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Cornberg M, Sandmann L, Jaroszewicz J, Kennedy P, Lampertico P, Lemoine M, Lens S, Testoni B, Lai-Hung Wong G, Russo FP. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol 2025:S0168-8278(25)00174-6. [PMID: 40348683 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2025.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2025] [Accepted: 03/20/2025] [Indexed: 05/14/2025]
Abstract
The updated EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection provide comprehensive, evidence-based recommendations for its management. Spanning ten thematic sections, the guidelines address diagnostics, treatment goals, treatment indications, therapeutic options, hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance, management of special populations, HBV reactivation prophylaxis, post-transplant care, HBV prevention strategies, and finally address open questions and future research directions. Chronic HBV remains a global health challenge, with over 250 million individuals affected and significant mortality due to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. These guidelines emphasise the importance of early diagnosis, risk stratification based on viral and host factors, and tailored antiviral therapy. Attention is given to simplified algorithms, vaccination, and screening to support global HBV elimination targets. The guidelines also discuss emerging biomarkers and evolving definitions of functional and partial cure. Developed through literature review, expert consensus, and a Delphi process, the guidelines aim to equip healthcare providers across disciplines with practical tools to optimise HBV care and outcomes worldwide.
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Maung ST, Decharatanachart P, Chaiteerakij R. Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Seroclearance Rate After Stopping Nucleos(t)ide Analogues in Chronic Hepatitis B-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2025; 40:1079-1104. [PMID: 40041970 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.16920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2025] [Accepted: 02/17/2025] [Indexed: 05/11/2025]
Abstract
AIM To identify factors influencing HBsAg seroclearance rates after stopping nucleos(t)ide analogue (NA) therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). METHODS We conducted a comprehensive literature search in databases from inception to July 2024. Subgroup analyses and meta-regression were performed to determine factors associated with HBsAg seroclearance, including ethnicity, HBV genotype, NA therapy duration, end-of-treatment (EOT) qHBsAg levels, HBeAg status, cirrhosis status, and follow-up duration. RESULTS The meta-analysis included 62 studies (n = 9867) with a pooled HBsAg seroclearance rate of 10% (95%CI: 8%-12%, I2 = 92%) after NA cessation. HBeAg-negative patients showed significantly higher rates than HBeAg-positive patients (11% vs. 5%, p = 0.030). Subgroup analysis revealed higher seroclearance with follow-up of >5 years (18%, p = 0.004), showing significantly higher rates were observed in studies with longer follow-up periods. Caucasians showed a higher rate (12%) than Asians (9%, p = 0.067). Studies adhering to AASLD, EASL, or APASL stopping rules showed no significant differences in rates. Patients with EOT qHBsAg ≤2.0 log IU/mL had higher rates (23%) than those with >2.0 log IU/mL (11%). Re-treated patients had lower seroclearance (6%) compared to those not re-treated (17%, p = 0.178). Meta-regression identified ethnicity, HBeAg status, and follow-up duration as significant contributors to heterogeneity. Egger's test showed no evidence of publication bias (p = 0.1928). CONCLUSION Our meta-analysis highlights the role of ethnicity, EOT qHBsAg levels, HBeAg-status, and follow-up duration in determining HBsAg seroclearance rates. These findings stress the need for personalized NA discontinuation strategies and further research on HBV genotypes and biomarkers to improve treatment outcomes and predict seroclearance more accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soe Thiha Maung
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital and Thai Red Cross Society, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Ma Har Myaing Hospital, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Pakanat Decharatanachart
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital and Thai Red Cross Society, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Division of Academic Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Roongruedee Chaiteerakij
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital and Thai Red Cross Society, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Innovation and Endoscopy in Gastrointestinal Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Li S, Ouyang W, Yao Z, Lai X, Gu Y, Peng S. Incidence and Predictors of HBsAg Loss in Paediatric Patients With Chronic Hepatitis B Undergoing Antiviral Treatment. Liver Int 2025; 45:e16134. [PMID: 39422451 DOI: 10.1111/liv.16134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 09/25/2024] [Accepted: 10/01/2024] [Indexed: 10/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Achieving HBsAg loss is a critical clinical milestone in the management of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) towards the eradication of hepatitis B. However, there are limited researches on the incidence and determinants of HBsAg loss in paediatric CHB patients undergoing antiviral treatment. Therefore, we aimed to analyse the incidence and potential determinants of HBsAg loss in children who suffered from CHB and received antiviral treatment. METHODS This retrospective cohort study was performed on paediatric patients with progressive CHB who initiated either monotherapy or combination therapy using interferon/peg-interferon and entecavir. We utilised Cox regression models to evaluate the relationships between HBsAg loss and various determining factors. RESULTS In total of 306 subjects with an average age of 4.99 years (range 1-15) were identified in this study, of whom 200 (65.4%) were male. After a median follow-up of 26 months, HBsAg loss occurred in 135 participants. The accumulated rate of HBsAg loss was 67.8% at the end of the follow-up evaluation. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that older age (HR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.79-0.90), female sex (HR = 1.61, 95% CI: 1.13-2.30), baseline HBsAg levels (HR = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.62-0.84), HBsAb positivity (HR = 1.77, 95% CI: 1.20-2.59) and serum bilirubin levels (HR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.92-0.99) were statistically significant predictors of HBsAg loss. CONCLUSION The incidence of HBsAg loss continues to increase in paediatric patients with CHB after antiviral treatment. Age, sex, baseline HBsAg and bilirubin levels and HBsAb positivity are found to be associated with sustained HBsAg loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangjie Li
- Liver Disease Center, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Wenxian Ouyang
- Liver Disease Center, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Zhenzhen Yao
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xin Lai
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yingping Gu
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Songxu Peng
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Dongelmans EJ, Hirode G, Hansen BE, Chen CH, Su TH, Seto WK, Furquim d'Almeida A, van Hees S, Papatheodoridi M, Lens S, Wong GLH, Brakenhoff SM, Chien RN, Feld JJ, Chan HLY, Forns X, Papatheodoridis GV, Vanwolleghem T, Yuen MF, Hsu YC, Kao JH, Cornberg M, Sonneveld MJ, Jeng WJ, Janssen HLA. Predictors of hepatic flares after nucleos(t)ide analogue cessation - Results of a global cohort study (RETRACT-B study). J Hepatol 2025; 82:446-455. [PMID: 39773379 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2024.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/03/2025]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Flares after nucleos(t)ide analogue (NA) cessation are common and potentially harmful. Predictors of flares are required for risk stratification and to guide off-treatment follow-up. METHOD This multicenter cohort study included virally suppressed patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) who were hepatitis B e antigen negative at NA cessation. Hepatic flares were defined based on ALT levels of ≥5x, 10x or 20x the upper limit of normal (ULN). Multivariable Cox regression analyses were performed with censoring at retreatment, HBsAg loss or loss to follow-up. A sub-analysis was performed including HBV DNA levels within the first 12 weeks as a time-dependent covariate. RESULTS Of the 1,552 included patients, 350 developed a flare (ALT ≥5x ULN), of whom 70.6% did within the first year. One-year cumulative incidences for ALT flares ≥5x, ≥10x, ≥20x ULN were 18.6%, 10.2% and 3.4%, respectively. Severity of flares decreased over time, but severe flares still occurred after 1 year. Thirteen patients decompensated after a flare, of whom three died. Flares did not seem to be associated with increased rates of HBsAg loss (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.42, p = 0.28). Multivariable analyses showed that older age (aHR 1.02, p = 0.001), male sex (aHR 1.57, p = 0.003), HBsAg levels at NA withdrawal (100-1,000 IU/ml; aHR 1.99, p <0.001; >1,000 IU/ml; aHR 2.65, p <0.001) and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate vs. entecavir therapy (aHR 2.99, p <0.001) were predictive of flares (≥5x ULN). Early HBV DNA levels >5log10 IU/ml were associated with the highest risk of flares (aHR 2.36, p <0.001). CONCLUSION Flares are common after NA withdrawal, especially within the first year and can result in hepatic decompensation and death. Older age, male sex, higher HBsAg levels at end of treatment and tenofovir therapy were associated with a higher risk of flares. Close monitoring and retreatment should be considered if HBV DNA levels exceed 5log10 IU/ml within the first 12 weeks. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS This is the first large global multi-centered cohort study which provides detailed data about flares after nucleos(t)ide analogue cessation in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Older age, male sex, higher HBsAg levels at end of treatment and tenofovir therapy were associated with a higher risk of flares. These results could guide follow-up after withdrawal, helping clinicians identify high-risk patients and decide when to restart anti-viral therapy, which we recommend if HBV DNA levels exceed 5log10 IU/ml within the first 12 weeks. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER not applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edo J Dongelmans
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Grishma Hirode
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; The Toronto Viral Hepatitis Care Network (VIRCAN), Toronto, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Bettina E Hansen
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Chien-Hung Chen
- Division of Hepatogastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Hung Su
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wai-Kay Seto
- Department of Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Arno Furquim d'Almeida
- Viral Hepatitis Research Group, Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stijn van Hees
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Margarita Papatheodoridi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical School of National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sabela Lens
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS and CIBEREHD, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Grace L H Wong
- Medical Data Analytics Centre (MDAC), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Sylvia M Brakenhoff
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rong-Nan Chien
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jordan J Feld
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; The Toronto Viral Hepatitis Care Network (VIRCAN), Toronto, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Henry L Y Chan
- Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Xavier Forns
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS and CIBEREHD, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - George V Papatheodoridis
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical School of National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Thomas Vanwolleghem
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Man-Fung Yuen
- Department of Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Yao-Chun Hsu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, E-Da Hospital/I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Horng Kao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Markus Cornberg
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatolology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Germany; Centre for Individualized Infection Medicine (CiiM), Hannover, Germany
| | - Milan J Sonneveld
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wen-Juei Jeng
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Harry L A Janssen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.
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Kanda T, Sasaki-Tanaka R, Tsuchiya A, Terai S. Hepatitis B virus infection and its treatment in Eastern Ethiopia. World J Hepatol 2025; 17:99209. [PMID: 39871910 PMCID: PMC11736472 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v17.i1.99209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2024] [Revised: 11/21/2024] [Accepted: 12/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/06/2025] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection causes acute and chronic hepatitis, compensated and decompensated cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide. The actual status of HBV infection and its treatment in certain regions of Asian and African countries, including Ethiopia, has not been well-documented thus far. Antiviral therapy for HBV infection can prevent the progression of HBV-related liver diseases and decrease the HBV-related symptoms, such as abdominal symptoms, fatigue, systemic symptoms and others. In Eastern Ethiopia, HBV-infected patients with cirrhosis were found to be positive for the HBV e antigen and to have a higher viral load than those without cirrhosis. Notably, 54.4% of patients practiced khat chewing and 18.1% consumed excessive amounts of alcohol. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate effectively suppressed HBV DNA in those infected with HBV. It is important to elucidate the actual status of HBV infection in Eastern Ethiopia to eliminate HBV infection worldwide by 2030. HBV vaccination and the educational programs for Health Science students that provide practical strategies could help to reduce HBV infection in Eastern Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Kanda
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Uonuma Institute of Community Medicine, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Minamiuonuma 949-7302, Niigata, Japan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8520, Japan.
| | - Reina Sasaki-Tanaka
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8520, Japan
| | - Atsunori Tsuchiya
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8520, Japan
| | - Shuji Terai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8520, Japan
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Qiu Y, Tang Q, Liu XQ, Xue YL, Zeng Y, Hu P. Hepatitis B core-related antigen as a promising serological marker for monitoring hepatitis B virus cure. World J Hepatol 2025; 17:98658. [PMID: 39871916 PMCID: PMC11736480 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v17.i1.98658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Revised: 11/25/2024] [Accepted: 12/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/06/2025] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global health concern. The current sequential endpoints for the treatment of HBV infection include viral suppression, hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) seroconversion, functional cure, and covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) clearance. Serum hepatitis B core-related antigen (HBcrAg) is an emerging HBV marker comprising three components: HBeAg, hepatitis B core antigen, and p22cr. It responds well to the transcriptional activity of cccDNA in the patient's liver and is a promising alternative marker for serological testing. There is a strong correlation, and a decrease in its level corresponds to sustained viral suppression. In patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), serum HBcrAg levels are good predictors of HBeAg seroconversion (both spontaneous and after antiviral therapy), particularly in HBeAg-positive patients. Both low baseline HBcrAg levels and decreasing levels early in antiviral therapy favored HBsAg seroconversion, which may serve as a good surrogate option for treatment endpoints. In this review, we summarize the role of serum HBcrAg in the treatment of CHB. Therefore, long-term continuous monitoring of serum HBcrAg levels contributes to the clinical management of patients with CHB and optimizes the choice of treatment regimen, making it a promising marker for monitoring HBV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Qiu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Chinese Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Qiao Tang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Chinese Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Chinese Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Yun-Ling Xue
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Chinese Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Yi Zeng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Chinese Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Peng Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Chinese Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China.
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王 馨, 唐 小, 韩 宁, 唐 红. [Research progress of biomarkers of hepatitis B virus and clinical significance]. SHENG WU YI XUE GONG CHENG XUE ZA ZHI = JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING = SHENGWU YIXUE GONGCHENGXUE ZAZHI 2023; 40:1242-1248. [PMID: 38151949 PMCID: PMC10753316 DOI: 10.7507/1001-5515.202309041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
The infection of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) can result in severe consequences, including chronic hepatitis, liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and even liver cancer. Effective antiviral treatment has the potential to slow down the progression of the disease. HBV serum biomarkers play a crucial role in the dynamic management of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. However, the conventional hepatitis B virus markers, such as hepatitis B serologic testing and HBV DNA, are insufficient to meet the clinical requirements. This review provided a comprehensive overview of the current research on the quantification of HBsAg and anti-HBc, HBV RNA and HBV core-associated antigen, which summarized the crucial role these markers play in the administration of antiviral medications, predicting the efficacy of treatment and anticipating the likelihood of virologic rebound following drug cessation, as well as assessing disease progression in CHB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- 馨 王
- 四川大学华西医院 感染性疾病中心(成都 610041)Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
- 四川大学华西医院 生物治疗国家重点实验室 感染性疾病研究室(成都 610041)Divison of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - 小琼 唐
- 四川大学华西医院 感染性疾病中心(成都 610041)Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
- 四川大学华西医院 生物治疗国家重点实验室 感染性疾病研究室(成都 610041)Divison of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - 宁 韩
- 四川大学华西医院 感染性疾病中心(成都 610041)Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
- 四川大学华西医院 生物治疗国家重点实验室 感染性疾病研究室(成都 610041)Divison of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - 红 唐
- 四川大学华西医院 感染性疾病中心(成都 610041)Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
- 四川大学华西医院 生物治疗国家重点实验室 感染性疾病研究室(成都 610041)Divison of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
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