• Atherogenic dyslipidemia
• Cardiovascular disease
• Hypercholesterolemia
• Metabolically healthy obesity
• Metabolomics
• Obesity
• Type 2 diabetes mellitus

• Humans
• Metabolomics
• Male
• Female
• Middle Aged
• Obesity/diagnosis
• Obesity/blood
• Obesity/epidemiology
• Cardiometabolic Risk Factors
• Risk Assessment
• Adult
• Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
• Biomarkers/blood
• Predictive Value of Tests
• Obesity, Metabolically Benign/diagnosis
• Obesity, Metabolically Benign/blood
• Obesity, Metabolically Benign/epidemiology
• Dyslipidemias/diagnosis
• Dyslipidemias/blood
• Dyslipidemias/epidemiology
• Cardiovascular Diseases/diagnosis
• Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology
• Cardiovascular Diseases/blood
• Cardiovascular Diseases/metabolism
• Prognosis
• Body Mass Index
• Hypercholesterolemia/diagnosis
• Hypercholesterolemia/blood
• Hypercholesterolemia/epidemiology
• Metabolome
• Machine Learning
• Waist-Hip Ratio
• Aged

• Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER)

• Body composition
• Body fat variation rate
• Diabetic nephropathy
• Obesity
• Type 2 Diabetes

• Aged
• Female
• Humans
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Adipose Tissue
• Body Mass Index
• Databases, Factual
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
• Diabetic Nephropathies
• Proportional Hazards Models
• Risk Factors
• United States/epidemiology
• Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic

• No.2023JJ40930 National Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province
• No. 2022YFC2010004 National Key Research and Development Program of China
• No. 82171579 National Natural Science Foundation of China
• No. 2023SK2018 Hunan Key Research and Development Program

• Epidemiology
• Macula
• Retina

• Humans
• Male
• Female
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Middle Aged
• Absorptiometry, Photon
• Aged
• Skinfold Thickness
• Adiposity
• Macular Degeneration/epidemiology
• Macular Degeneration/diagnostic imaging
• Nutrition Surveys
• Adult
• United States/epidemiology
• Body Mass Index
• Risk Factors

• Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council

• adiposity
• anthropometry
• body mass index
• exercise
• nutrition
• obesity
• overweight
• screening guidelines

• Humans
• Body Mass Index
• Obesity
• Adult

• IBD
• creeping fat
• mesenteric adipose tissue
• obesity

• Epidemiology
• Gastric Cancer
• Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia
• Gluteofemoral Obesity
• Helicobacter pylori
• Obesity
• Risk Factors

• Humans
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Precancerous Conditions/pathology
• Stomach Neoplasms/pathology
• Metaplasia
• Obesity/complications
• Obesity/epidemiology

• P30 DK056338 NIDDK NIH HHS

• Academic stress
• Nigeria
• musculoskeletal disorders
• physical activity level
• students

• Body mass index
• Diabetes complications
• Diabetes mellitus, type 2
• Obesity
• Waist circumference

• Body Mass Index
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology
• Heart Disease Risk Factors
• Humans
• Obesity/complications
• Obesity/epidemiology
• Retinal Diseases/complications
• Risk Factors
• Waist Circumference

• N01HC95183 NHLBI NIH HHS
• Y01 HC001010 NHLBI NIH HHS
• N01HC95178 NHLBI NIH HHS
• Y01 HC009035 NHLBI NIH HHS
• N01HC95184 NHLBI NIH HHS
• N01HC95182 NHLBI NIH HHS
• N01HC95179 NHLBI NIH HHS
• N01HC95180 NHLBI NIH HHS
• N01HC95181 NHLBI NIH HHS

• Acute Disease
• Adult
• COVID-19/complications
• Fatigue/etiology
• Female
• Humans
• Lung
• Male
• Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome

• dyslipidemia
• epidemiology
• periodontal medicine
• periodontitis
• public health

• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Dyslipidemias/complications
• Dyslipidemias/epidemiology
• Humans
• Periodontitis/complications
• Risk Factors
• Waist Circumference

• National Council for Scientific and Technological Development - CNPq, Brasilia, Brazil.
• The Research Support Foundation of the State of Bahia - FAPESB, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.

• BMI
• High-intensity interval training
• exercise
• older adults
• resistance exercise

• Adipose Tissue/metabolism
• Algorithms
• Bayes Theorem
• Body Mass Index
• Brain/metabolism
• Computational Biology
• Computer Simulation
• Gene Expression
• Genetic Predisposition to Disease
• Humans
• Models, Genetic
• Multifactorial Inheritance
• Obesity/genetics
• Obesity/pathology
• Organ Specificity
• Phenotype
• Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
• Quantitative Trait Loci
• Software
• Tissue Distribution

• MC_PC_17228 Medical Research Council
• T32 MH073526 NIMH NIH HHS
• U01 CA194393 NCI NIH HHS
• R01 MH121521 NIMH NIH HHS
• R01 MH115676 NIMH NIH HHS
• R01 HG009120 NHGRI NIH HHS
• R01 CA194393 NCI NIH HHS
• R37 MH085953 NIMH NIH HHS
• MC_QA137853 Medical Research Council
• T32 NS048004 NINDS NIH HHS
• R01 HG006399 NHGRI NIH HHS
• T32 HG002536 NHGRI NIH HHS
• National Institutes of Health

• Aged
• Health of the elderly
• Muscle strength
• Obesity
• Physical functional performance

• epidemiology
• periodontal medicine
• periodontitis
• public health

• C-reactive protein
• bleeding on probing
• fasting
• gingival crevicular fluid
• metabolic syndrome
• periodontal inflammation

Obesity has reached pandemic proportions. Hormonal and metabolic imbalances are the key factors that lead to obesity. South Asian populations have a unique phenotype, peculiar dietary practices, and a high prevalence of consanguinity. Moreover, many lower middle-income countries lack appropriate resources, super-specialists, and affordability to manage this complex disorder. Of late, there has been a substantial increase in both obesity and diabesity in India. Thus, many more patients are being managed by different types of bariatric procedures today than ever before. These patients have many types of endocrine and metabolic disturbances before and after bariatric surgery. Therefore, these patients should be managed by experts who have knowledge of both bariatric surgery and endocrinology. The authors propose “Barocrinology”, a novel terminology in medical literature, to comprehensively describe the field of obesity medicine highlighting the role of knowing endocrine physiology for understating its evolution, insights into its complications and appreciating the changes in the hormonal milieu following weight loss therapies including bariatric surgery. Barocrinology, coined as a portmanteau of “baro” (weight) and endocrinology, focuses upon the endocrine and metabolic domains of weight physiology and pathology. This review summarizes the key pointers of bariatric management from an endocrine perspective.

• bariatric surgery
• endocrine changes after bariatric surgery
• endocrine changes after weight loss
• weight loss

• Diabetes mellitus
• Epidemiology
• Metabolic syndrome X
• Obesity
• Periodontitis

• Body composition (BC)
• ionizing radiation (IR)
• non-ionizing radiation (NIR)

•

Alternative anthropometric indicators reflect overall and abdominal obesity in males.

This study aimed at characterizing anthropometric indicators that can be used as alternatives to measurements for assessing overall obesity over adulthood and abdominal obesity among men. We used data from a population-based case-control study of prostate cancer conducted in Montreal, Canada in 2005–2012. It included men aged ≤ 75 years, 1872 of which were newly diagnosed with prostate cancer, and 1918 others randomly selected from the electoral list. In-person interviews elicited reports of height as well as of weight, pants size and Stunkard’s silhouette at 5 time points over adulthood, i.e., for the ages of 20, 40, 50 and 60 years, if applicable, and at the time of interview. Waist and hip circumferences were measured by interviewers following a validated protocol. Analyses were conducted on the overall sample of 3790 subjects, after having confirmed that results did not differ according to disease status. Stunkard’s silhouette scale proved to be an easy-to-administer tool that reflects well reported body mass index, either recently or decades in the past among adult males. It was discriminatory enough to classify individuals according to commonly-used obesity categories. We observed that a model including age, reported pants size, silhouette and weight can reasonably predict current abdominal obesity. In conclusion, alternative anthropometric indicators can serve as valuable means to assess overall and abdominal obesity when measurements cannot be envisaged in the context of epidemiological studies.

• Abdominal
• Body mass index
• Hip circumference
• Obesity
• Pants size
• Prediction model
• Silhouette
• Waist circumference
• Waist-hip ratio
• Weight

• Visceral fat
• epidemiology
• mild cognitive impairment
• older people

• Aged
• Cognitive Dysfunction/etiology
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Female
• Humans
• Independent Living
• Intra-Abdominal Fat/physiopathology
• Japan

• bone mineral density
• diabetes
• dyslipidemia
• fracture
• hypertension
• obesity

Macroscopic deposition of epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) has been strongly associated with numerous indices of obesity and cardiovascular disease risk. In contrast, the morphology of EAT adipocytes has rarely been investigated. We aimed to determine whether obesity-driven adipocyte hypertrophy, which is characteristic of other visceral fat depots, is found within EAT adipocytes. EAT samples were collected from cardiac surgery patients (n = 49), stained with haematoxylin & eosin, and analysed for mean adipocyte size and non-adipocyte area. EAT thickness was measured using echocardiography. A significant positive relationship was found between EAT thickness and body mass index (BMI). When stratified into standardized BMI categories, EAT thickness was 58.7% greater (p = 0.003) in patients from the obese (7.3 ± 1.8 mm) compared to normal (4.6 ± 0.9 mm) category. BMI as a continuous variable significantly correlated with EAT thickness (r = 0.56, p < 0.0001). Conversely, no correlation was observed between adipocyte size and either BMI or EAT thickness. No difference in the non-adipocyte area was found between BMI groups. Our results suggest that the increased macroscopic EAT deposition associated with obesity is not caused by adipocyte hypertrophy. Rather, alternative remodelling via adipocyte proliferation might be responsible for the observed EAT expansion.

• Epicardial adipose tissue
• adipocyte remodelling
• adipocytes
• body mass index
• obesity

• Ageing
• Dynapenic-abdominal obesity
• Falls
• Handgrip strength
• Waist circumference

• Accidental Falls
• Aged
• Female
• Hand Strength/physiology
• Humans
• Male
• Obesity, Abdominal/physiopathology
• Prevalence
• Waist Circumference/physiology

In South Africa, especially in the Eastern Cape province, despite reported high prevalence of underweight and obesity, little is known regarding the relationship of body composition (BC) with blood pressure (BP) in primary school children. Understanding the relationship between BC and BP in these children is important because it is associated with adverse effects on health and social repercussion in both adolescence and adulthood.

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between BC and BP among South African primary school children.

This study was conducted on a cohort of primary school learners in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa.

A school-based cross-sectional survey was conducted among 876 school children aged 9–14 years, using multistage sampling techniques. Body mass and stature were measured using a calibrated scale. Anthropometric measurements including weight, height, waist circumference, triceps, gluteal and subscapular were also collected. Body mass index, percentage body fat and waist-to-hip ratio were calculated.

Of the 876 participants, 356 (40.6%) were boys and 520 (59.0%) were girls. The Spearman’s rho correlation coefficients revealed positive significant correlations between systolic BP with age (r = 0.171; p < 0.0001), stature (r = 0.205; p < 0.0001), weight (r = 0.277; p < 0.0001), body mass index (r = 0.243; p < 0.0001), waist circumference (r = 0.259; p < 0.0001), gluteal (r = 0.214; p < 0.0001), triceps (r = 0.203; p < 0.0001), subscapular (r = 0.167; p < 0.0001), body fat percentage (r = 0.206; p < 0.0001), fat mass (r = 0.257; p < 0.0001) and fat-free mass (r = 0.238; p < 0.0001). There was no statistically significant correlation between waist-to-hip ratio and systolic BP (r = 0.064; p = 0.059). In terms of diastolic BP, there existed no significant correlations with age (r = 0.026; p = 0.443) and waist-to-hip ratio (r = 0.002; p = 0.947). Collectively, the prevalence of hypertension was 76.4% in the normal group compared with those who were pre-hypertensive (18.4%) and hypertensive (5.3%). Girls showed a higher prevalence of pre-hypertension than boys (19.6% compared with 16.6%, respectively).

There is a relationship between most of the BC variables and BP in children. The screening of BP as part of physical examinations of school children is necessary for early prevention and intervention programmes for hypertension.

• South Africa
• blood pressure
• body mass index
• children
• hypertension

Physical activity, body mass, and dietary habits are known to be important determinants of overall health status, but there is an evident lack of studies that examine these issues specifically in preschool children. The aim of this study was to identify associations that may exist between adhering to the Mediterranean diet (MD), levels of physical activity (PA), and body composition indices in apparently healthy preschool children from southern Croatia. Participants were 5- to 6-year-old preschoolers from the Mediterranean part of the country (the Split-Dalmatia County; n = 260, 126 females). Adherence to the MD was observed by the Mediterranean Diet Quality Index (KIDMED), PA level was evaluated by the Preschool-age Children’s Physical Activity Questionnaire (Pre-PAQ), and responses were collected from the parents. The participants’ waist circumferences (in cm), waist-to-hip ratios, and body mass index (in kg/m², and in a z-score calculated relative to the normative value for age and sex) were used as indicators of body composition. All children were of the same age and tested over a one-month period of the same year as a part of the regular examination undertaken before attending elementary school. With only 6% of the children having a low KIDMED score, adherence to the MD was high. MD adherence was higher in girls (Chi-square = 15.31, p < 0.01) and children who live on the coast of the Adriatic Sea (Chi-square = 18.51, p < 0.01). A mixed effects logistic regression (with kindergarten as random factor) identified sedentary activity to be negatively associated with MD adherence (OR per point: 0.65, 95% CI: 0.44–0.91). High adherence to the MD in the studied sample may be attributed to regulated feeding in kindergarten. Considering that most Croatian elementary schools do not provide food to their students, MD adherence should be investigated later in life and also in other parts of the country where the MD is culturally less prevalent.

• body composition
• diet quality
• pediatrics
• public health

• Body Composition
• Body Mass Index
• Child
• Child, Preschool
• Croatia
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Diet, Mediterranean
• Exercise
• Feeding Behavior
• Female
• Humans
• Male
• Schools
• Students
• Surveys and Questionnaires
• Waist Circumference

• body weight
• meta-analysis
• obesity
• overweight
• quercetin

Background: Waist circumference, as an indicator of central adiposity, has been identified as an important predictor of several specific cancers such as colorectal cancer and gastroesophageal cancer risk, however, a consensus regarding the association between waist circumference and primary liver cancer (PLC) risk has not been reached.

Methods: A total of 104,825 males participating in the health checkup were included in the Kailuan male cohort study (2006–2015). Information on demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, lifestyle, medical records, and anthropometric measures were collected. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) and Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of association between waist circumference and the risk of PLC in males.

Results: During a median of 8.9 years of follow-up, 346 PLC cases were newly diagnosed in the cohort. The RCS model showed a U-shaped association between waist circumference and PLC risk (P-overall = 0.019, P-non-linear = 0.017). Overally, males with both high waist circumference (HR_Q5vs.Q3 = 1.98, 95%CI: 1.39–2.82) and low waist circumference (HR_Q1vs.Q3 = 1.52, 95%CI: 1.02–2.27) had an increased risk of PLC. Especially, the U-shaped association between waist circumference and PLC risk tended to be strengthened among subjects with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) negativity (HR_Q5vs.Q3 = 2.39, 95%CI: 1.43–3.98; HR_Q1vs.Q3 = 2.27, 95%CI = 1.29–4.01).

Conclusions: Waist circumference might be an independent predictor of PLC risk in males, especially for subjects with HBsAg negativity. Controlling waist circumference in an appropriate range might be an effective primary prevention to decrease PLC risk.

• Chinese males
• cohort studies
• primary liver cancer
• restricted cubic spline
• waist circumference

• Abdominal fat
• Adiposity
• Anthropometry
• Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
• Pediatrics
• Predictive value

Obesity is associated with an increased risk of several cancers, but inconsistent results have been observed between body mass index (BMI) and prostate cancer (PCa) risk. However, some associations have been reported with other indicators such as waist circumference (WC) and waist-hip ratio (WHR). We investigated the role of anthropometric indicators in PCa risk based on data from the Epidemiological study of Prostate Cancer (EPICAP).

EPICAP is a population-based case-control study that included 819 incident PCa in 2012–2013 and 879 controls frequency matched by age. Anthropometric indicators (weight, height, WC, and hip circumference) have been measured at interview. Logistic regression models were used to assess odds ratios (ORs) for the associations between anthropometric indicators (BMI, WC and WHR) and PCa risk.

We observed a slight, but not significant increased risk of PCa for men with a WC > 94 cm (OR 1.20, 95% CI 0.92–1.56) and for men with a WHR ≥ 0.95 (OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.00–1.70 between 0.95 and 1.00, OR 1.25, 95% CI 0.96–1.61 above 1.00). Associations were more pronounced after adjustment and stratification for BMI and in men with aggressive PCa.

Our results suggest that abdominal obesity may be associated with an increased risk of PCa, especially aggressive PCa.

• body mass index
• obesity
• prostate cancer
• waist circumference
• waist-hip ratio

High body mass index (BMI) is associated with development of hematological malignancies (HMs). However, although BMI is a well-established measurement of excess weight, it does not fully reflect body composition and can sometimes misclassify individuals. This study aimed at investigating what body composition measurements had highest association with development of HM. Body composition measurements on 27,557 individuals recorded by healthcare professionals as part of the Malmö Diet and Cancer study conducted in Sweden between 1991–1996 were matched with data from national registers on cancer incidence and causes of death. Cox regression models adjusted for age and sex were used to test the association between one standard deviation increments in body composition measurements and risk of HM. During a median follow-up of 20 years, 564 persons developed an HM. Several body composition measurements were associated with risk of developing an HM, but the strongest association was found for multiple myeloma (MM). Waist circumference (HR 1.31, p = 0.04) and waist-hip ratio (HR 1.61, p = 0.05) had higher risk estimates than BMI (HR 1.18, p = 0.07) for MM. In conclusion, our study shows that measurements of abdominal adiposity better predict the risk of developing HM, particularly MM, compared to BMI.

• Adult
• Aged
• Body Composition/physiology
• Body Constitution
• Body Mass Index
• Body Weight
• Female
• Hematologic Neoplasms/complications
• Hematologic Neoplasms/epidemiology
• Hematologic Neoplasms/pathology
• Humans
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Obesity/complications
• Obesity/epidemiology
• Obesity/pathology
• Sweden/epidemiology
• Waist Circumference

• body composition
• magnetic resonance imaging

• Adipose Tissue/pathology
• Adiposity
• Body Composition
• Body Mass Index
• Humans
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging

• 17702 Versus Arthritis
• MC_U147585827 Medical Research Council
• 21231 Versus Arthritis
• MC_QA137853 Medical Research Council
• 21231 Arthritis Research UK
• MC_U147585819 Medical Research Council
• 17702 Arthritis Research UK
• MC_UP_A620_1014 Medical Research Council
• MC_UU_12011/1 Medical Research Council
• G0400491 Medical Research Council
• MC_U147585824 Medical Research Council
• MC_PC_17228 Medical Research Council
• HTA/10/33/04 Department of Health
• Pfizer

• adipokines
• adiposity
• cardiovascular disease
• cytokines
• diabetes
• immune cells
• subcutaneous
• visceral

• intensive care
• obesity
• surgery

• Analgesia/methods
• Anesthesia/methods
• Clinical Protocols
• Comorbidity
• Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
• Humans
• Obesity/complications
• Obesity/surgery
• Perioperative Care/methods
• Postoperative Complications/prevention & control
• Practice Guidelines as Topic
• Risk Factors

• R01 GM104194 NIGMS NIH HHS

• Adolescent
• Adult
• Aged
• Aged, 80 and over
• Alcohol Drinking/adverse effects
• Brazil/epidemiology
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Female
• Humans
• Hypertension/epidemiology
• Hypertension/etiology
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Population Groups/statistics & numerical data
• Prevalence
• Risk Factors
• Smoking/adverse effects
• Young Adult