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Olaleye AA, Adebayo JA, Eze JN, Ajah LO, Anikwe CC, Egede JO, Ebere CI. Efficacy of Tranexamic Acid in Reducing Myomectomy-Associated Blood Loss among Patients with Uterine Myomas at Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki: A Randomized Control Trial. Int J Reprod Med 2024; 2024:2794052. [PMID: 38283394 PMCID: PMC10810692 DOI: 10.1155/2024/2794052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Myomectomy can be associated with life-threatening conditions such as bleeding. Excessive bleeding usually necessitates blood transfusion. Interventions to reduce bleeding during myomectomy will help reduce the need for blood transfusion with its associated complications. Tranexamic acid has been used to reduce bleeding in other surgical procedures, and its usage during myomectomy merits evaluation. Objective To assess the efficacy of tranexamic acid in reducing myomectomy-associated blood loss. Materials and Methods This is a prospective double-blinded randomized trial conducted on women who had abdominal myomectomy. Patients were randomized into two groups. The study group received perioperative intravenous tranexamic acid (TXA) while the control group received a placebo. Intraoperative blood loss was calculated by measuring the volume in the suction apparatus and weighing the surgical swabs. In addition, blood collected postoperatively from the wound drains and drapes were measured. Haemoglobin concentrations were determined preoperatively and on second postoperative day for all cases. Any adverse effect was noted in both groups. The data was processed using Epi Info software (7.2.1, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia). The relationships between categorical data were analyzed using X2 and Student's t-test to determine relationships between continuous variables, with a P value of 0.05 considered statistically significant, and correlation coefficients were calculated using Pearson's formula, and probability of 0.05 was set for statistical significance. Results Symptomatic uterine myomas constituted 17.3% of all gynaecological admissions and 21.3% of gynaecological operations at Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki. The mean intraoperative blood loss among patients that had perioperative tranexamic acid infusion was 413.6 ± 165.6 ml, while that of patients with placebo infusion was 713.6 ± 236.3 ml. Perioperative tranexamic acid infusion therefore reduced mean intraoperative blood loss by 300 ml, and this was statistically significant (SMD = -0.212, 95% CI: -403.932 to -196.067, P < 0.0001). Perioperative tranexamic acid reduced mean total blood loss by a value of 532.3 ml, and this is statistically significant (SMD = 30.622, 95% CI: 393.308 to 670.624, P < 0.0001). Tranexamic acid also improved postoperative haemoglobin concentration by 1.8 g/dl compared with placebo, and this is statistically significant (SMD = -0.122, 95% CI: 1.182 to 2.473, P < 0.0001). Tranexamic acid infusion decreased hospital stay by about 2 days, and this difference was statistically significant (SMD = -3.929, 95% CI: -3.018 to -0.983, P = 0.0003). There was no adverse drug reaction in the course of the study. Conclusion The use of tranexamic acid during myomectomy reduced intraoperative and postoperative blood loss. It is also associated with decreased hospital stay. This trial is registered with NCT04560465.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayodele Adegbite Olaleye
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Joshua Adeniyi Adebayo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Justus Ndulue Eze
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Leonard Ogbonna Ajah
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Chidebe Christian Anikwe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria
| | - John O. Egede
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Chidi Ikenna Ebere
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria
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Vanderbruggen W, Brits T, Tilborghs S, Derickx K, De Wachter S. The effect of tranexamic acid on perioperative blood loss in transurethral resection of the prostate: A double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Prostate 2023; 83:1584-1590. [PMID: 37602525 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bleeding and bleeding-related complications remain common after bipolar transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) for benign prostatic hyperplasia. This may possibly lead to prolonged postoperative irrigation, catheterization, and hospital stay. The objective of this trial was to evaluate the effect of high-dose tranexamic acid (TXA) on perioperative blood loss in patients treated with bipolar TURP for prostate sizes between 30 and 80 g. METHODS We conducted a single-center, prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Eighty patients were screened for inclusion between March 2020 and January 2023. After exclusion, 65 patients were randomized in two comparable groups. The TXA group (31 patients) received a TXA intravenous loading dose of 10 mg/kg over 30 min before induction, followed by a maintenance dose of 5 mg/kg/h over 12 h. The placebo group (34 patients) received an equal dose of saline infusion. We measured age, weight, preoperative prostate size, anticoagulant use, 5-alpha reductase inhibitor use, preoperative urinary tract infection, American Society of Anesthesiologists score, difference in pre- and 24 h postoperative hemoglobin and hematocrit levels, operative time, resected adenoma weight, duration of postoperative irrigation, total amount of postoperative irrigation fluid, indwelling catheter time, duration of hospital stay, blood transfusion rate, and 4-week complication rate. RESULTS Baseline characteristics in both groups were comparable. Postoperative hemoglobin decrease in TXA versus placebo group was 1 versus 1.6 mg/dL, respectively (p = 0.04). In addition, the amount of postoperative irrigation fluid (10.7 vs. 18.5 L), irrigation time (24.3 vs. 37.9 h), catheterization time (40.8 vs. 53.7 h), and hospital stay (46.9 vs. 59.2 h) were statistically significant in favor of TXA use. No blood transfusions were carried out. Four-week complication rate was comparable between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Perioperative high-dose TXA seems beneficial in reducing hemoglobin loss, postoperative irrigation, catheterization time, and hospital stay in bipolar TURP for prostate sizes between 30 and 80 g, without increased risk of TXA-related thromboembolic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wies Vanderbruggen
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Urology and Urological Rehabilitation, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tim Brits
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Urology and Urological Rehabilitation, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sam Tilborghs
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Urology and Urological Rehabilitation, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Katleen Derickx
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Stefan De Wachter
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Urology and Urological Rehabilitation, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Perka C, von Heymann C, Lier H, Kaufner L, Treskatsch S. Die perioperative Gabe von Tranexamsäure. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ORTHOPADIE UND UNFALLCHIRURGIE 2023; 161:532-537. [PMID: 37336245 DOI: 10.1055/a-2055-8178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
The application of tranexamic acid (TXA) during endoprosthetic surgical procedures has significantly increased in recent years. Due its ability to reduce perioperative blood loss and avert the need for blood transfusions as well as wound drainage, TXA is becoming part of a 'standard practice'. However, TXA is currently not approved for the application during endoprosthetic procedures and therefore, a benefit-risk analysis should always be conducted. Prophylactic administration of TXA without prior patient consent is only justified if fibrinolytic bleeding is expected and there are no contraindications or relevant risk factors for thromboembolic complications. Respectively, no patient consent is required when a therapeutic dose of TXA is administered in the context of fibrinolytic bleeding. The following guidelines provide updated recommendations based on the current state of knowledge on TXA optimal timing, routes of administration and dosing regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Perka
- Klinik für Orthopädie, Centrum für Muskuloskeletale Chirurgie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Christian von Heymann
- Klinik für Anästhesie, Intensivmedizin, Notfallmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Vivantes Klinikum im Friedrichshain, Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Heiko Lier
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Operative Intensivmedizin, Medizinische Fakultät und Uniklinik Köln, Köln, Deutschland
| | - Lutz Kaufner
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie mit Schwerpunkt operative Intensivmedizin, Charité ‒ Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Sascha Treskatsch
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie mit Schwerpunkt operative Intensivmedizin, Charité ‒ Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
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Yoon U, Bartoszko J, Bezinover D, Biancofiore G, Forkin KT, Rahman S, Spiro M, Raptis DA, Kang Y. Intraoperative transfusion management, antifibrinolytic therapy, coagulation monitoring and the impact on short-term outcomes after liver transplantation-A systematic review of the literature and expert panel recommendations. Clin Transplant 2022; 36:e14637. [PMID: 35249250 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.14637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver transplantation (LT) is frequently complicated by coagulopathy associated with end-stage liver disease (ESLD), that is, often multifactorial. OBJECTIVES The objective of this systematic review was to identify evidence based intraoperative transfusion and coagulation management strategies that improve immediate and short-term outcomes after LT. METHODS PRISMA-guidelines and GRADE-approach were followed. Three subquestions were formulated. (Q); Q1: transfusion management; Q2: antifibrinolytic therapy; and Q3: coagulation monitoring. RESULTS Sixteen studies were included for Q1, six for Q2, and 10 for Q3. Q1: PRBC and platelet transfusions were associated with higher mortality. The use of prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) and fibrinogen concentrate (FC) were not associated with reductions in intraoperative transfusion or increased thrombotic events. The use of cell salvage was not associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrence or mortality. Cell salvage and transfusion education significantly decreased blood product transfusions. Q2: Epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA) and tranexamic acid (TXA) were not associated with decreased blood product transfusion, improvements in patient or graft survival, or increases in thrombotic events. Q3: Viscoelastic testing (VET) was associated with decreased allogeneic blood product transfusion compared to conventional coagulation tests (CCT) and is likely to be cost-effective. Coagulation management guided by VET may be associated with increases in FC and PCC use. CONCLUSION Q1: A specific blood product transfusion practice is not recommended (QOE; low | Recommendation; weak). Cell salvage and educational interventions are recommended (QOE: low | Grade of Recommendation: moderate). Q2: The routine use of antifibrinolytics is not recommended (QOE; low | Recommendation; weak). Q3: The use of VET is recommended (QOE; low-moderate | Recommendation; strong).
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzung Yoon
- Department of Anesthesiology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Justyna Bartoszko
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Toronto General Hospital - University Health Network, Sinai Health System, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dmitri Bezinover
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Penn State Health, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Katherine T Forkin
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Suehana Rahman
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Michael Spiro
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK.,Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Dimitri Aristotle Raptis
- Clinical Service of HPB Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK.,Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Yoogoo Kang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Massicotte L, Hevesi Z, Zaouter C, Thibeault L, Karakiewicz P, Roy L, Roy A. Association of Phlebotomy on Blood Product Transfusion Requirements During Liver Transplantation: An Observational Cohort Study on 1000 Cases. Transplant Direct 2022; 8:e1258. [PMID: 35372673 PMCID: PMC8963830 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000001258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During the past 2 decades, transfusion requirements have decreased drastically during orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), and transfusion-free transplantation is nowadays increasingly common. Understanding that liberal intravenous volume loading in cirrhotic patients may have detrimental consequences is key. In contrast, phlebotomy is a method to lower central venous pressure and portal venous pressure. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness and safety of phlebotomy in the early phase of blood transfusion, blood loss, renal function, and mortality. Methods The present study evaluated the impact of phlebotomy on bleeding, transfusion rate, renal dysfunction, and mortality in 1000 consecutive OLTs. Two groups were defined and compared using phlebotomy. Multivariate logistic and linear regression models were used to determine predictors of bleeding, red blood cell (RBC) transfusion, renal dysfunction, and mortality. Results A mean of 0.7 ± 1.5 RBC units was transfused per patient for 1000 OLTs, 75% did not receive any RBCs, and the median and interquartile range (25-75) were 0 for all blood products transfused. The phlebotomy was associated with decreased transfusion (RBCs, plasma, platelets, cryoprecipitate, albumin), with less bleeding, and with an increased survival rate, both 1 mo and 1 y. Phlebotomy was not associated with renal dysfunction. Conclusions The practice of phlebotomy to lower portal venous pressure was associated with reduced blood product transfusions and blood loss during liver dissection without deleterious effect on renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Massicotte
- Anesthesiology Department, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Zoltan Hevesi
- Anaesthesiology Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Cédrick Zaouter
- Anesthesiology Department, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lynda Thibeault
- Epidemiology Department, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Pierre Karakiewicz
- Urology Division, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Louise Roy
- Internal Medicine Department, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - André Roy
- Hepatobiliary Division, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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6
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Srivastava P, Agarwal A, Jha A, Rodricks S, Malik T, Makki K, Singhal A, Vij V. Utility of prothrombin complex concentrate as first-line treatment modality of coagulopathy in patients undergoing liver transplantation: A propensity score-matched study. Clin Transplant 2018; 32:e13435. [PMID: 30375084 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.13435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transfusion management during liver transplantation (LT) is aimed at reducing blood loss and allogeneic transfusion requirements. Although prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) has been used satisfactorily in various bleeding disorders, studies on its safety, and efficacy during LT are limited. METHODS A retrospective chart review of adult patients who underwent living donor LT at a single institute between October 2016 and January 2018 was carried out. The safety and efficacy of PCC in reducing transfusion requirements intraoperatively in patients who received PCC were compared with patients who did not receive PCC. A propensity score-matching technique was used, at a 1:1 ratio, to remove selection bias. RESULTS After completing the 1:1 propensity score-matched analysis, 60 pairs of patients were identified. The use of PCC was associated with significantly decreased red blood cell transfusion requirements (6.2 ± 4.1 vs 8.23 ± 5.18, P < 0.001) and fresh frozen plasma transfusion requirements (2.6 ± 2 vs 6.18 ± 4.1, P < 0.001). The number of patients developing postoperative hemorrhagic complications was higher in the non-PCC group. CONCLUSIONS During LT, the use of PCC led to decreased transfusion requirements. No thromboembolic complications related to PCC were noted in this series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Srivastava
- Department of Liver Transplant Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Fortis Hospital, Noida, India
| | - Anil Agarwal
- Department of Liver Transplant Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Fortis Hospital, Noida, India
| | - Amit Jha
- Department of Liver Transplant Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Fortis Hospital, Noida, India
| | - Suvyl Rodricks
- Department of Liver Transplant Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Fortis Hospital, Noida, India
| | - Tanuja Malik
- Department of Liver Transplant Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Fortis Hospital, Noida, India
| | - Kausar Makki
- Department of Liver Transplant and HPB Surgery, Fortis Hospital, Noida, India
| | - Ashish Singhal
- Department of Liver Transplant and HPB Surgery, Fortis Hospital, Noida, India
| | - Vivek Vij
- Department of Liver Transplant and HPB Surgery, Fortis Hospital, Noida, India
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7
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Wang F, Zhao KC, Zhao MM, Zhao DX. The efficacy of oral versus intravenous tranexamic acid in reducing blood loss after primary total knee and hip arthroplasty: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e12270. [PMID: 30200167 PMCID: PMC6133575 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000012270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood management after arthroplasties has become a serious problem. The objective is to perform a meta-analysis to compare the efficacy and safety between oral tranexamic acid (TXA) and intravenous TXA for blood management in total knee and hip arthroplasty. METHODS We systematically searched randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Web of Science and Google scholar. Eligibility criteria: Patients: adult patients with end-stage joint osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteonecrosis of the femoral head, who prepared for TJA; Interventions: The experiential group received the intravenous form of TXA; Comparisons: Oral form of TXA; Outcomes: Total blood loss, hemoglobin reduction, transfusion requirements, duration of hospitalization, and thrombotic complications including deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE); Study design: Randomized control trials (RCTs) and non-RCT. Meta-analysis results were collected and analyzed by the software STATA 11.0. After testing for heterogeneity between studies, data were aggregated for random-effects models when necessary. RESULTS Four RCTs and 2 non-RCTs were included in the meta-analysis. The present meta-analysis revealed that there were no significant differences regarding total blood loss (WMD = -25.013, 95% CI: -51.002 to 0.977, P = .059), postoperative hemoglobin decline (WMD = -0.090, 95% CI: -0.205 to 0.024, P = .122), or transfusion rate (RD = -0.039, 95% CI: -0.080 to 0.002, P = .062) between the 2 groups. CONCLUSION Oral TXA shows comparable efficacy to that of the intravenous forms after total knee and hip arthroplasty. Due to the limited quality of evidence currently available, higher quality RCTs is necessary.
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8
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Longo MA, Cavalheiro BT, de Oliveira Filho GR. Systematic review and meta-analyses of tranexamic acid use for bleeding reduction in prostate surgery. J Clin Anesth 2018; 48:32-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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9
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Forkin KT, Colquhoun DA, Nemergut EC, Huffmyer JL. The Coagulation Profile of End-Stage Liver Disease and Considerations for Intraoperative Management. Anesth Analg 2018; 126:46-61. [PMID: 28795966 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000002394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The coagulopathy of end-stage liver disease results from a complex derangement in both anticoagulant and procoagulant processes. With even minor insults, cirrhotic patients experience either inappropriate bleeding or clotting, or even both simultaneously. The various phases of liver transplantation along with fluid and blood product administration may contribute to additional disturbances in coagulation. Thus, anesthetic management of patients undergoing liver transplantation to improve hemostasis and avoid inappropriate thrombosis in the perioperative environment can be challenging. To add to this challenge, traditional laboratory tests of coagulation are difficult to interpret in patients with end-stage liver disease. Viscoelastic coagulation tests such as thromboelastography (Haemonetics Corporation, Braintree, MA) and rotational thromboelastometry (TEM International, Munich, Germany) have helped to reduce transfusion of allogeneic blood products, especially fresh frozen plasma, but have also lead to the increased use of fibrinogen-containing products. In general, advancements in surgical techniques and anesthetic management have led to significant reduction in blood transfusion requirements during liver transplantation. Targeted transfusion protocols and pharmacologic prevention of fibrinolysis may further aid in the management of the complex coagulopathy of end-stage liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine T Forkin
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | | | - Edward C Nemergut
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Julie L Huffmyer
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
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10
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Hobbs JC, Welsby IJ, Green CL, Dhakal IB, Wellman SS. Epsilon Aminocaproic Acid to Reduce Blood Loss and Transfusion After Total Hip and Total Knee Arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty 2018; 33:55-60. [PMID: 28939033 DOI: 10.1016/j.arth.2017.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Total hip and knee arthroplasty (THA and TKA) are associated with significant blood loss and some patients require postoperative blood transfusion. While tranexamic acid has been studied extensively among this population, we tested the hypothesis that epsilon aminocaproic acid (EACA) can reduce blood loss and transfusion after joint arthroplasty. METHODS In April 2014, our Veterans Affairs Medical Center introduced a protocol to administer EACA during THA and TKA. No antifibrinolytics were used previously. We retrospectively compared blood loss and incidence of transfusion among patients who underwent primary arthroplasty in the year before standardized administration of EACA with patients having the same procedures the following year. Blood loss was measured as delta hemoglobin (preoperative hemoglobin - hemoglobin on postoperative day 1). All patients undergoing primary THA or TKA were included. Patients having revision surgery were excluded. RESULTS We identified 185 primary arthroplasty patients from the year before and 184 from the year after introducing the EACA protocol. There were no changes in surgical technique or attending surgeons during this period. Delta hemoglobin was significantly lower in the EACA group (2.7 ± 0.8 mg/dL) compared to the control group (3.4 ± 1.1 mg/dL) (P < .0001). The incidence of blood transfusion was also significantly lower in the EACA group (2.7%) compared to the control group (25.4%) (P < .0001). There was no difference in venous thromboembolic complications between groups. CONCLUSION We demonstrated reductions in hemoglobin loss and transfusion following introduction of the EACA protocol in patients undergoing primary arthroplasty. EACA offers a lower cost alternative to TXA for reducing blood loss and transfusion in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliann C Hobbs
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Ian J Welsby
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Cynthia L Green
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Ishwori B Dhakal
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Samuel S Wellman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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11
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Massicotte L, Carrier FM, Denault AY, Karakiewicz P, Hevesi Z, McCormack M, Thibeault L, Nozza A, Tian Z, Dagenais M, Roy A. Development of a Predictive Model for Blood Transfusions and Bleeding During Liver Transplantation: An Observational Cohort Study. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2017; 32:1722-1730. [PMID: 29225154 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) frequently is associated with major blood loss and considerable transfusion requirements. The goal of this study was to define the risk factors for multiple transfusions and major bleeding during OLT and to help identify higher risk patients that could benefit from targeted interventions. DESIGN OLTs were studied for this observational cohort study. SETTING Community hospital. PARTICIPANTS A total of 800 consecutive OLTs were studied. INTERVENTION No intervention. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Baseline and intraoperative data were gathered. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to find variables associated with 2 outcomes: transfusion of more than 2 units of red blood cells (RBC) and bleeding ≥900 mL. Two nomograms were developed to predict individual risks. The overall intraoperative RBC transfusion was 0.6 ± 1.4 units on average, and 61 surgeries (7.6%) received more than 2 units of RBC (4.5 ± 1.9). Some variables were associated with the outcomes: 5 were associated with transfusion of more than 2 units of RBC (patient's height, starting hemoglobin concentration, starting bilirubin value, the use of a phlebotomy, and central venous pressure [CVP] at the time of vena cava clamping) and 3 with blood loss of ≥900 mL (starting hemoglobin value, Child-Turcotte-Pugh score, and CVP at the time of vena cava clamping). Preclamping CVP showed the strongest association with both outcomes. Nomograms were developed to predict the individual OLT recipients' risk of requiring more than 2 units RBC and suffering from major bleeding. Among the variables associated with multiple RBC transfusions and major bleeding, 3 can lead to interventions: baseline hemoglobin value, the use of a phlebotomy, and the preclamping CVP. CONCLUSION Some variables were able to predict the risk of multiple transfusions and major bleeding in this low bleeding liver transplantation population. Further studies based on these variables should be done to better define the role of targeted interventions in higher risk liver transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Massicotte
- Anesthesiology Department, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Hôpital St-Luc, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - François Martin Carrier
- Anesthesiology Department and Critical Care Division, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Hôpital St-Luc, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - André Y Denault
- Urology Division, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Pierre Karakiewicz
- Urology Division, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Mickael McCormack
- Urology Division, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Anna Nozza
- Montreal Health Innovation Coordinating Center (MHICC), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Zhe Tian
- Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Michel Dagenais
- Hepato-biliary Division, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - André Roy
- Hepato-biliary Division, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
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What is the optimal approach for tranexamic acid application in patients with unilateral total hip arthroplasty? DER ORTHOPADE 2017; 45:616-21. [PMID: 27142970 DOI: 10.1007/s00132-016-3252-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In the total hip arthroplasty (THA), the optimal administration route of tranexamic acid (TXA) remains controversial. This study was designed to investigate the impact of topical injection of TXA on blood loss during primary unilateral THA as well as short-term safety and adverse side effects compared with intravenous administration of TXA. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this study, 75 patients who underwent unilateral THA were randomly divided into 3 groups receiving intra-articular TXA (IA group), intravenous TXA (IV group) or no TXA (control group C). Blood loss, postoperative drainage, covert blood loss, total blood volume, the number of blood transfusions after surgery and transfusion rate, incidence of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism were recorded and evaluated in the three groups after 1 week and 1 month. RESULTS There were significant differences in the quantity of postoperative drainage, covert blood loss, total blood volume, the number of blood transfusions after surgery and transfusion rates between the three groups (P < 0.05), but blood loss during surgery showed no significant differences among the three groups (P > 0.05). In the IV group, 1 patient suffered from deep venous thrombosis of the lower limbs and in the C group, 2 patients suffered from superficial venous thrombosis of the lower limbs 2 and 4 days after surgery, respectively. In the IA group no complications occurred during the follow-up period. CONCLUSION Preoperative intravenous TXA and postoperative topical TXA significantly reduced postoperative blood loss and transfusion rates among the patients who underwent primary unilateral THA and the short-term safety was good. The data suggest that topical injection of TXA is safer and more effective, without postoperative complications.
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Wang D, Wang L, Wang Y, Lin X. The efficiency and safety of tranexamic acid for reducing blood loss in open myomectomy: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e7072. [PMID: 28591045 PMCID: PMC5466223 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000007072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This meta-analysis aimed to perform a meta-analysis including randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to assess the efficiency and safety of tranexamic acid (TXA) for reducing blood loss and transfusion requirements in patients undergoing open myomectomy. METHODS A systematic search was performed in Medline (1966-2017.03), PubMed (1966-2017.03), Embase (1980-2017.03), ScienceDirect (1985-2017.03,) and the Cochrane Library. Study evaluated the efficiency and safety of TXA in myomectomy was selected. Meta-analysis was performed using Stata 11.0 software. RESULTS Four RCTs including 328 patients met the inclusion criteria. The present meta-analysis indicated that there were significant differences between groups in terms of total blood loss (standard mean difference [SMD] = -1.512, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -2.746 to -0.278, P = .016), postoperative hemoglobin level (SMD = 0.650, 95% CI: 0.045-1.255, P = .035), transfusion requirements (SMD = -0.102, 95% CI: -0.199 to -0.006, P = .038), and duration of surgery (SMD = -0.514, 95% CI: -0.749 to -0.280, P = .000). In addition, no adverse effect was identified in treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS Intravenous administration of TXA in open myomectomy was associated with significantly reduced total blood loss, postoperative hemoglobin decline, duration of surgery, and transfusion requirements. Based on the limitations of the current meta-analysis, high-quality RCTs with long-term follow-up are still required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lixia Wang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Liaoning, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Liaoning, China
| | - Xinyan Lin
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Liaoning, China
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Bansal A, Arora A. A double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of tranexamic acid in irrigant solution on blood loss during percutaneous nephrolithotomy: a pilot study from tertiary care center of North India. World J Urol 2016; 35:1233-1240. [PMID: 27995302 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-016-1980-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the efficacy and safety of 0.1% tranexamic acid in irrigant fluid in reducing blood loss during PCNL. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study involved 400 patients who were planned for PCNL and were prospectively randomized into two equal groups. In tranexamic group, 0.1% tranexamic acid was given in irrigant fluid, while in placebo group, distilled water was added to irrigant fluid during surgery. Operative data were recorded which included fall in hemoglobin, total blood loss, operative time, irrigation fluid, length of stay in hospital, requirement of blood transfusion, complications related to PCNL and adverse events of tranexamic acid. RESULTS Baseline parameters were comparable between two groups. The fall in hemoglobin and total blood loss in the tranexamic group was significantly lower than placebo group (1.71 vs. 2.67 gm/dL, 154.55 vs. 212.61 mL, respectively, p < 0.0001). Operative time, amount of irrigation fluid used and hospital stay of tranexamic group were significantly less compared to placebo (p < 0.05). Complete stone clearance rate was 88% in tranexamic group versus 82% in placebo (p = 0.12). The blood transfusion requirement was significantly lower in the tranexamic group versus placebo (5 vs. 12.5%, p = 0.012), as was the complication rate (19 vs. 28%, p = 0.044). The requirement of angioembolization in the tranexamic group was significantly less as compared to placebo (0.5 vs. 4%, p = 0.03). No adverse events related to administration of tranexamic acid were noted. CONCLUSIONS 0.1% tranexamic acid in irrigant fluid is safe and significantly reduces perioperative blood loss and requirement of blood transfusion during percutaneous nephrolithotomy. It is associated with lower perioperative complication rates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aditi Arora
- Janak Surgicare Centre, Patiala, Punjab, India
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15
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Pharmacologic Strategies to Prevent Blood Loss and Transfusion in Orthotopic Liver Transplantation. Crit Care Nurs Q 2016; 39:267-80. [DOI: 10.1097/cnq.0000000000000120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Donohue CI, Mallett SV. Reducing transfusion requirements in liver transplantation. World J Transplant 2015; 5:165-182. [PMID: 26722645 PMCID: PMC4689928 DOI: 10.5500/wjt.v5.i4.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver transplantation (LT) was historically associated with massive blood loss and transfusion. Over the past two decades transfusion requirements have reduced dramatically and increasingly transfusion-free transplantation is a reality. Both bleeding and transfusion are associated with adverse outcomes in LT. Minimising bleeding and reducing unnecessary transfusions are therefore key goals in the perioperative period. As the understanding of the causes of bleeding has evolved so too have techniques to minimize or reduce the impact of blood loss. Surgical “piggyback” techniques, anaesthetic low central venous pressure and haemodilution strategies and the use of autologous cell salvage, point of care monitoring and targeted correction of coagulopathy, particularly through use of factor concentrates, have all contributed to declining reliance on allogenic blood products. Pre-emptive management of preoperative anaemia and adoption of more restrictive transfusion thresholds is increasingly common as patient blood management (PBM) gains momentum. Despite progress, increasing use of marginal grafts and transplantation of sicker recipients will continue to present new challenges in bleeding and transfusion management. Variation in practice across different centres and within the literature demonstrates the current lack of clear transfusion guidance. In this article we summarise the causes and predictors of bleeding and present the evidence for a variety of PBM strategies in LT.
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Liu C, Vachharajani N, Song S, Cooke R, Kangrga I, Chapman WC, Grossman BJ. A quantitative model to predict blood use in adult orthotopic liver transplantation. Transfus Apher Sci 2015; 53:386-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Kong HY, Wen XH, Huang SQ, Zhu SM. Epsilon-aminocaproic acid improves postrecirculation hemodynamics by reducing intraliver activated protein C consumption in orthotopic liver transplantation. World J Surg 2014; 38:177-85. [PMID: 24142329 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-013-2282-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activated protein C (APC) is related to regulating the inflammatory response and hemodynamic stability upon reperfusion in cardiac operations and orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA) is frequently used to treat fibrinolysis during OLT. It also has inhibitory effects related to the inflammatory response. However, it remains to be determined whether EACA can attenuate intraliver APC consumption and improve hemodynamic stability after reperfusion during OLT. METHODS Fifty-nine recipients were randomized to receive either EACA (150 mg kg(-1) given intravenously prior to incision, followed by 15 mg kg(-1) h(-1) infusion until 2 h after the graft reperfusion) or the same volume of saline. Blood samples to assess plasma APC and protein C were obtained immediately before and after reperfusion from the inferior caval effluent or the portal veins for calculation of transliver differences (Δ). Hemodynamics and vasoactive medication use during the reperfusion period were observed in both groups. RESULTS No transhepatic changes in protein C were found in either group. Immediately after reperfusion, a marked intraliver consumption of APC was noted in all recipients (P < 0.001), and intraliver consumption of APC in the control group was greater than that in the EACA-treated group (P < 0.05). Fewer requirements for vasoactive medication use after reperfusion and better initial graft function were noted in the EACA-treated group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS EACA can attenuate intraliver APC consumption and improve hemodynamic stability after reperfusion and initial graft function during OLT.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Kong
- Department of Anesthesiology, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,
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20
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Sahhaf F, Abbasalizadeh S, Ghojazadeh M, Velayati A, Khandanloo R, Saleh P, Piri R, Naghavi-Behzad M. Comparison effect of intravenous tranexamic acid and misoprostol for postpartum haemorrhage. Niger Med J 2014; 55:348-53. [PMID: 25114373 PMCID: PMC4124551 DOI: 10.4103/0300-1652.137228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) is the third-most common cause of maternal death in the United States and it is still the first prevalent cause of maternal death in developing countries. Active prevention of haemorrhage with an uterotonic or other new drugs leads to a decrease in postpartum vaginal haemorrhage. The aim of this study was to compare anti-haemorrhagic effect of Tranexamic acid (TXA) and Misoprostol for PPH. Patients and Methods: In a double-blinded randomised control clinical trial, 200 women were included after Caesarean or natural vaginal delivery with abnormal PPH. They were divided into two equal intervention and control groups. Effect of intravenous TXA and Misoprostol for postpartum haemorrhage was examined. Results: The mean age of patients was 26.7 ± 6.5 years which ranged from 14 to 43 years. The sonographic gestational age in the group treated with TXA was 37.7 ± 3.4 weeks and it was 37.4 ± 3.3 weeks for the other group (P = 0.44). The haemorrhage in the TXA and Misoprostol groups was 1.2 ± 0.33 litres and 1.18 ± 0.47 litres, respectively (P = 0.79). The haemoglobin levels after 6-12 hours of labour, in TXA group was more than that of the Misoprostol group, but this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.22 and P = 0.21, respectively). Conclusion: Regarding to the superior results in Misoprostol group in one hand and lack of significant differences between two groups in haemorrhage during labour, post-partum haemoglobin level and discharge haemoglobin level, we can state that Misoprostol has no specific preferences to TXA, but more studies with greater population are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Sahhaf
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shamsi Abbasalizadeh
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Morteza Ghojazadeh
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Atefeh Velayati
- Department of Midwifery, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Roya Khandanloo
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parviz Saleh
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Piri
- Students' Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Naghavi-Behzad
- Medical Philosophy and History Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Schofield N, Sugavanam A, Thompson K, Mallett SV. No increase in blood transfusions during liver transplantation since the withdrawal of aprotinin. Liver Transpl 2014; 20:584-90. [PMID: 24481770 DOI: 10.1002/lt.23839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to determine whether the withdrawal of aprotinin (APRO) led to an increased bleeding risk in patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). A retrospective analysis compared consecutive patients undergoing OLT and treated with aprotinin (APRO group; n = 100) with a group in which aprotinin was not used (no-APRO group; n = 100). Propensity score matching was then performed for each group to identify 2 matched cohorts. Patients were matched by their primary diagnoses and Model for End-Stage Liver Disease scores. This resulted in 2 matched cohorts with 55 patients in each group. None of the patients in the APRO group had significant fibrinolysis. In the no-APRO group, 23.6% of the patients developed fibrinolysis (P < 0.003). Tranexamic acid was used in 61.5% of the patients (n = 8) in the no-APRO group in whom lysis was present, and this resolved the fibrinolysis in all but 1 of these patients. There were no differences in red blood cell, fresh frozen plasma, platelet concentrate, or cryoprecipitate transfusions between the 2 groups. In conclusion, we have shown a significant increase in the prevalence of fibrinolysis during OLT since the withdrawal of APRO. However, there has been no increase in transfusion requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Schofield
- Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Free Hospital, Hampstead, London, United Kingdom
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Huang F, Wu D, Ma G, Yin Z, Wang Q. The use of tranexamic acid to reduce blood loss and transfusion in major orthopedic surgery: a meta-analysis. J Surg Res 2013; 186:318-27. [PMID: 24075404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conflicting reports have been published regarding the effect of tranexamic acid (TXA) on reducing blood loss and transfusion in patients undergoing orthopedic surgery. We performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of TXA treatment in reducing blood loss and transfusion in major orthopedic surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases were searched for relevant studies. Only randomized controlled trials were eligible for this study. The weighted mean difference in blood loss, number of transfusions per patient, and the summary risk ratio of transfusion and deep vein thrombosis (DVT) were calculated in the TXA-treated group and the control group. RESULTS A total of 46 randomized controlled trials involving 2925 patients were included. The use of TXA reduced total blood loss by a mean of 408.33 mL (95% confidence interval [CI], -505.69 to -310.77), intraoperative blood loss by a mean of 125.65 mL (95% CI, -182.58 to -68.72), postoperative blood loss by a mean of 214.58 mL (95% CI, -274.63 to -154.52), the number of blood transfusions per patient by 0.78 U (95% CI, -0.19 to -0.37), and the volumes of blood transfusions per patient by 205.33 mL (95% CI, -301.37 to -109.28). TXA led to a significant reduction in transfusion requirements (relative risk, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.46-0.56), and no increase in the risk of DVT (relative risk, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.69-1.79). CONCLUSIONS TXA significantly reduced blood loss and blood transfusion requirements in patients undergoing orthopedic surgery, and did not appear to increase the risk of DVT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
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Ortmann E, Besser MW, Klein AA. Antifibrinolytic agents in current anaesthetic practice. Br J Anaesth 2013; 111:549-63. [PMID: 23661406 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aet154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antifibrinolytic drugs have become almost ubiquitous in their use during major surgery when bleeding is expected or commonplace. Inhibition of the fibrinolytic pathway after tissue injury has been consistently shown to reduce postoperative or traumatic bleeding. There is also some evidence for a reduction of perioperative blood transfusion. However, evidence of complications associated with exaggerated thrombosis also exists, although this appears to be influenced by the choice of the individual agent and the dose administered. There is controversy over the use of the serine protease inhibitor aprotinin, whose license was recently withdrawn but may shortly become available on the market again. In the UK, tranexamic acid, a tissue plasminogen and plasmin inhibitor, is most commonly used, with evidence for benefit in cardiac, orthopaedic, urological, gynaecological, and obstetric surgery. In the USA, ε-aminocaproic acid, which also inhibits plasmin, is commonly used. We have reviewed the current literature for this increasingly popular class of drugs to support clinical judgement in daily anaesthetic practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ortmann
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Papworth Hospital, Papworth Everard, Cambridge CB23 3RE, UK
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Kumar S, Randhawa MS, Ganesamoni R, Singh SK. Tranexamic Acid Reduces Blood Loss During Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study. J Urol 2013; 189:1757-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2012.10.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Raguram Ganesamoni
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Shrawan K. Singh
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Low THH, Huang J, Reid C, Elliott M, Clark JR. Treatment of bleeding upper aerodigestive tract tumor-a novel approach with antifibrinolytic agent: case series and literature review. Laryngoscope 2013; 123:2449-52. [PMID: 23553514 DOI: 10.1002/lary.24064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Symptomatic bleeding among patients with advanced upper aerodigestive tract tumor is a challenging problem. Given the limited options for topical treatment, embolization is often required to control the hemorrhage. There are recent reported cases of novel and successful treatment of patients with recalcitrant tracheo-bronchial bleed with tranexamic acid. We therefore described our initial experience of four consecutive cases of patients with bleeding from advanced aerodigestive tract tumor, successfully treated with oral tranexamic acid. STUDY DESIGN Case series. METHODS Case series of four consecutive patients with acute bleed from upper aerodigestive tract tumors, treated with oral tranexamic acid. Tranexamic acid was administered topically and systemically (1gm PO QID) for the orophayngeal and supraglottic tumor cases, where as systemic-only therapy were administered to the patients with nasal and nasopharyngeal tumors. RESULTS None of the patients experienced further bleeding following the commencement of tranexamic acid treatment, and no adverse effect was noted. These are the first reported cases of symptomatic upper aerodigestive hemorrhage being controlled with tranexamic acid. It is increasingly being used in patients with life-threatening bleeding following trauma and major surgery. The optimum dose of tranexamic acid is undetermined. In vivo studies suggested concentrations of 10 μg/mL to 16 μg/mL for optimal anti-fibrinolytic effect, which is achievable with 1gm QID of oral administration. Large randomized controlled trials assessing the utility of tranexamic acid in various orthopedic surgeries did not show increased thromboembolic events. CONCLUSIONS Tranexamic acid should be considered for patients with symptomatic nonarterial bleeding of the upper aerodigestive tract tumors. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsu-Hui Hubert Low
- Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia
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Paolo F, Marialuisa B, Stefania B, Helmut G, Moira M, Cristiana C, Carlo O. Blood loss, predictors of bleeding, transfusion practice and strategies of blood cell salvaging during liver transplantation. World J Hepatol 2013; 5:1-15. [PMID: 23383361 PMCID: PMC3562721 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v5.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood loss during liver transplantation (OLTx) is a common consequence of pre-existing abnormalities of the hemostatic system, portal hypertension with multiple collateral vessels, portal vein thrombosis, previous abdominal surgery, splenomegaly, and poor “functional” recovery of the new liver. The intrinsic coagulopathic features of end stage cirrhosis along with surgical technical difficulties make transfusion-free liver transplantation a major challenge, and, despite the improvements in understanding of intraoperative coagulation profiles and strategies to control blood loss, the requirements for blood or blood products remains high. The impact of blood transfusion has been shown to be significant and independent of other well-known predictors of posttransplant-outcome. Negative effects on immunomodulation and an increased risk of postoperative complications and mortality have been repeatedly demonstrated. Isovolemic hemodilution, the extensive utilization of thromboelastogram and the use of autotransfusion devices are among the commonly adopted procedures to limit the amount of blood transfusion. The use of intraoperative blood salvage and autologous blood transfusion should still be considered an important method to reduce the need for allogenic blood and the associated complications. In this article we report on the common preoperative and intraoperative factors contributing to blood loss, intraoperative transfusion practices, anesthesiologic and surgical strategies to prevent blood loss, and on intraoperative blood salvaging techniques and autologous blood transfusion. Even though the advances in surgical technique and anesthetic management, as well as a better understanding of the risk factors, have resulted in a steady decrease in intraoperative bleeding, most patients still bleed extensively. Blood transfusion therapy is still a critical feature during OLTx and various studies have shown a large variability in the use of blood products among different centers and even among individual anesthesiologists within the same center. Unfortunately, despite the large number of OLTx performed each year, there is still paucity of large randomized, multicentre, and controlled studies which indicate how to prevent bleeding, the transfusion needs and thresholds, and the “evidence based” perioperative strategies to reduce the amount of transfusion.
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Sabate A, Dalmau A, Koo M, Aparicio I, Costa M, Contreras L. Coagulopathy management in liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 2013; 44:1523-5. [PMID: 22841202 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Risk of bleeding and transfusion in liver transplantation is determined by age, severity of liver disease, as well as hemoglobin and plasma fibrinogen values. During the hepatectomy and the anhepatic phase, the coagulopathy is related to a decrease in clotting factors caused by surgical bleeding, facilitated by the increased portal hypertension and esophageal-gastric venous distension. Corrections of hematologic disturbances by administration of large volumes of crystalloid, colloid, or blood products may worsen the coagulopathy. Also, impaired clearance of fibrinolytic enzymes released from damaged cells can lead to primary fibrinolysis. At time of graft reperfusion further deterioration may occur as characterized by global reduction among all coagulation factors, decreased plasminogen activator inhibitor factors, and simultaneous generation of tissue plasminogen activator. In situations with inherent risk of bleeding, hypofibrinogenemia must be corrected. Concern about unwanted events is a major limitation of preventive therapy. There is some evidence for the efficacy of antifibrinolytic drugs to reduce red blood cell requirements. A guide for antifibrinolytic therapy are clot firmness in trhomboelastometry or alternatively, diffuse bleeding associated to a fibrinogen value less than 1 g/L. Because thrombin generation is limited in severe thrombocytopenia, platelet administration is recommended when active bleeding coexists with a platelet count below 50,000/mm(3). When the administration of hemoderivates and antifibrinolytic drugs does not correct severe bleeding, consumption coagulopathy and secondary fibrinolysis should be suspected. Treatment of affected patients should be based upon correcting the underlying cause, mostly related to tissue hypoxia due to critical hypoperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sabate
- Department of Anesthesia and Reanimation, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Health Universitat de Barcelona Campus, Barcelona, Spain.
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Abstract
Abstract
Multiple and complex abnormalities of hemostasis are revealed by laboratory tests in such common diseases as cirrhosis and end-stage renal insufficiency. Because these abnormalities are associated with a bleeding tendency, a causal relationship is plausible. Accordingly, an array of transfusional and nontransfusional medications that improve or correct these abnormalities is used to prevent or stop hemorrhage. However, recent data indicate that the use of hemostatic drugs is scarcely justified mechanistically or clinically. In patients with uremia, the bleeding tendency (mainly expressed by gastrointestinal bleeding and hematoma formation at kidney biopsy) is reduced dramatically by the improvement of anemia obtained with the regular use of erythropoietin. In cirrhosis, the most severe and frequent hemorrhagic symptom (acute bleeding from esophageal varices) is not explained by abnormalities in such coagulation screening tests as the prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times, because formation of thrombin the final coagulation enzyme is rebalanced by low naturally occurring anticoagulant factors in plasma that compensate for the concomitant decrease of procoagulants. Rebalance also occurs for hyperfibrinolysis and platelet abnormalities. These findings are consistent with clinical observations that transfusional and nontransfusional hemostatic medications are of little value as adjuvants to control bleeding in advanced liver disease. Particularly in uremia, but also in cirrhosis, thrombosis is becoming a cogent problem.
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Recombinant factor VIIa as haemostatic therapy in advanced liver disease. BLOOD TRANSFUSION = TRASFUSIONE DEL SANGUE 2012; 11:487-90. [PMID: 23114524 DOI: 10.2450/2012.0066-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To describe the recent developments in the strategies to reduce allogeneic blood transfusions with emphasis on the impact on clinical outcomes. RECENT FINDINGS Concerns over the safety, efficacy, and supply of allogeneic blood continue to necessitate its judicious use as the standard of care. Patient blood management is emerging as a multidisciplinary, multimodality strategy to address anemia and decrease bleeding with the goal of reduced transfusions and improved patient outcomes. Common risk factors for transfusion include anemia, blood loss, and inappropriate transfusion decisions. Several approaches are available to mitigate these. Recent data continue to support the effectiveness of various hematinics, hemostatic agents and devices, as well as intermittent discontinuation of anticoagulant therapy. Use of autotransfusion techniques, particularly cell salvage, is the other strategy with accumulating data supporting its safety and efficacy. Finally, implementation of evidence-based transfusion guidelines will help to target allogeneic blood to those patients who are likely to benefit from it and thus reduce or eliminate unnecessary exposure to blood. SUMMARY Patient blood management is the timely use of safe and effective medical and surgical techniques designed to prevent anemia and decrease bleeding in an effort to improve patient outcome.
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Liu J, Wang Y, Yang Y, Jiang X, Zhao M, Wang W, Wu G, Wu J, Zheng M, Peng S. Pyrolo[1,2:4,5]-1,4-dioxopyrazino[1,2:1,6]pyrido[3,4-b]indoles: a group of urokinase inhibitors, their synthesis, and stereochemistry-dependent activity. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:2312-22. [PMID: 21953864 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antifibrinolytic agents are required during complex surgeries to decrease bleeding; their pro-thrombotic potency and efficacy in causing hemostasis has attracted much attention. To discover new inhibitors of urokinase with high selectivity for antifibrinolytic effects over pro-thrombotic effects, the 12-position of (5aS,12S,14aS)- and (5aS,12R,14aS)-5,14-dioxo-1,2,3,5,5a,6,11, 12,14,14a-decahydro-5H,14H-pyrolo[1,2:4,5]pyrazino[1,2:1,6]pyrido[3,4-b]indoles were modified with L-Ala, L-Asp, L-Phe, L-Trp, L-Lys, L-Ser, Gly, and L-Leu to provide 16 (5aS,12S,14aS) and (5aS,12R,14aS) derivatives. In a murine bleeding model, the (5aS,12S,14aS) derivatives containing L-Ala, L-Asp, L-Phe, and L-Trp induced blood coagulation for the treated mice; they also stimulated thrombus formation in a rat thrombosis model, but the other derivatives inhibited thrombosis. The most potent compound, the L-Asp derivative, showed a good therapeutic window: the minimum effective dose for coagulation was <1 nmol kg(-1), whereas at 10 nmol kg(-1), no pro-thrombotic effect was observed. This type of coagulation action was correlated with a mechanism of urokinase inhibition, and these results could lead to the discovery of novel urokinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawang Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
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