Columbia (BC), Canada, examined the proportion of young adolescents following these guidelines and how adherence correlated with their mental well-being.

Using cross-sectional self-report data from 26,974 grades 6-8 children (48% girls, mean age = 13.31) who had completed the Middle Years Development Instrument (MDI) in BC in 2023, we calculated the percentages of children meeting physical activity (at least 1 h daily), sleep (9 + hours for 5- to 13-year-olds, 8 + for > 13-year-olds), and screen time (no more than 2 h daily) recommendations. Eight groupings were created, indicating how many and which movement behaviour guidelines were met: none, sleep only, physical activity only, screen time only, physical activity and sleep, physical activity and screen time, sleep and screen time, and all three behaviours. Mean differences in depressive symptoms, optimism, and satisfaction with life scores across categories were estimated through sex-stratified linear mixed models, adjusting for covariates.

Four percent of adolescents met all recommendations, while 15% met none. Meeting some or all recommendations was associated with higher levels of optimism and satisfaction with life, and lower levels of depressive symptoms compared to meeting none. Beneficial effects were overall larger for girls, and largest for depressive symptoms among girls meeting all recommendations versus none (-1.05, 95% CI [-1.14, -0.96]).

Adherence to the Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines was associated with higher levels of well-being, but most grades 6-8 adolescents in our study did not meet the recommendations. Given sex differences in meeting the movement behaviour recommendations, public health strategies need to consider targeted interventions aimed at improving adherence to these guidelines, particularly focusing on reducing recreational screen time and increasing physical activity.

Higher levels of parental health and digital literacy are associated with better health knowledge and therefore better health outcomes for their children. There is currently no research evaluating the impact of parental digital and health literacy on children's participation in sport. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the effect of parental digital and health literacy on the sport participation of their children and included parents of children aged 6-18 years, categorized into a sport-participating group (n = 201) and a non-participating group (n = 116). Parents completed a questionnaire assessing demographic characteristics, internet and mobile phone usage for health-related purposes, and their children's level of sport participation. Additionally, they were administered the Digital Literacy Scale and the Health Literacy Scale. The total, technical, and social dimension scores of the Digital Literacy Scale were significantly higher in parents of children participating in sport (P < .05). Similarly, the total score on the Health Literacy Scale, as well as the subscale scores for accessing/obtaining, understanding, and processing/appraising health-related information were significantly higher in the sport-participating group (P < .05). Furthermore, a significant correlation was observed between the total scores of the Digital Literacy Scale and the Health Literacy Scale (P = .001, r = 0.412). These findings indicate that parents of children engaged in sport have significantly higher digital and health literacy levels. Enhancing parental digital and health literacy may play a crucial role in promoting children's participation in sport. Interventions aimed at improving parental digital and health literacy could positively impact children's sport-related health outcomes.

This study investigates the relationship between movement behaviors and physical fitness (PF) in university students, and based on the top 5% of model-predicted outcomes for PF to determine the optimal movement behaviors balance.

A total of 463 university students aged 15-24 years from Jinhua City wore accelerometers to measure moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), light-intensity physical activity (LPA), and sedentary behavior (SB). Sleep (SLP) was self-reported. The body mass index (BMI), forced vital capacity (FVC), 50-meter dash, standing long jump, sit-and-reach, sit-ups (female), pull-ups (male), 800-meter run (female), and 1000-meter run (male) were used as indicators to assess the physical fitness of university students. Regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between movement behaviors and PF. All possible movement component combinations were investigated to determine the best correlation (top 5%) with each outcome.

For males, SB (β = 5.05, p < 0.05) was significantly correlated with an increase in BMI. MVPA was significantly correlated with improvements in BMI (β = -1.75, p < 0.05), FVC (β = 494.21, p < 0.05), and endurance qualities (β = -25.77, p < 0.05). For females, MVPA was significantly correlated with improvements in BMI (β = -1.03, p < 0.05), FVC (β = 176.05, p < 0.05), speed capability (β = -0.26, p < 0.05), and endurance qualities (β = -16.38, p < 0.05). LPA was associated with improvements in endurance qualities (β = -24.10, p < 0.05). SB was significantly correlated with a decline in endurance qualities (β = 24.25, p < 0.05). The average (range) optimal combination of time use was as follows: For males, MVPA = 142 min/day, SB = 534 min/day, LPA = 295 min/day, and SLP = 469 min/day. For females, MVPA = 115 min/day, SB = 536 min/day, LPA = 306 min/day, and SLP = 482 min/day.

For both males and females, increased MVPA and reduced sedentary time were associated with improved endurance and strength, while optimal sleep duration contributed to overall fitness. These findings highlight the importance of a balanced daily movement schedule for university students.

This study conducted a secondary analysis to objectively measure the effects of modified ride-on cars (MROCs) training in different postures on physical activity (PA) levels in children with motor delays. Data from 39 participants were analyzed in a randomized controlled trial. The participants included those using MROC in standing postures (n = 11, mean age = 22.87 months), MROC in sitting postures (n = 16, mean age = 19.53 months), and a control group that received conventional therapy (n = 12, mean age = 23.30 months). PA intensity was measured using an ActiGraph GT3X on the participants' wrists and right hip at weeks 1, 6, and 12 of the 12-week intervention period. This trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02527356). The demographic data were similar across the groups. No significant differences were found in the interaction, group, or time effects for any of the positions (p > 0.05). The PA levels were consistent in at least light PA intensity range. MROC training may yield PA levels comparable to those of conventional therapy. Variations in activity and motor impairment severity could affect outcomes. Future studies should investigate factors such as task characteristics, motor delay severity, PA cutoff points, and training dosage that may influence PA intensity.

To evaluate whether sedentary behaviour is a risk or prognostic factor for spinal pain in children and adolescents. Specifically, to estimate the (1) direction and strength of the association; (2) risk of spinal pain onset and (3) effect on spinal pain prognosis.

Systematic review with meta-analysis.

Electronic searches of MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL and Web of Science up to 23 March 2023.

Reports estimating the effect of sedentary behaviour on spinal pain in young people (≤19 years).

We included 129 reports, 14 were longitudinal (n = 8 433) and 115 were cross-sectional (n > 697 590). We incorporated 86 studies into meta-analyses. (1) From cross-sectional data, we found low certainty evidence of a small positive association between sedentary behaviour and spinal pain (adjusted odds ratio 1.25 (95% CI 1.17 to 1.33), k = 44, n > 92 617). (2) From longitudinal data, we found low certainty evidence of no increased risk for the onset of spinal pain due to sedentary behaviour (adjusted risk ratio 1.07 (95% CI 0.84 to 1.35), k = 4, n = 1 292). (3) No studies assessed prognosis.

Cross-sectional data suggest minimally higher odds of spinal pain for children and adolescents who engage in greater sedentary behaviours. However, longitudinal data do not support a causal relationship, indicating that sedentary behaviour does not increase the risk for onset of spinal pain. Due to the low certainty of evidence, these findings must be interpreted with caution. We found no evidence of the effect sedentary behaviour has on spinal pain prognosis in children and adolescents, highlighting a considerable gap in the literature.

Physical activity guidelines inform policy and practice in promoting healthier lifestyles. The WHO advocates for distinct recommendations for each country to address variation in needs, resources and context. Specific regional recommendations for three underactive populations facing unique barriers to movement are lacking-people with chronic conditions, disability and advanced age. We review which countries/regions provide specific physical activity guidelines for these populations to identify deficiencies in meeting WHO recommendations and inform future directions for guideline development.

Scoping review.

OVID Medline, PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, Google Scholar, ProQuest, CINAHL, Google searches, targeted websites.

Data sources were searched from database inception to September 2023 to identify community-facing physical activity guidelines at the national/international level for these populations. We recorded, summarised and analysed physical activity guideline recommendations extracted from published guideline documents, organised by population and country/region.

66 articles were identified, addressing 28 distinct countries/regions, including four international guidelines, published from 2009 to 2023. The WHO guidelines were adopted by 19 countries and the European Union. Across all regions, a lack of specific advice was identified for individuals with chronic conditions (46%), disability (46%) and advanced age (11%). Advice for chronic conditions and disability commonly replicated general adult population advice.

Many countries/regions do not produce physical activity guidelines specific to populations with chronic conditions and disability. As such, a large proportion of countries/regions failed to meet WHO recommendations, highlighting a lack of customised advice to address unique barriers faced by vulnerable populations.

Individuals with Down syndrome have severe difficulties maintaining proper postural control when standing upright. Therefore, the goal of the present review and meta-analysis was to examine the effects of exercise interventions on improving postural control in individuals with Down syndrome.

This systematic review was reported following the PRISMA guidelines; while Cochrane guidelines were adopted for methodological guidance. Reports were searched in PubMed, Science Direct, Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale (PEDro), EMBASE, Web of Science (WOS), Scopus and Google Scholar from 2000 to January 2025. Randomized clinical trials and quasi-experimental studies were assessed in English. Review, meta-analysis, and descriptive studies were excluded from the study. Two researchers screened and evaluated data based on PEO criteria and the quality of studies was assessed using the PEDro scale.

Among between 374 studies, Six articles were included in the present review and meta-analysis. Four studies showed that exercise interventions improve postural control in individuals with Down syndrome. However, the results of 2 studies indicated that exercise interventions do not improve postural control in these individuals. Ultimately, after analyzing the studies, the statistical results showed a significant difference between the intervention group and the control group (p = 0.001), indicating the effectiveness of exercise interventions and subsequent improvement in postural control in individuals with Down syndrome. According to PEDro scale, four studies were low quality, and two were high quality. Also, applying GRADE criteria, there is a "Low" certainty of evidence observed. The mean effect size of the exercises in the 6 included studies in the present review was 0.67, indicating a small effect size.

The exercise interventions improve postural control in individuals with Down syndrome. In addition, Due to the small sample size and the small number of studies included, to deal with the risk of bias in the studies, a new randomized controlled trial with a stronger methodology and large sample size comparing exercises and other strategies or different types of exercises is recommended.

Objectives When dealing with children and adolescents living with obesity, it is vital to be aware that exercise provides benefits in the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases and general well-being. The growing prevalence of childhood obesity makes it necessary to develop strategies aimed at controlling the barriers that limit the performance of exercise, which is why we designed a plan of exercise prescription through videos that could be accessible, free, and designed for exercise at home, as a complement to a multidisciplinary intervention program for lifestyle change. This study aimed to compare the effects of a video-based exercise prescription program (EPV) versus free-choice exercise (FCE) on anthropometric and metabolic indicators. Methods We conducted an open-label, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Patients aged eight to 16 years with obesity from the Child Unit of the General Hospital of Mexico were included. Forty-two participants finished the follow-up; 20 were boys, and 22 were girls. All patients were included in a multi-component program of healthy lifestyle changes and randomized to receive EPV (n=22) or FCE (n=20) for six months. Results The primary outcomes in both groups were a decrease in body mass index (BMI) (p < 0.001), a reduction in body fat mass (p < 0.001), and an increase in lean body mass (p = 0.003). Other outcomes observed were: in EPV, there was a decrease in low density lipid (LDL) (p=0.04); alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (p=0.002), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (p=0.001) and uric acid (p=0.003) and an increase in high density lipid (HDL) (p=0. 002), while in FCE there was a decrease in Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) (p=0.006), insulin (p=0.006), LDL (p=0.02), ALT (p=0.002), AST (p=0.004) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) (p=0.025). Conclusion Both EPV and FCE exercise prescription programs, as part of a multidisciplinary intervention for childhood obesity, had favorable effects on body composition and metabolic parameters.

This systematic review summarizes the literature on the associations between movement behaviors (eg, sleep, sedentary behavior, and physical activity [PA]) and cognition, and academic achievement (AA) in children and adolescents.

Four electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, and SPORTDiscus) were searched from inception until October 2023.

This systematic review included 24 reports, representing 48,558 youth aged 6-17.9 years. Ten reports (46%) showed a high risk of bias, and overall quality of evidence ranged from very low to moderate. No reports assessed the associations between sleep and cognition; 1 cross-sectional report showed beneficial associations between sleep and AA. Sedentary behaviors showed null associations with AA in 43% of the reports; however, screen time was detrimentally associated with AA in all reports. Overall, 57% of the reports looking at the associations between PA and cognition showed beneficial associations; 53% showed beneficial associations between PA and AA; 56% of the randomized controlled trials showed beneficial impacts on cognition (3 out of 5) or on AA (2 out of 4).

Overall, this systematic review showed evidence of beneficial associations between PA and cognition and AA, as well as detrimental effects of screen time. Due to the many inconsistent results found for sedentary behavior, together with scarce data on associations between sleep duration and cognition, and AA in children and adolescents, more research is needed so researchers can draw strong and evidence-based conclusions.

This systematic review aimed to 1) update the existing evidence on the antidepressant effects of aerobic exercise (AE) in youth. 2) Investigate any potential dose‒response relationships between AE interventions and depressive symptom reduction. 3) Provide evidence-based insights to inform future research and clinical depression treatment.

Employing the PRISMA and PERSiST guidelines, a comprehensive search across nine databases (Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, PsycINFO, SportDiscus, CINAHL, Medline, Embase, and CNKI) yielded a total of 782 relevant studies. Following rigorous selection criteria, 26 eligible studies (comprising 22 different samples) were included in the analysis, featuring a combined sample size of 1308 participants. The meta-analysis was conducted via R.

AE notably decreased depressive symptoms among youth [g = -0.92; 95% CI (-1.16, -0.69); p < 0.01]. Significant dose‒response relationships were observed across age groups [β = -0.06; 95% CI (-0.12, 0.00), p < 0.05], the intensity [β = -0.03; 95% CI (-0.06, 0.00); p < 0.05], and the duration ^ 2 [β = 0.001, 95% CI (0.001, 0.002), p < 0.05] of the AE intervention.

Aerobic exercise interventions can effectively alleviate depressive symptoms in youth. A moderate-intensity AE program, lasting 25-40 min and conducted three times a week for 9-15 weeks, can increase alleviation of depression.

Background/Objectives: Physical activity allows the enjoyment of personal health benefits in those who practice it, including the possibility of modifying behavioral risk factors such as tobacco and alcohol consumption. These risk factors are responsible for the development of non-communicable diseases, which are preventable and controllable. The scientific field on this object of study has grown in recent years. The main objective of this study was to perform a scientific mapping to explore the trend of annual publications, and to analyze and identify the thematic categories, the authors, countries and journals with the highest number of papers, the most referenced papers and authors, and the most used keywords in research related to physical activity and tobacco and/or alcohol consumption. Methods: Through a bibliometric analysis based on traditional bibliometric laws on the scientific documentation related to the subject and indexed in the Main Collection of the Web of Science. The DeSolla Price Law was used to analyze the trend of annual publications, using the coefficient of determination R2. Lotka's law was applied to identify prolific authors, Bradford's law to highlight the most frequent publication sources, the h-index to identify the most cited articles and Zipf's law to highlight the keywords most used in research. Results: A total of 538 documents were analyzed. The trend followed by annual publications is in an exponential growth phase. Adrian Taylor and Michael Ussher were identified as prolific authors. USA and Preventive Medicine were the country and journal with the highest number of publications. The most frequently used words were physical activity, smoking, exercise, alcohol, obesity, and smoking cessation. Conclusions: This bibliometric review identified an exponential growth from 1994 to date of research related to physical activity and tobacco and/or alcohol consumption. It allowed us to identify trends and guide the development of future research in these or new related areas.