|
1
|
Mukhiya G, Jiao D, Han X, Zhou X, Pokhrel G. Survival and clinical success of endovascular intervention in patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome: A systematic review. J Clin Imaging Sci 2023; 13:5. [PMID: 36751561 PMCID: PMC9899460 DOI: 10.25259/jcis_130_2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Budd-Chiari syndrome is a complex clinical disorder of hepatic venous outflow obstruction, originating from the accessory hepatic vein (HV), large HV, and suprahepatic inferior vena cava (IVC). This disorder includes both HV and IVC obstructions and hepatopathy. This study aimed to conduct a systematic review of the survival rate and clinical success of different types of endovascular treatments for Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS). All participant studies were retrieved from four databases and selected according to the eligibility criteria for systematic review of patients with BCS. The survival rate, clinical success of endovascular treatments in BCS, and survival rates at 1 and 5 years of publication year were calculated accordingly. A total of 3398 patients underwent an endovascular operation; among them, 93.6% showed clinical improvement after initial endovascular treatment. The median clinical success rates for recanalization, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS), and combined procedures were 51%, 17.50%, and 52.50%, respectively. The median survival rates at 1 and 5 years were 51% and 51% for recanalization, 17.50% and 16% for TIPS, and 52.50% and 49.50% for combined treatment, respectively. Based on the year of publication, the median survival rates at 1 and 5 years were 23.50% and 22.50% before 2000, 41% and 41% in 2000‒2005, 35% and 35% in 2006‒2010, 51% and 48.50% in 2010‒2015, and 56% and 55.50% after 2015, respectively. Our findings indicate that the median survival rate at 1 and 5 years of recanalization treatment is higher than that of TIPS treatment, and recanalization provides better clinical improvement. The publication year findings strongly suggest progressive improvements in interventional endovascular therapy for BCS. Thus, interventional therapy restoring the physiologic hepatic venous outflow of the liver can be considered as the treatment of choice for patients with BCS which is a physiological modification procedure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gauri Mukhiya
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dechao Jiao
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinwei Han
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Corresponding author: Xinwei Han, Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Xueliang Zhou
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gaurab Pokhrel
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
|
2
|
Mancuso A. Budd-Chiari Syndrome Management: Controversies and Open Issues. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:2670. [PMID: 36359513 PMCID: PMC9689902 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12112670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Budd-Chiari Syndrome (BCS) is due to thrombosis of hepatic veins (HVs), inferior vena cava (IVC) or both, leading to impaired hepatic venous outflow [...].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mancuso
- Centro di Riferimento Regionale Malattie Rare, Sindrome di Budd-Chiari e Teleangectasia Emorragica Ereditaria, Medicina Interna 1, ARNAS Civico-Di Cristina-Benfratelli, Piazzale Leotta 4, 90100 Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
|
3
|
Evaluation of outcome from endovascular therapy for Budd-Chiari syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16166. [PMID: 36171454 PMCID: PMC9519873 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20399-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was performed to evaluate the outcome of endovascular intervention therapy for Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) and compare recanalization, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS)/direct intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (DIPS), and combined procedure treatment. For the meta-analysis, 71 studies were identified by searching four databases. The individual studies’ samples were used to calculate a confidence interval (CI 95%), and data were pooled using a fixed-effect model and random effect model. The pooled measure and an equal-weighted average rate were calculated in all participant studies. Heterogeneity between the studies was assessed with I2, and T2 tests, and publication bias was estimated using Egger’s regression test. A total of 4,407 BCS patients had undergone an endovascular intervention procedure. The pooled results were 98.9% (95% CI 97.8‒98.9%) for a technical success operation, and 96.9% (95% CI 94.9‒98.9%) for a clinical success operation. The re-intervention rate after the initial intervention procedure was 18.9% (95% CI 14.7‒22.9%), and the survival rates at 1 and 5 years after the initial intervention procedure were 98.9% (95% CI 96.8‒98.9%) and 94.9% (95% CI 92.9‒96.9%), respectively. Patients receiving recanalization treatment (98%) had a better prognosis than those with a combined procedure (95.6%) and TIPS/DIPS treatment (94.5%). The systematic review and meta-analysis further solidify the role of endovascular intervention treatment in BCS as safe and effective. It maintains high technical and clinical success and long-term survival rates. The recanalization treatment had a better prognosis and outcome than the combined procedures and TIPS/DIPS treatment.
Collapse
|
|
4
|
Apostolova Y, Mehier P, Qanadli SD, Pruijm M. Inferior vena cava thrombosis as a possible cause of nephrotic-range proteinuria: two case reports. J Med Case Rep 2021; 15:569. [PMID: 34823573 PMCID: PMC8614051 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-021-03132-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nephrotic-range proteinuria is a common reason for nephrological consultation in clinical practice. The differential diagnosis is wide, and generally focuses on different forms of glomerulonephritis, but other causes should not be overlooked, as illustrated in this article. Case presentations We report two female patients with nephrotic-range proteinuria. In the first case, a 46 year old Caucasian patient who suffered from extreme obesity (Body mass index (BMI) 77 kg/m2), acute kidney injury and nephrotic-range proteinuria were discovered during an emergency consultation for acute abdominal pain. The second patient (aged 52, also Caucasian) developed stage 4 chronic kidney disease and nephrotic proteinuria (protein/creatinine ratio 1821 g/mol) after accidental rupture of the inferior vena cava during a gastric bypass operation. On split-urine collection, both had a much higher degree of proteinuria during the day than during the night, compatible with orthostatic proteinuria. At further work-up, inferior vena cava thrombosis was diagnosed in both patients, whereas renal veins were patent. Discussion After simple anticoagulation in the first case, and anticoagulation plus endovascular recanalization in the second, there was almost complete resolution of the orthostatic proteinuria and a strong improvement of the estimated glomerular filtration rate in both patients. These cases highlight that nephrotic-range proteinuria can be linked to inferior vena cava thrombosis, and that a split-urine collection may also be very useful in the diagnostic work-up of proteinuria in adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yana Apostolova
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne and University of Lausanne (CHUV), Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Patricia Mehier
- Service of Nephrology, Riviera-Chablais Hospital, Rennaz, Switzerland
| | - Salah D Qanadli
- Department of Radiology, Interventional Radiology, University Hospital of Lausanne and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Menno Pruijm
- Service of Nephrology, University Hospital of Lausanne and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
|
5
|
Saleem T, Raju S. An overview of in-stent restenosis in iliofemoral venous stents. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 2021; 10:492-503.e2. [PMID: 34774813 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2021.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although endovenous stents have been associated with overall low morbidity, they can require reinterventions to correct stent malfunction due to in-stent restenosis (ISR). ISR has often occurred iliofemoral venous stents but has not been well described. It has been reported to develop in >70% of patients who have undergone iliofemoral venous stenting. We sought to provide an overview of ISR in iliofemoral venous stents, including the pathologic, diagnostic, and management considerations and the identification of several areas of potential research in the future. METHODS A search of reported English-language studies was performed in PubMed and the Cochrane Library. "In-stent restenosis," "vein," "venous," "iliac," and "iliofemoral" were used as keywords. The pertinent reports included in the present review had addressed the pathology, diagnosis, and current management options for ISR. RESULTS ISR refers to the narrowing of the luminal caliber of the stent owing to the development of stenosis inside the stent itself. ISR should be differentiated from stent compression. Two main types of ISR have been described: soft and hard lesions. These lesions respond differently to angioplasty. Stent inflow and shear stress are important factors in the development of ISR. The treatment options available at present include balloon angioplasty (hyperdilation or isodilation), laser ablation, atherectomy, and Z-stent placement. CONCLUSIONS Reintervention for ISR should be determined by the presence of residual or recurrent symptoms and not simply by a numeric value obtained from an imaging study. Overall stent occlusion due to ISR is rare, and no role exists for prophylactic angioplasty to treat asymptomatic ISR. The current treatment options for ISR are mostly durable and effective. However, more research is needed on methods to prevent the development of ISR. The role of antiplatelet and anticoagulant agents in the prevention of ISR requires further investigation, with particular attention to unique subset of patients (after thrombosis vs nonthrombotic iliac vein lesions). For high-risk, post-thrombotic patients, anticoagulation can be considered to prevent ISR. The role of triple therapy (anticoagulation and dual antiplatelet therapy) in the prevention of ISR remains unclear.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taimur Saleem
- The RANE Center for Venous and Lymphatic Diseases, Jackson, Miss.
| | - Seshadri Raju
- The RANE Center for Venous and Lymphatic Diseases, Jackson, Miss
| |
Collapse
|
|
6
|
Venous thrombosis of the liver: current and emerging concepts in management. Transl Res 2020; 225:54-69. [PMID: 32407789 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2020.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Venous thrombosis within the hepatic vasculature is associated with a distinct array of risk factors, characteristics, and potential complication. As such, it entails unique management considerations and strategies relative to the more common categories of venous thromboembolic disease. Although broadly divided into thrombosis of the afferent vasculature (the portal venous system) and efferent vasculature (the hepatic venous system), presentations and management strategies within these groupings are heterogeneous. Management decisions are influenced by a variety of factors including the chronicity, extent, and etiology of thrombosis. In this review we examine both portal vein thrombosis and hepatic vein thrombosis (and the associated Budd-Chiari Syndrome). We consider those factors which most impact presentation and most influence treatment. In so doing, we see how the particulars of specific cases introduce nuance into clinical decisions. At the same time we attempt to organize our understanding of such cases to help facilitate a more systematic approach. Critically, we must recognize that although increasing evidence is emerging to help guide our management strategies, the available data remain limited and largely retrospective. Indeed, current paradigms are based largely on observational experiences and expert consensus. As new and more rigorous studies emerge, treatment strategies are likely to be continually refined, and paradigm shifts are sure to occur.
Collapse
|
|
7
|
Strozzi M, Besic KM, Ivana KS, Darko A. Endovascular treatment of an obstructive membrane between inferior vena cava and right atrium in an unrecognized Budd-Chiari syndrome. CVIR Endovasc 2020; 3:76. [PMID: 33048283 PMCID: PMC7554274 DOI: 10.1186/s42155-020-00168-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Budd-Chiari syndrome is defined as a hepatic venous outflow track obstruction of various etiology, which appears at different levels. The inferior vena cava outflow membrane is an unusual, but a potentially treatable cause. The percutaneous treatment has emerged as a very promising management mode for such patients. Follow-up results are favorable for balloon angioplasty and/or stenting, with minimal re-stenosis rates. CASE PRESENTATION We report a case of a young woman, earlier operated on congenital heart defect and with previous pulmonary embolic incident after childbirth, with no evidence of thrombophilia. She was admitted to our institution for a suspected right atrial tumor. After the diagnosis of Budd-Chiari syndrome caused by membranous inferior vena cava obstruction, a percutaneous treatment of a thick membrane was successfully performed, using an unusual technique. CONCLUSION Balloon angioplasty should be considered in cases of membranous obstruction of vena cava, where a focal obstruction is causing the symptoms. In our patient, the anatomy was not suitable for stenting, and balloon dilatation was successful just after the membrane was pulled apart with a big balloon in a "Rashkind-like" procedure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maja Strozzi
- University Clinic for Cardiovascular Diseases, Clinical Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia. .,Department for Adult Congenital Heart Disease, University Clinic for Cardiovascular Diseases, Clinical Hospital Center Zagreb, Kispaticeva 12, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Kristina Maric Besic
- University Clinic for Cardiovascular Diseases, Clinical Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Knezevic Stromar Ivana
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Clinic for Internal Medicine, University Hospital Center, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anić Darko
- University Clinic for Heart Surgery, Clinical Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
|
8
|
Barrette LX, McLaughlin SW, Vance AZ, Trerotola SO, Soulen MC, Sudheendra D, Dagli M, Redmond JW, Clark TWI. Inferior Vena Cava Reconstruction in Symptomatic Patients Using Palmaz Stents: A Retrospective Single-Center Experience. Ann Vasc Surg 2020; 66:370-377. [PMID: 32027985 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2020.01.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of stents for treating central venous occlusion is well described. Limited evidence exists related to Palmaz balloon-expandable stent use in inferior vena cava (IVC) reconstruction. We analyzed patency and complication rates after IVC reconstruction using Palmaz stents. METHODS From 2002 to 2019, 37 patients (mean age: 51 year) underwent IVC reconstruction with 68 Palmaz stents. Indications were symptomatic chronic venous obstruction in the infrarenal (n = 25) and intrahepatic (n = 12) IVC. Demographic, operative, and imaging data were evaluated. Clinical data, abdominal CT, and/or duplex ultrasound were used to determine patency at follow-up. RESULTS Restoration of caval patency was achieved in all patients, with complications in 2/37 (5.4%) patients (thrombus formation within the stent; stent embolization eight days after placement). Follow-up data were available for 27 patients. Primary patency was maintained through last follow-up in 19/27 (70%) patients (mean: 1.1 year), with successful stent redilation performed in 6 patients. Mean duration of primary-assisted patency (n = 5) was 1.2 year. Late lumen loss was (n = 13) was 40% during a mean time to follow-up of 2.0 years. Primary patency in patients with occlusion secondary to malignancy was 109 day (range: 1 day-1.0 year), whereas primary patency in patients with occlusion from other etiologies was 1.1 year (range: 2 day-5.9 year). The Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated primary and primary-assisted patency of 66% and 84%, respectively, at 24 and 48 months. CONCLUSIONS Palmaz balloon-expandable stents for IVC reconstruction is feasible and effective for symptomatic IVC occlusion. Risk of stent migration was low.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louis-Xavier Barrette
- Section of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Section of Interventional Radiology, Penn Presbyterian Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Shaun W McLaughlin
- Section of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ansar Z Vance
- Section of Interventional Radiology, Penn Presbyterian Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Scott O Trerotola
- Section of Interventional Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Michael C Soulen
- Section of Interventional Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Deepak Sudheendra
- Section of Interventional Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Mandeep Dagli
- Section of Interventional Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jonas W Redmond
- Section of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Timothy W I Clark
- Section of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Section of Interventional Radiology, Penn Presbyterian Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA.
| |
Collapse
|
|
9
|
Mancuso A. Controversies in the Management of Budd–Chiari Syndrome. BUDD-CHIARI SYNDROME 2020:245-252. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9232-1_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2025]
|
|
10
|
Cline B, Martin JG. Uterine artery embolisation for IVC syndrome and severe lower extremity oedema secondary to IVC compression from massive fibroids. BMJ Case Rep 2019; 12:12/11/e231718. [DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2019-231718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A 66-year-old woman was admitted to an outside facility with leg swelling and dyspnea on exertion. Initial workup revealed severe aortic stenosis and congestive heart failure (CHF) thought to be the culprit; however, a CT performed in the emergency department revealed massive uterine mass resulting in significant inferior vena cava (IVC) compression. Her cardiac status precluded hysterectomy, due to concerns regarding intraoperative fluid shifts decreasing preload in the setting of preload dependence in severe aortic stenosis. Similarly, her degree of IVC compression was thought to make valve replacement unacceptably dangerous, so she was referred to interventional radiology for consideration of uterine artery embolisation (UAE) to relieve IVC compression. She underwent UAE without complication, and her leg swelling nearly completely resolved at follow-up.
Collapse
|
|
11
|
Grandhe S, Lee JA, Chandra A, Marsh C, Frenette CT. Trapped vessel of abdominal pain with hepatomegaly: A case report. World J Hepatol 2018; 10:887-891. [PMID: 30533189 PMCID: PMC6280163 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v10.i11.887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Abdominal pain with elevated transaminases from inferior vena cava (IVC) obstruction is a relatively common reason for referral and further workup by a hepatologist. The differential for the cause of IVC obstruction is extensive, and the most common etiologies include clotting disorders or recent trauma. In some situations the common etiologies have been ruled out, and the underlying process for the patient’s symptoms is still not explained. We present one unique case of abdominal pain and hepatomegaly secondary to IVC constriction from extrinsic compression of the diaphragm. Based on this patient’s presentation, we urge that physicians be cognizant of the IVC diameter and consider extrinsic compression as a contributor to the patient’s symptoms. If IVC compression from the diaphragm is confirmed, early referral to vascular surgery is strongly advised for further surgical intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sirisha Grandhe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States
| | - Joy A Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Scripps Green Hospital, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Ankur Chandra
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Scripps Green Hospital, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Christopher Marsh
- Scripps Center for Organ Transplant, Scripps Green Hospital, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Catherine T Frenette
- Scripps Center for Organ Transplant, Scripps Green Hospital, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| |
Collapse
|
|
12
|
Harrison B, Hao F, Koney N, McWilliams J, Moriarty JM. Caval Thrombus Management: The Data, Where We Are, and How It Is Done. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol 2018; 21:65-77. [DOI: 10.1053/j.tvir.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
|
13
|
Mancuso A. Timing of Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt for Budd-Chiari Syndrome: An Italian Hepatologist's Perspective. J Transl Int Med 2017; 5:194-199. [PMID: 29340275 PMCID: PMC5767708 DOI: 10.1515/jtim-2017-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) management flow-chart is derived from experts' opinion and is not evidence-based. Guidelines suggest BCS management should follow a stepwise strategy: medical therapy as first-line treatment, revascularization or transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) if no response to medical therapy, and liver transplant as rescue therapy. Recent evidence suggests that only medical therapy results in a bad long-term outcome. The biggest criticism of guidelines is the indication that BCS should receive further treatment only when hemodynamic consequences of portal hypertension become clinically evident. Recent data support that in BCS liver fibrosis could arise from chronic microvascular ischemia. A reasoning model of BCS physiopathology is that impaired hepatic vein outflow has hemodynamic consequences on portal hypertension development and causes hepatic fibrosis and liver failure through chronic ischemic damage. On this assumption is the concept that relieving liver congestion could ameliorate liver function and prevent development of BCS complications. Recently, early interventional treatment with TIPS for BCS has been reported to be effective. Early TIPS seems to be the best option for BCS management. Future multicenter controlled studies should compare the outcome of BCS treated with early interventional treatment compared with stepwise strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mancuso
- Medicina Interna 1, ARNAS Civico - Di Cristina - Benfratelli, Piazzale Leotta 4, Palermo, Italy
- Epatologia e Gastroenterologia, Ospedale Niguarda Ca’ Granda, Piazza Ospedale Maggiore 3, 20162Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
|
14
|
Grøtta O, Enden T, Sandbæk G, Gjerdalen G, Slagsvold CE, Bay D, Kløw NE, Rosales A. Patency and Clinical Outcome After Stent Placement for Chronic Obstruction of the Inferior Vena Cava. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2017; 54:620-628. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
|
15
|
Kuetting D, Thomas D, Wilhelm K, Pieper CC, Schild HH, Meyer C. Endovascular Management of Malignant Inferior Vena Cava Syndromes. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2017; 40:1873-1881. [PMID: 28685383 DOI: 10.1007/s00270-017-1740-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Malignant obstructions of the inferior vena cava (IVC) are a common cause of the IVC syndrome. As reports on interventional treatment of malignant inferior caval obstructions are very sparse, the purpose of this study was to retrospectively assess the outcome of endovascular treatment of symptomatic, malignant IVC syndromes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Between 2000 and 2015, 19 patients (six women; mean age 59 years ± 14) received endovascular treatment of malignant IVC obstruction/occlusion. Patients' demographics as well as interventional and clinical outcome data were collected. RESULTS All 19 patients underwent stenting of the IVC. Technical success was 100%. Clinical success was 79% (15/19). Three patients (16%) required early re-intervention (days 1-8) due to stent compression. Three patients (16%) with initially good post-interventional results required late repeated intervention due to tumor progression, and repeated intervention could alleviate symptoms in all cases. Best results were achieved when choosing a stent diameter between 16 and 20 mm and a stent length approximately 15-20 mm longer than the lesion length. Too large stent diameters (>28 mm) can lead to stent compression, too small stent diameters (<14 mm) can lead to stent migration, and too short stent lengths can lead to a reoccurrence of symptoms with obstruction of a non-treated segment. CONCLUSION Endovascular treatment of malignant IVC syndromes is a safe and effective approach enabling immediate relief of inferior inflow congestions. Recurrent venous obstruction is common but can be avoided when stent diameter and stent length are adapted to the degree of IVC compression as well as expected progression of the underlying malignancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kuetting
- Department of Radiology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str.25, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Daniel Thomas
- Department of Radiology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str.25, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kai Wilhelm
- Department of Radiology, Johanniter Krankenhaus, Bonn, Germany
| | - Claus C Pieper
- Department of Radiology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str.25, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hans H Schild
- Department of Radiology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str.25, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Carsten Meyer
- Department of Radiology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str.25, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
|
16
|
Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty for Complete Membranous Obstruction of Suprahepatic Inferior Vena Cava: Long-Term Results. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2016; 39:1392-9. [PMID: 27272713 DOI: 10.1007/s00270-016-1394-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the long-term results of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) for a complete membranous obstruction of the suprahepatic inferior vena cava. METHODS Patients (n = 65) who were referred to the interventional unit for PTA for a complete membranous obstruction of the suprahepatic inferior vena cava between January 2006 and October 2014 were included in the study. Thirty-two patients (18 males, 14 females, mean age 35 ± 10.7, range 20-42 years) were treated. The patients presented with symptoms of ascites (88 %), pleural effusion (53 %), varicose veins (94 %), hepatomegaly (97 %), abdominal pain (84 %), and splenomegaly (40 %). Transjugular liver access set and re-entry catheter were used to puncture and traverse the obstruction from the jugular side. PTA balloon dilations were performed. The mean follow-up period was 65.6 ± 24.5 months. The objective was to evaluate technical success, complications, primary patency, and clinical improvement in the symptoms of the patients. RESULTS The technical success rate was 94 %. In two patients, obstruction could not be traversed. These patients underwent cavoatrial graft bypass surgery. There were no procedure-related complications. Clinical improvements were achieved in all patients within 3 months. The primary patency rate at 4 years was 90 %. There was no primary assisted patency. There was no need for metallic stent deployment in the cohort. The secondary patency rate at 4 years was 100 %. CONCLUSIONS Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for a complete membranous obstruction of the suprahepatic inferior vena cava is safe and effective, and the long-term results are excellent.
Collapse
|
|
17
|
Devcic Z, Techasith T, Banerjee A, Rosenberg JK, Sze DY. Technical and Anatomic Factors Influencing the Success of Inferior Vena Caval Stent Placement for Malignant Obstruction. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2016; 27:1350-1360.e1. [PMID: 27117949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2016.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the outcomes of inferior vena cava (IVC) stent placement for malignant obstruction and to identify anatomic and procedural factors influencing technical and clinical success. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 57 patients (37 male, 20 female; age range, 22-86 y) underwent 62 IVC stent placement procedures using 97 stents (47 Wallstents, 15 S.M.A.R.T. stents, 18 Wallflex stents, 17 others) from 2005 to 2016 for malignant IVC obstruction caused by hepatic metastases (n = 22; 39%), primary hepatic malignancy (n = 16; 28%), retroperitoneal metastases (n = 16; 28%), or other primary malignancy (n = 5; 9%). Presenting symptoms included lower-extremity edema (n = 54; 95%), ascites (n = 28; 50%), and perineal edema (n = 14; 25%). Sixteen percent (n = 10) and 10% (n = 6) of the procedures involved tumor and bland thrombus, respectively. RESULTS Stent placements resulted in 100% venographic patency and significantly decreased pressure gradients (P < .0001). Lower-extremity swelling, perineal swelling, and abdominal distension improved within 7 days in 83% (35 of 42), 100% (9 of 9), and 40% (6 of 15) of patients, respectively, and at 30 days after the procedure in 86% (25 of 29), 89% (8 of 9), and 80% (4 of 5) of patients, respectively. Increased pre- and post-stent placement pressure gradients were associated with worse outcomes. A 4% stent misplacement rate (4 of 97) was related to the use of Wallstents with caudal stent tapering, asymmetric deployment superior to the obstruction, suprahepatic IVC involvement, and decreased stent adherence to the IVC wall as a result of local mechanical factors. CONCLUSIONS Stent placement is reliable, rapid, and durable in improving malignant IVC syndrome. Understanding of technical and anatomic factors can improve accuracy and avoid complications of stent misplacement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zlatko Devcic
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, H-3646, 300 Pasteur Dr., Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Tust Techasith
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, H-3646, 300 Pasteur Dr., Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Arjun Banerjee
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, H-3646, 300 Pasteur Dr., Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Jarrett K Rosenberg
- Radiology Sciences Laboratory, Stanford University School of Medicine, H-3646, 300 Pasteur Dr., Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Daniel Y Sze
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, H-3646, 300 Pasteur Dr., Stanford, CA 94305.
| |
Collapse
|
|
18
|
Huang Q, Shen B, Zhang Q, Xu H, Zu M, Gu Y, Wei N, Cui Y, Huang R. Comparison of Long-Term Outcomes of Endovascular Management for Membranous and Segmental Inferior Vena Cava Obstruction in Patients With Primary Budd–Chiari Syndrome. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2016; 9:e003104. [PMID: 26908849 DOI: 10.1161/circinterventions.115.003104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qianxin Huang
- From the Department of Interventional Radiology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
| | - Bin Shen
- From the Department of Interventional Radiology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
| | - Qingqiao Zhang
- From the Department of Interventional Radiology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hao Xu
- From the Department of Interventional Radiology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
| | - Maoheng Zu
- From the Department of Interventional Radiology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yuming Gu
- From the Department of Interventional Radiology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ning Wei
- From the Department of Interventional Radiology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yanfeng Cui
- From the Department of Interventional Radiology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
| | - Rui Huang
- From the Department of Interventional Radiology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
|
19
|
The outcomes of interventional treatment for Budd-Chiari syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 40:601-8. [PMID: 25248791 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-014-0240-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review with meta-analysis quantitatively assesses the outcomes of interventional treatment for Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS). We evaluated the published studies on interventional treatment for BCS and reviewed reference lists from retrieved articles. Meta-analysis was applied to calculate the combined rates and their 95% confidence intervals. The risk of bias was assessed by the Egger test. As many as 29 articles on interventional treatment with BCS were selected according to the eligibility criteria and included in the meta-analysis, for a total of 2,255 BCS patients. The pooled results (95 % CI) were 93.7 % (92.6-4.8 %) for successful rate of interventional operation, 6.5 % (5.3-7.7 %) for restenosis rate of interventional treatment, and 92.0 % (89.8-94.3 %) and 76.4 % (72.5-80.4 %) for the survival rate at 1 and 5 years, respectively. The interventional therapy of major BCS patients is safe with successful operation, good patency, and long-term survival. Moreover, a step-wise management of BCS is proposed to manage and cure all BCS patients with personalized treatment.
Collapse
|
|
20
|
Fatima J, AlGaby A, Bena J, Abbasi MN, Clair DG. Technical considerations, outcomes, and durability of inferior vena cava stenting. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 2015; 3:380-388. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
|
21
|
de Graaf R, de Wolf M, Sailer AM, van Laanen J, Wittens C, Jalaie H. Iliocaval Confluence Stenting for Chronic Venous Obstructions. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2015; 38:1198-204. [PMID: 25772400 PMCID: PMC4565871 DOI: 10.1007/s00270-015-1068-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Different techniques have been described for stenting of venous obstructions. We report our experience with two different confluence stenting techniques to treat chronic bi-iliocaval obstructions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Between 11/2009 and 08/2014 we treated 40 patients for chronic total bi-iliocaval obstructions. Pre-operative magnetic resonance venography showed bilateral extensive post-thrombotic scarring in common and external iliac veins as well as obstruction of the inferior vena cava (IVC). Stenting of the IVC was performed with large self-expandable stents down to the level of the iliocaval confluence. To bridge the confluence, either self-expandable stents were placed inside the IVC stent (24 patients, SECS group) or high radial force balloon-expandable stents were placed at the same level (16 patients, BECS group). In both cases, bilateral iliac extensions were performed using nitinol stents. RESULTS Recanalization was achieved for all patients. In 15 (38 %) patients, a hybrid procedure with endophlebectomy and arteriovenous fistula creation needed to be performed because of significant involvement of inflow vessels below the inguinal ligament. Mean follow-up was 443 ± 438 days (range 7-1683 days). For all patients, primary, assisted-primary, and secondary patency rate at 36 months were 70, 73, and 78 %, respectively. Twelve-month patency rates in the SECS group were 85, 85, and 95 % for primary, assisted-primary, and secondary patency. In the BECS group, primary patency was 100 % during a mean follow-up period of 134 ± 118 (range 29-337) days. CONCLUSION Stenting of chronic bi-iliocaval obstruction shows relatively high patency rates at medium follow-up. Short-term patency seems to favor confluence stenting with balloon-expandable stents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rick de Graaf
- Department of Radiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC), P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Mark de Wolf
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC), Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Anna M Sailer
- Department of Radiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC), P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Jorinde van Laanen
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC), Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Cees Wittens
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC), Maastricht, The Netherlands. .,Department of Surgery, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Houman Jalaie
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
|
22
|
An update on the management of Budd-Chiari syndrome: the issues of timing and choice of treatment. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 27:200-3. [PMID: 25590783 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000000282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Because of the rarity of Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS), the flow chart of management comes from expert opinion and is not evidence based. To report an update on the management of BCS. I performed a review on published papers on BCS in an attempt to speculate in particular on the timing and the choice of treatment. Some authors suggest that the management of BCS should follow a step-wise strategy. Anticoagulation and medical therapy should be the first-line treatment. Revascularization or transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt should be performed in case of no response to medical therapy. Orthotopic liver transplant should be used as a rescue therapy. The biggest criticism of this flow chart is that it is based on the assumption that patients with BCS should receive further treatment only when hemodynamic effects on portal hypertension become clinically evident, thus paying little attention to the chronic ischemic liver damage effects on hepatic function and to the possibility of preventing liver failure by relieving impaired hepatic veins outflow. Recently, I presented a proposal of a new algorithm for the management of BCS, in which medical therapy alone is suggested only for patients without any sign of portal hypertension, irrespective of whether early interventional treatment is suggested when either any symptoms or signs of portal hypertension appear, with the aim of preventing hepatic fibrosis development, disease progression, and finally improving outcome. Given that the benefit of treatments for BCS is not under debate, guidelines for the management of BCS should be re-evaluated and updated, with particular attention to both the timing and the choice of treatment.
Collapse
|
|
23
|
|
|
24
|
Poddar P, Gurizala S, Rao S. Endovascular stenting of IVC using Brockenborough's needle in Budd-Chiari syndrome--a case report. Indian Heart J 2014; 66:363-5. [PMID: 24973846 DOI: 10.1016/j.ihj.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A young female presented with Budd-Chiari syndrome due to membranous obstruction of inferior vena cava. Membrane was quite thick with complete occlusion of the IVC. She had a previous unsuccessful attempt at endovascular stenting using conventional CTO wire technique. She was successfully treated with balloon angioplasty and stenting after perforation of the thick membrane with Brokenborough's needle. At three months follow-up she was asymptomatic with patent stent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Poddar
- Department of Cardiology, Yashoda Hospital, Malakpet, Hyderabad 500 036, India.
| | - Sudarsana Gurizala
- Department of Cardiology, Yashoda Hospital, Malakpet, Hyderabad 500 036, India
| | - Sudarshan Rao
- Department of Cardiology, Yashoda Hospital, Malakpet, Hyderabad 500 036, India
| |
Collapse
|
|
25
|
Mancuso A, Martinelli L, De Carlis L, Rampoldi AG, Magenta G, Cannata A, Belli LS. A caval homograft for Budd-Chiari syndrome due to inferior vena cava obstruction. World J Hepatol 2013; 5:292-295. [PMID: 23717741 PMCID: PMC3664288 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v5.i5.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) is the standard treatment of Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) non responsive to medical therapy. However, patients with inferior vena cava (IVC) obstruction proximal to the atrium do not benefit from TIPS and a surgical approach is mandatory. We report the case of BCS due to intrapericardial IVC obstruction. We describe a novel surgical approach using a fresh caval homograft. An attempt to balloon dilatation of the IVC obstruction was complicated by right atrial disruption with tamponade and ventricular fibrillation. Lately, the patient successfully underwent a reconstruction of the cavo-atrial continuity by the interposition of a fresh caval homograft, a novel surgical approach never described before for BCS. Further follow-up revealed progressive reduction and resolution of ascites, and overall clinical improvement. IVC obstruction near to the atrium can be surgically approached with a new technique consisting in inferior vena cava resection and replacement with a caval homograft.
Collapse
|
|
26
|
Lozano Alonso S, Salmerón Febres L, Linares Palomino J, Fernádez Quesada F, Ros Díe E. Estenosis de vena cava inferior tratada con stent. ANGIOLOGIA 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.angio.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
|
27
|
Srinivas BC, Singh AP, Nagesh CM, Reddy B, Manjunath CN. Transjugular approach for successful recanalization and stenting for inferior vena cava stenosis. Cardiovasc Interv Ther 2013; 28:318-21. [PMID: 23435836 DOI: 10.1007/s12928-013-0169-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Budd-Chiari syndrome is a rare disease characterized by obstruction of outflow in the hepatic vein and/or the inferior vena cava (IVC). Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stent placement is nowadays considered to be the first-line treatment for central venous disease because of its minimal-invasive approach. IVC reconstruction by surgical approach is not preferred due to increased morbidity and disappointing patency rates. We describe a case of a long-segment, thrombotic, chronic total occlusion of the IVC that was dilated and stented using a recanalization technique involving the use of Brokenborough septal puncture needle, Mullin dilator and Accura balloon from the jugular approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Budanur Chikkaswamy Srinivas
- Department of Cardiology, Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Research, Bengaluru, 560069, India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|