1
|
Cherney D, Drzewiecka A, Folkerts K, Levy P, Millier A, Morris S, Pochopień M, Roy-Chaudhury P, Sullivan SD, Mernagh P. Cost-effectiveness of finerenone therapy for patients with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes in England & Wales: results of the FINE-CKD model. J Med Econ 2025; 28:196-206. [PMID: 39783822 DOI: 10.1080/13696998.2025.2451526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 01/06/2025] [Accepted: 01/07/2025] [Indexed: 01/12/2025]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is the leading cause of kidney failure, end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), and cardiovascular (CV) events in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). The FIDELIO-DKD trial demonstrated that finerenone lowered the risk of renal and CV events in patients with CKD and T2D, regardless of cardiovascular disease history. This study evaluated the cost-effectiveness of finerenone added to background treatment (finerenone + BT) versus background treatment (BT) alone in patients with CKD and T2D from the perspective of the National Health Service in England and Wales. METHODS A lifetime Markov model assessed the indicated usage of finerenone for the treatment of stage 3 or 4 CKD with albuminuria associated with T2D in adults, as per the relevant marketing authorization. The model structure considered kidney disease progression and CV risk, with health states encompassing patients' kidney disease stage and CV event profiles, using patient-level data from the FIDELIO-DKD trial. Model outcomes were life years, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), per-patient costs, incremental costs, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). Sensitivity and scenario analysis were performed, including an analysis exploring the impact of real-world data which suggests more frequent sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor use in the United Kingdom since FIDELIO-DKD. RESULTS Patients receiving finerenone experienced kidney and CV benefits, including reduced rates of nonfatal CV events and CV deaths, translating to improvements in survival and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) of 6.11 and 5.97 per patient for finerenone + BT versus BT, respectively. Total discounted per-patient costs were £48,940 for finerenone + BT and £47,716 for BT alone, resulting in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of £8,808 per QALY gained for finerenone + BT versus BT. CONCLUSION Sensitivity and scenario analyses, including more frequent SGLT2 inhibitor use consistent with real-world data, indicate a robust ICER that remains within the bounds of what is typically considered cost-effective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Cherney
- University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Pierre Levy
- Laboratoire d'Economie de Dauphine, Université Paris-Dauphine, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, Paris, France
| | | | - Stephen Morris
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Prabir Roy-Chaudhury
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- WG (Bill) Hefner Department Salisbury Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury, NC, USA
| | - Sean D Sullivan
- The Comparative Health Outcomes, Policy, and Economics Institute and School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Seemann K, Silas U, Bosworth Smith A, Münch T, Saunders SJ, Veloz A, Saunders R. The burden of venous thromboembolism in ten countries: a cost-of-illness Markov model on surgical and ICU patients. J Med Econ 2025; 28:1-12. [PMID: 39611872 DOI: 10.1080/13696998.2024.2436797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2024] [Revised: 11/27/2024] [Accepted: 11/28/2024] [Indexed: 11/30/2024]
Abstract
AIM The objective of this study was to assess the burden of hospital-acquired venous thromboembolism (VTE) on healthcare systems and patients across ten countries. METHODS A multi-methodological approach was taken to estimate the burden of hospital-acquired VTE across five key clinical specialties and ten countries (Australia, Brazil, China, France, Mexico, South Korea, Spain, Taiwan, Thailand, and the United Kingdom). Surveys with healthcare professionals (surgeons, hematologists, and hospital management) were conducted to identify clinical specialties of interest. A systematic literature review and interviews were conducted to identify data for incidences and costs. A health-economic model was developed, using a decision tree and Markov model to estimate 1-year costs. Costs are presented in 2022 USD. RESULTS Orthopedics, oncology, long-term ICU, cardiology, and obstetrics and gynecology were identified as the clinical specialties of interest. The total cost burden of hospital-acquired VTE was estimated to be $41,280 million, which equals $503 per patient at risk. Expressed as a share of 2022 GDP, an average spending per country of 0.05% to 0.18% was observed. The VTE-associated mortality was substantial, accounting for 150,081 deaths in a 74.2 million population, translating into an average mortality rate of 2.02 (0.64-3.05) per 1,000 patients at risk. LIMITATIONS There were limited data available concerning VTE incidences in some countries and clinical specialties. Where data were available, there was heterogeneity of incidence definitions across the identified studies. Generalizations, imputations, and the country-agnostic structure of the model might have contributed to biases. CONCLUSIONS The burden of hospital-acquired VTE is substantial both from an economic and from a patient perspective in all countries evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Seemann
- Health Economics, Coreva Scientific, Koenigswinter, Germany
| | - Ubong Silas
- Health Economics, Coreva Scientific, Koenigswinter, Germany
| | | | - Tobias Münch
- Health Economics, Coreva Scientific, Koenigswinter, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yun X, Zhang L, Fan Z, Fu Y, Guo H. Global, regional, and national burden of vertebral fractures due to falls from 1990 to 2021 and predictions for the next 15 years: A systematic analysis of the global burden of disease 2021 study. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2025; 135:105874. [PMID: 40324317 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2025.105874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2025] [Revised: 04/21/2025] [Accepted: 04/25/2025] [Indexed: 05/07/2025]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study utilized the latest data from the 2021 Global Burden of Disease Study to analyze the incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability due to vertebral fractures from 1990 to 2021, providing information for effective management and prevention strategies. METHODS This study describes the trends in incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) due to vertebral fractures caused by falls. It employs methods such as the Age-Period-Cohort (APC) model, joinpoint regression analysis, and decomposition analysis for further investigation, and calculates the ASIR, ASPR, and ASYR. Finally, it predicts the incidence trend for the next 15 years using the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model. RESULTS In 2021, the number of new cases of vertebral fractures due to falls globally reached 4.7 million, with a total prevalence of 3.67 million cases, and years lived with disability (YLDs) amounted to 370,000. Compared to 1990, the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) was -0.37 (-0.41, -0.32), -0.35 (-0.39, -0.31), and -0.37 (-0.41, -0.33) respectively, indicating a declining trend. There are significant differences in the disease burden among different countries and regions. The APC model, Joinpoint model, and ARIMA forecasting model indicate a global declining trend in the disease burden of vertebral fractures. CONCLUSIONS Although the burden of vertebral fractures is on a downward trend, it continues to increase in low and middle SDI regions, as well as among the elderly population. Therefore, targeted preventive measures are still necessary to address the health outcomes related to vertebral fractures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yun
- School of Medicine, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi, China; Second department of Orthopedics, The affiliated Xi'an Central Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong, University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lintao Zhang
- School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhaopeng Fan
- School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuxin Fu
- General Practice Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xi'an Fifth Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Putri S, Ciminata G, Lewsey J, Kamaruzaman HFB, Duan Y, Geue C. Policy models for preventative interventions in cardiometabolic diseases: a systematic review. BMC Health Serv Res 2025; 25:635. [PMID: 40312363 PMCID: PMC12046856 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-025-12781-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2025] [Indexed: 05/03/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs), including cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM), are major contributors to morbidity, mortality, and rising healthcare costs. Effective disease prevention programs rely on robust mathematical models to generate long-term evidence regarding the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and policy implications of interventions in the population. Population-level interventions, such as dietary policies, are recognised as essential prevention strategies, yet there is limited syntheis of policy models assessing their impact. This study systematically reviews existing CMD policy models to provide: (i) a comprehensive overview of current models, and (ii) a critical appraisal of their application, particularly in the context of primordial prevention programmes. METHODS A systematic search was conducted across MEDLINE (Ovid), EMBASE (Ovid), CINAHL, Google Scholar, and Open Grey. The search focused on publications from 1st January 2000, to 31st May 2024, using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) for "cardiovascular," "diabetes," "decision model," and "policy model." Full-text articles were independently appraised independently by three reviewers using the Phillips et al. checklist, and the review process adhered to PRISMA guidelines. RESULTS Thirty-two articles met the inclusion criteria and were critically appraised. Policy models were assessed across three domains: structure, data, and consistency. Most models (79%) demonstrated well-defined structures, aligning inputs and objectives with the stated perspective and initial justifications. However, fewer than 60% of studies clearly reported the quality of their data sources and provided clear information in terms of consistency. The reviewed studies employed diverse methodologies, including parameter incorporation, simulation modelling, and outcome analysis. CONCLUSION The review highlights substantial heterogeneity in the quality, structure, and data use of policy models evaluating dietary interventions for CMD prevention. To advance CMD policy modeling, this study provides recommendations for improving conceptualisation, methodological rigor, and applicability to prevention programmes. TRIAL REGISTRATION Registered protocol at PROSPERO: CRD42022354399.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Septiara Putri
- Health Economics and Health Technology Assessment (HEHTA), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
- Health Policy and Administration Department, Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia.
| | - Giorgio Ciminata
- Health Economics and Health Technology Assessment (HEHTA), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jim Lewsey
- Health Economics and Health Technology Assessment (HEHTA), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Hanin Farhana Binti Kamaruzaman
- Health Economics and Health Technology Assessment (HEHTA), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Malaysian Health Technology Assessment Section (MaHTAS), Ministry of Health Malaysia, Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | - Yuejiao Duan
- Health Economics and Health Technology Assessment (HEHTA), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Claudia Geue
- Health Economics and Health Technology Assessment (HEHTA), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hsieh YL, Horsburgh CR, Cohen T, Miller JW, Salomon JA, Menzies NA. Cost-effectiveness of screening with transcriptional signatures for incipient TB among U.S. migrants. PLoS Med 2025; 22:e1004603. [PMID: 40338978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2025] [Accepted: 04/11/2025] [Indexed: 05/10/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Host-response-based transcriptional signatures (HrTS) have been developed to identify "incipient tuberculosis (TB)". No study has reported the cost-effectiveness of HrTS for post-arrival migrant screening programs in low-incidence countries. The aim of this study was to assess the potential health impact and cost-effectiveness of HrTS for post-arrival TB infection screening among new migrants in the United States. METHODS AND FINDINGS We used a discrete-event simulation model to compare four strategies: (1) no screening for TB infection or incipient TB; (2) 'IGRA-only', screen all with interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA), provide TB preventive treatment for IGRA-positives; (3) 'IGRA-HrTS', screen all with IGRA followed by HrTS for IGRA-positives, provide incipient TB treatment for individuals testing positive with both tests; and (4) 'HrTS-only', screen all with HrTS, provide incipient TB treatment for HrTS-positives. We assessed outcomes over the lifetime of migrants entering the United Stataes (U.S.) in 2019, assuming HrTS met WHO Target Product Profile (TPP) optimal criteria. We conducted sensitivity analyses to evaluate the robustness of results. Our findings show that at a willingness-to-pay threshold of $150,000 per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained, the IGRA-only strategy was the optimal strategy under both healthcare sector and societal perspectives, with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of $104,138 and $143,103 per QALY gained, respectively. At a willingness-to-pay of $100,000 per QALY gained the IGRA-HrTS strategy appeared optimal. When the cohort was stratified by TB incidence in the country-of-origin, the IGRA-only strategy was optimal for country-of-origin incidence [Formula: see text]100 per 100,000, and the no-screening strategy was optimal for country-of-origin incidence <10 per 100,000. The IGRA-HrTS strategy was potentially cost-effective with country-of-origin incidence of 10-100 per 100,000, though this result had substantial uncertainty. Results were sensitive to time trends in TB progression risk after U.S. entry. CONCLUSIONS An HrTS test meeting WHO TPP optimal criteria would be potentially cost-effective for post-arrival screening among a subset of U.S. migrants, but this result was sensitive to multiple factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Lily Hsieh
- Interfaculty Initiatives in Health Policy, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Center for Health Decision Science, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - C Robert Horsburgh
- Departments of Global Health, Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ted Cohen
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey W Miller
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joshua A Salomon
- Department of Health Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Nicolas A Menzies
- Harvard Center for Health Decision Science, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Barker E, Fewster H, Watts K, Gregg E, Taylor M. Economic Evaluation Results Are Substantially Affected by Parameter Input Correlation. VALUE IN HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2025:S1098-3015(25)02322-8. [PMID: 40316251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2025.04.2158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2025] [Accepted: 04/16/2025] [Indexed: 05/04/2025]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA) is a method to account for uncertainty in cost-effectiveness analysis. The degree of correlation between input parameters is not well reported and is often overlooked in PSA. This means PSA results could be mis-estimating uncertainty. This study aimed to develop a simple model to explore the impact of input correlation on the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) and the reported likelihood of cost-effectiveness. METHODS A Markov model was developed with 3 different approaches to correlation: no correlation, partial correlation, and perfect correlation. A hypothetical case study was used to explore the impact of each correlation option on the intervention's likelihood of cost-effectiveness. Scenario analyses were also used to investigate whether the findings were consistent across different scenarios. RESULTS The ICER was comparable across the correlation options. In all scenarios, the no-correlation option had the most certain decision outcomes, and the perfect-correlation option had the least certain likelihood. The proximity of the ICER to the willingness-to-pay threshold influenced the impact of correlation on the PSA results. CONCLUSION This study suggests that the approach toward modeling parameter correlation in PSA has a substantial impact on the level of certainty in model outputs. By ignoring this, the level of certainty of cost-effectiveness could be over or underestimated. Therefore, researchers and decision makers should be careful to consider the potential impact of inter-parameter correlation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin Barker
- York Health Economics Consortium, University of York, York, North Yorkshire, UK.
| | - Harriet Fewster
- York Health Economics Consortium, University of York, York, North Yorkshire, UK
| | - Karina Watts
- York Health Economics Consortium, University of York, York, North Yorkshire, UK
| | - Emily Gregg
- York Health Economics Consortium, University of York, York, North Yorkshire, UK
| | - Matthew Taylor
- York Health Economics Consortium, University of York, York, North Yorkshire, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Levy DE, Lee SS, Qian Y, Shebl FM, Goldberg SL, Mulroy NM, Anderson NK, Hyle EP, Becker JE, Reddy KP. Disparities in cigarette smoking and the health of marginalized populations in the U.S.: a simulation analysis. BMC Public Health 2025; 25:1546. [PMID: 40281457 PMCID: PMC12023394 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-025-22658-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2025] [Indexed: 04/29/2025] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION People with low socioeconomic status (SES) or serious psychological distress (SPD) in the U.S. face ongoing and future disparities in tobacco smoking. We sought to estimate how smoking disparities contribute to disparities in life expectancy and aggregate life-years in these marginalized subpopulations. METHODS We used the Simulation of Tobacco and Nicotine Outcomes and Policy (STOP) microsimulation model to project life expectancy as a function of subpopulation (low SES, higher SES, SPD, or non-SPD) and cigarette smoking status. Low SES was defined as having at least one of the following: income below poverty, less than high school education, or Medicaid insurance. Higher SES individuals belonged to none of these categories. SPD was defined as Kessler-6 score ≥ 13; non-SPD was a Kessler-6 score < 13. To project individual life expectancy losses from smoking, we simulated 40-year-olds stratified by gender, subpopulation (by SES or by SPD, with no change), and smoking status (current/never, with no change). To project time to reach 5% cigarette smoking prevalence (U.S.) - reflecting one tobacco "endgame" threshold - in each subpopulation, we simulated the entire subpopulations of people with low SES, higher SES, SPD, and non-SPD, incorporating corresponding distributions of gender, age, and smoking status and accounting for changes in smoking behaviors and secular smoking trends. We then estimated total life-years accumulated under status quo and alternate scenarios in which smoking dynamics in the marginalized subpopulations matched those of their less marginalized counterparts. RESULTS The model showed that, for individuals with low SES or SPD, smoking is associated with substantial loss of life expectancy (9.8-11.5y). Marginalized subpopulations would reach 5% smoking prevalence 20y (low SES) and 17y (SPD) sooner if smoking trends mirrored their less marginalized counterparts; these differences result in 5.3 million (low SES) and 966,000 (SPD) excess life-years lost over 40y. CONCLUSIONS Differences in cigarette smoking portend substantial ongoing and future disparities in life expectancy and time to reach 5% smoking prevalence. Reducing tobacco-related disparities in the U.S. will require an explicitly equity-focused vision, and the tobacco endgame will only be truly achieved when it includes all groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas E Levy
- Mongan Institute Health Policy Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Tobacco Research and Treatment Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Stephanie S Lee
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yiqi Qian
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fatma M Shebl
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sydney L Goldberg
- Mongan Institute Health Policy Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nora M Mulroy
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicola K Anderson
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emily P Hyle
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica E Becker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Krishna P Reddy
- Tobacco Research and Treatment Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Clark RA, McQuaid CF, Richards AS, Bakker R, Sumner T, Prŷs-Jones T, Houben RMGJ, White RG, Horton KC. The potential impact of reductions in international donor funding on tuberculosis in low- and middle-income countries. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2025:2025.04.23.25326313. [PMID: 40313294 PMCID: PMC12045416 DOI: 10.1101/2025.04.23.25326313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2025]
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis services in many settings rely heavily on international donor funding. In 2025, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) was dismantled, and other countries also announced cuts to overseas development assistance. We quantified potential epidemiological impacts attributable to these reductions in international donor funding. Methods We calibrated a deterministic tuberculosis model to epidemiological indicators in low- and middle-income countries. We projected three future scenarios assuming: a) levels of funding in 2024 continue through 2035, b) termination of USAID funding from 2025, and c) additional reductions in funding through The Global Fund in line with current donor announcements from 2025. We assumed a reduction in tuberculosis treatment initiation rates proportional to budget reductions for each scenario, estimating cumulative excess incident episodes of symptomatic tuberculosis and tuberculosis deaths. Findings We modelled 79 countries, representing 91% of global tuberculosis incidence and 90% of global tuberculosis mortality in 2023. Our modelling suggested that the termination of USAID funding may lead to 420 500 excess tuberculosis deaths by 2035. Further reductions in funding in line with current announcements by the United States, France, the United Kingdom, and Germany may lead to an additional 699 200, 63 100, 50 500, and 30 500 TB deaths, respectively. Impacts would be greatest in low-income countries. Interpretation We estimate substantial potential impacts on tuberculosis morbidity and mortality due to reductions in international donor funding. Expanded support from domestic and international donors is essential to address immediate gaps in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Funding This work was unfunded.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Clark
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- TB Modelling Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - C Finn McQuaid
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- TB Modelling Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Alexandra S Richards
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- TB Modelling Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Roel Bakker
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- TB Modelling Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Tom Sumner
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- TB Modelling Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Tomos Prŷs-Jones
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- TB Modelling Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Rein M G J Houben
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- TB Modelling Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Richard G White
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- TB Modelling Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Katherine C Horton
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- TB Modelling Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li J, Li R, Qin R, Wang H, Wang D, Zhou L. Cost-effectiveness analysis of HPV vaccination for the prevention of oropharyngeal cancer in Chinese adolescent males. Front Public Health 2025; 13:1584956. [PMID: 40342511 PMCID: PMC12058665 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1584956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2025] [Accepted: 04/07/2025] [Indexed: 05/11/2025] Open
Abstract
Background In the context of oropharyngeal cancer poised to impose a significant disease burden, this study conducted an economic evaluation of HPV vaccination in Chinese male adolescents for the prevention of HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer (OPC-HPV+), by constructing a multi-state Markov model from the societal perspective. Methods The model estimated the cost, effectiveness, and health utility of the bivalent, quadrivalent, and nonavalent HPV vaccines in preventing OPC-HPV+. Incremental cost-utility ratio (ICUR) was used to evaluate the economic viability of the vaccination strategies. One-way sensitivity analysis and probabilistic sensitivity analysis were employed to assess the model's stability. Results At a vaccine coverage rate of 70%, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios of the bivalent, quadrivalent, and nonavalent vaccines were all lower than the per capita GDP compared to no vaccination, indicating that the vaccination strategies are highly cost-effective. The nonavalent vaccine has the highest incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, at 64,913.42 yuan ($9,211.86)/QALY. This strategy also has the highest cost, at 112.34 billion yuan, but it provides the best protection outcomes, preventing 2,545,988 cases of persistent HPV infection, 31,186 cases of OPC-HPV+, and 15,138 deaths, saving a total of 2,641,783 QALYs. Sensitivity analysis indicates that the discount rate, vaccine efficacy, HPV infection rate in the general population, and the probability of spontaneous clearance are the main factors affecting the pairwise comparison results of the strategies, which may lead to instability in the cost-effectiveness of the nonavalent vaccine. Conclusion HPV vaccination for male adolescents to prevent oropharyngeal cancer is cost-effective compared to no vaccination. China could expand the coverage of the appropriate-priced HPV vaccine to male adolescents in order to reduce the incidence of oropharyngeal cancer, improve male health quality, and protect public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Li
- School of Management, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ruifeng Li
- School of Management, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ruixi Qin
- School of Management, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyun Wang
- School of Management, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Di Wang
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Liangru Zhou
- School of Management, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Shah SJ, Dinger T, Blacker D, Greenberg SM, Giardina JC, Lykken JM, Kalidindi S, Qoshe L, Newhouse JP, Pandya A, Hsu J, Hyle EP. Lecanemab and Anticoagulants: Projected Effects on Health and Quality of Life. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2025:2025.04.03.25325187. [PMID: 40297409 PMCID: PMC12036412 DOI: 10.1101/2025.04.03.25325187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2025]
Abstract
Background Lecanemab slows cognitive decline among people with early Alzheimer's disease (early AD) but appears to increase the risk of intracranial hemorrhages (ICHs), including anticoagulant-related ICHs. Objective To examine the benefits and harms of co-prescribing lecanemab and anticoagulants in people with atrial fibrillation (AF) experiencing early AD. Design Microsimulation model to compare four treatment strategies. Using inputs from the literature, we modeled increased ICH risk with lecanemab (2.02-fold), apixaban (1.84-fold), and lecanemab/apixaban interaction (2.67-fold). We assigned quality-of-life estimates and increased mortality risk with cognitive decline, stroke, and ICH. Data Sources Clinical trials, observational cohorts. Target Population People 65-90 years with AF and early AD. Time Horizon 18-month. Intervention Apixaban ( APIX ), apixaban and lecanemab ( APIX/LEC ), lecanemab ( LEC ), neither. Outcome Measures ICH, ischemic stroke, cognitive decline, quality-adjusted life months (QALMs), and survival, age-stratified. Results of Base Case For 100,000 simulated persons aged 65-74 years, APIX , APIX/LEC , and LEC would result in a similar clinical benefit (13.2 QALMs). Compared to APIX , APIX/LEC would result in more ICH events (1,990 vs. 400), all-cause deaths (5,820 vs. 5,140), but slower cognitive decline (mean CDR-SB change, 1.11 vs. 1.53). For persons ≥75 years, APIX alone would always be preferred. Results of Sensitivity Analysis Results are sensitive to lecanemab-anticoagulant interaction on ICH, baseline ICH risk, and lecanemab's effect on cognition. Limitations Significant parameter uncertainty; treatment burden and costs were not modeled. Conclusions Model-based results support anticoagulants alone as the preferred strategy for people ≥75 years with early AD and AF. There was greater equipoise across treatment strategies for persons 65-74 years, for whom improved estimates of the ICH risk and lecanemab-anticoagulant interaction are critical to identifying the preferred strategy. Primary Funding Source National Institute on Aging/National Institutes of Health (K76AG074919, P30AG062421, U01AG076478, and R01AG069575).
Collapse
|
11
|
Hundal S, Cappelli J, Croitoru D, Drucker AM, Ingram JR, Goldberg SR, Netchiporouk E. Cost-utility analysis of clinic-based deroofing versus local excision for hidradenitis suppurativa. J Am Acad Dermatol 2025; 92:773-780. [PMID: 39657847 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2024.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2024] [Revised: 10/27/2024] [Accepted: 11/12/2024] [Indexed: 12/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deroofing and local excision are common clinic-based surgical options for hidradenitis suppurativa. Evidence suggests deroofing may have lower rates of adverse events (AEs), defined as disease recurrence or postsurgical complications. OBJECTIVE This cost-utility analysis evaluates the economic and health-related impacts of clinic-based deroofing vs excision for hidradenitis suppurativa, comparing direct medical costs and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). METHODS A Markov model was developed based on a literature review of clinical outcomes, EQ-5D utilities, and resource utilization. Patients began in a preprocedural state and transitioned monthly among 3 health states: responders (no AEs), nonresponders (≥1 AE), and death. The model assessed cost-effectiveness over a 2-year horizon from the U.S. healthcare system perspective. RESULTS Deroofing provided an additional 0.19 QALYs at a cost of USD$311.39 per patient relative to excision, yielding a favorable incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of USD$1677.10/QALY, below the USD$50,000/QALY threshold. LIMITATIONS Methodological constraints from limited published data were addressed through multiple sensitivity analyses. Cost-effectiveness was sensitive to AE rates, secondary costs, and utility values. CONCLUSION When clinically appropriate, deroofing is more cost-effective than excision for clinic-based procedural management of HS, offering improved quality of life at a modest incremental cost.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Hundal
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Julian Cappelli
- Applied Policy Research Division, Strategic Policy Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Croitoru
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aaron M Drucker
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine and Research and Innovation Institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John R Ingram
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Department of Dermatology & Academic Wound Healing, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Elena Netchiporouk
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kouame JM, Guertin JR, Bautrant É, Levêque C, Siani C. Modelling the cost effectiveness and budget impact of uterine botulinum toxin injections versus conventional treatment in severe dysmenorrhoea: A French perspective. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod 2025; 54:102912. [PMID: 39890020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogoh.2025.102912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2024] [Revised: 01/06/2025] [Accepted: 01/16/2025] [Indexed: 02/03/2025]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the cost-effectiveness sand the budgetary impact of the combination of botulinum toxin (BT) + conventional treatment (CT) (hormonal treatments + analgesics) compared with CT alone in patients suffering from severe dysmenorrhoea, using a Markov model. METHODS A Markov model was developed to estimate, from the perspective of French Health Insurance (HI), the cost effectiveness and the budgetary impact of BT+CT compared with CT alone. The main health states in the model were based on Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scores and expert opinion. All model parameters were derived from a cohort of patients treated for 12 months at the Centre de Recherche de la Santé et de la Femme (CRSF) for severe dysmenorrhoea in 2021. A Cost-Utility Analysis (CUA) was carried out to assess the quality of life of patients, crucial in this context, in which the direct healthcare costs were considered in and Budget Impact Analysis (BIA). The main decision-making criteria were the Incremental Cost-Utility Ratio (ICUR) for the CUA and the net impact for the BIA. Deterministic and probabilistic univariate sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the robustness of our results. RESULTS Over the 1-year time horizon (main analysis), the costs and quality-adjusted life year (QALY) of BT+CT versus CT alone were equal to €1895.65 vs €3055.20 and 2.03 QALYs vs 1.23 QALYs, respectively. Consequently, the ICUR equalled -€1651.5/QALY, which shows that, although the initial costs of BT are higher than those of CT, the reduced follow-up costs associated with the long-term efficacy of BT make it the most effective and economically dominant option at 1, 5 and 10 years. Sensitivity analyses show that 100 % of Monte Carlo iterations are below the willingness-to-pay threshold of €30,0001/QALY, making BT+CT an efficient strategy that could be adopted and reimbursed. CONCLUSION In the absence of a reference treatment for the management of severe dysmenorrhoea, BT+CT offering an improvement in quality of life, as well as a reduction in follow-up costs. It is therefore the most cost-effective strategy over 10 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Martial Kouame
- UMR 1252 SESSTIM (INSERM, IRD, Aix-Marseille Université), ISSPAM, Equipe CAN-BIOS, Faculté de Médecine, Aix-Marseille Université, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin 13385 Marseille, France.
| | - Jason Robert Guertin
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Axe santé des populations et pratiques optimales en santé, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, Canada
| | - Éric Bautrant
- Pelvi-Perineal Surgery and Rehabilitation Department, Medical Center L'Avancée-Clinique Axium, 31-33 Avenue du Marechal de Lattre de Tassigny 13090 Aix en Provence, France; Women's Health Research Center, Medical Center L'Avancée-Clinique Axium, 31-33 Avenue du Marechal de Lattre de Tassigny 13090 Aix en Provence, France
| | - Christine Levêque
- Pelvi-Perineal Surgery and Rehabilitation Department, Medical Center L'Avancée-Clinique Axium, 31-33 Avenue du Marechal de Lattre de Tassigny 13090 Aix en Provence, France; Women's Health Research Center, Medical Center L'Avancée-Clinique Axium, 31-33 Avenue du Marechal de Lattre de Tassigny 13090 Aix en Provence, France
| | - Carole Siani
- UMR 1252 SESSTIM (INSERM, IRD, Aix-Marseille Université), ISSPAM, Equipe CAN-BIOS, Faculté de Médecine, Aix-Marseille Université, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin 13385 Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Killedar A, Hayes A. Research Note: Health economic modelling to inform the cost-effectiveness of physiotherapy interventions. J Physiother 2025; 71:139-142. [PMID: 40175236 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphys.2025.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2025] [Indexed: 04/04/2025] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anagha Killedar
- Leeder Centre for Health Policy, Economics and Data, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Alison Hayes
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
James LP, Stout NK, Avery TR, Stein S, Sands KE, Septimus EJ, Moody J, Blanchard EJ, Poland RE, Platt R, Huang SS. Universal vs Targeted Chlorhexidine Bathing and Nasal Decolonization in Hospitalized Patients. JAMA Netw Open 2025; 8:e250341. [PMID: 40063027 PMCID: PMC11894500 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.0341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2025] [Indexed: 03/14/2025] Open
Abstract
Importance The ABATE Infection trial investigated the effects of universal bacterial decolonization with chlorhexidine for patients in non-intensive care unit settings to reduce hospital-onset bacteremia and fungemia (HOB) events. Among patients with medical devices (central venous catheters, midline catheters, and lumbar drains), universal decolonization (UD) resulted in a significant and meaningful reduction in bacteremia compared with the standard of care (SOC), but cost-effectiveness is unclear. Objective To examine the cost-effectiveness of universal and targeted bathing strategies compared with SOC in general medical and surgical units. Design, Setting, and Participants A decision analytic model was constructed from June 1, 2021, to May 31, 2024, to simulate the frequency of HOB and costs under 3 strategies: SOC, UD, and targeted decolonization (TD). The model included a simulated cohort representative of the cluster-randomized ABATE Infection trial, which involved more than 500 000 participants across the US. Main Outcomes and Measures In TD, decolonization was administered for patients with medical devices only. Upstream costs of bathing and downstream costs of HOB, under payer and hospital perspectives were included. Parameters were informed by the ABATE Infection Trial and additional literature. Willingness-to-pay per HOB prevented was adopted as $25 000 for payers and $10 000 for hospitals. Sensitivity analyses were tailored to populations with different characteristics. Results The simulated cohort, based on the population from the ABATE trial, included 529 000 adult admissions with a mean (SD) age of 63 (18) years, 54% female, and 13% with a central venous catheter, midline catheter, or lumbar drain. In the base case, the SOC was least effective and most costly. Targeted decolonization was least costly and UD resulted in the fewest HOB events. Targeted decolonization was the cost-effective strategy from payer and hospital perspectives. Compared with TD, UD had an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $119 700 per HOB averted from the payer perspective, and $126 600 per HOB averted from the hospital perspective. Depending on willingness-to-pay, UD may be preferred in scenarios with a higher proportion of patients with medical devices, greater reductions in HOB from decolonizing in those with devices, and lower adherence under TD. Conclusions and Relevance In this decision analytic model studying universal and targeted bathing, TD was cost-effective under a broad range of scenarios for both hospital system and payer decision-makers. Universal decolonization was cost-effective in some scenarios, such as in specific units where many patients have medical devices or if it were difficult to implement a targeted approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lyndon P. James
- Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Center for Health Decision Science, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Natasha K. Stout
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Taliser R. Avery
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sarah Stein
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kenneth E. Sands
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- HCA Healthcare, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Edward J. Septimus
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Texas A&M College of Medicine and Memorial Hermann Health System, Houston, Texas
| | | | | | - Russell E. Poland
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- HCA Healthcare, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Richard Platt
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Susan S. Huang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mustaffa KH, Shafie AA, Ngu LH, Mohd-Rawi R. Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Idursulfase for the Long-Term Treatment of Hunter Syndrome Using a Partitioned-Survival Model Approach in R. Value Health Reg Issues 2025; 46:101089. [PMID: 39978289 DOI: 10.1016/j.vhri.2025.101089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 11/20/2024] [Accepted: 12/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2025]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hunter syndrome is among the costliest life-long genetic conditions associated with a substantial burden-of-illness and a significant impact on the health systems, families, and society. We estimated the cost-effectiveness of long-term enzyme replacement therapy with idursulfase versus the standard of care from a societal perspective using a streamlined modeling strategy in R. METHODS A de novo 4-state partitioned survival model was developed to compare lifetime cost and outcomes of 2 care models operationalized in R. The disease progression was based on independent survival modeling of relevant Kaplan-Meier data. The healthcare and out-of-pocket costs were drawn from the local setting. The quality of life was measured using the EQ5D5L and the time trade-off valuation of health-state vignettes that match the states in the model. Probabilistic and deterministic sensitivity analyses were conducted to test the uncertainty around the model results. RESULTS The lifetime incremental quality-adjusted life years were 4.1 years (95% CI, 2.37-5.68). Incremental costs were estimated to be $9.5 million (95% CI, 9.0 million-10.0 million), which primarily consists of drug costs (99%). The incremental costs per quality-adjusted life year were estimated to be approximately $2.4 million (95% CI, 1.7 million-3.8 million). Sensitivity analyses showed that the key drivers of incremental cost-effectiveness ratio were quality of life in the preprogression state and differential discounting approach, besides the acquisition cost of enzyme replacement therapy of idursulfase. CONCLUSIONS The incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were beyond any conventionally used cost-effectiveness threshold in all cases. At the current price, there is a significant discrepancy between the therapy's funding decision and the cost-effectiveness assessment as a basis for guiding healthcare prioritization in Malaysia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khairu Hazwan Mustaffa
- Department of Pharmacy, Sultanah Nur Zahirah Hospital, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia; Discipline of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Asrul Akmal Shafie
- Discipline of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Lock-Hock Ngu
- Department of Genetics, Kuala Lumpur Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rowani Mohd-Rawi
- Department of Paediatric, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chen Q, Hoyle M, Jeet V, Gu Y, Sinha K, Parkinson B. Unravelling the Association Between Uncertainties in Model-based Economic Analysis and Funding Recommendations of Medicines in Australia. PHARMACOECONOMICS 2025; 43:283-296. [PMID: 39546247 PMCID: PMC11825629 DOI: 10.1007/s40273-024-01446-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2024] [Indexed: 11/17/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Health technology assessment is used extensively by the Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee (PBAC) to inform medicine funding recommendations in Australia. The PBAC often does not recommend medicines due to uncertainties in economic modelling that result in delaying access to medicines for patients. The systematic identification of which uncertainties can be reduced with alternative evidence or the collection of additional data can help inform recommendations. This study aims to characterise different types of uncertainty in economic models and empirically assess their association with the PBAC recommendations. METHODS A framework was developed to characterise four types of uncertainties: methodological, structural, generalisability and parameter uncertainty. The first two types were further subcategorised into parameterisable and unparameterisable uncertainty. Data on uncertainty and other factors were extracted from PBAC's Public Summary Documents of first submissions for 193 medicine (vaccine)-indication pairs including economic modelling between 2014 and 2021. Logistic regression was used to estimate the average marginal effect of each type of uncertainty on the probability of a positive recommendation. RESULTS The PBAC more often raised issues regarding parameter uncertainty (95%) and parameterisable structural uncertainty (83%) than generalisability uncertainty (48%) and unparameterisable methodological uncertainty (56%). The logistic regression results suggested that the PBAC was more likely to recommend a medicine without unparameterisable methodological, generalisability, and parameterisable structural uncertainty by 15.0%, 10.2 %, and 17.6%, respectively. Parameterisable methodological, unparameterisable structural and parameter uncertainty were not significantly associated with the PBAC recommendations. CONCLUSIONS This study identified the uncertainties that had significant associations with PBAC recommendations based on the first submission. This may help improve model quality and reduce resubmissions in the future, thus improving patients' access to medicines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qunfei Chen
- Macquarie University Centre for the Health Economy, Macquarie Business School and the Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Martin Hoyle
- Macquarie University Centre for the Health Economy, Macquarie Business School and the Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Varinder Jeet
- Macquarie University Centre for the Health Economy, Macquarie Business School and the Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yuanyuan Gu
- Macquarie University Centre for the Health Economy, Macquarie Business School and the Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Kompal Sinha
- Department of Economics, Macquarie Business School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bonny Parkinson
- Macquarie University Centre for the Health Economy, Macquarie Business School and the Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Goudarzi Z, Najafpour Z, Gholami A, Keshavarz K, Mojahedian MM, Babayi MM. Cost-effectiveness and budget impact analysis of rivaroxaban with or without aspirin compared to aspirin alone in patients with coronary and peripheral artery diseases in Iran. BMC Health Serv Res 2025; 25:326. [PMID: 40025460 PMCID: PMC11871816 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-025-12431-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2025] [Indexed: 03/04/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-dose aspirin and rivaroxaban are the cornerstone treatment for cardiovascular prevention in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) and/or stable coronary artery disease (SCAD). The combination of rivaroxaban with aspirin imposes a synergistic effect on the inhibition of factor-induced platelet aggregation. The present work aimed at comparing the cost-utility and cost-effectiveness of rivaroxaban (2.5 mg twice daily) plus aspirin (100 mg once daily), rivaroxaban alone (5 mg twice daily) with aspirin alone in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) or coronary artery disease (CAD) and related subgroups. METHODS This pharmacoeconomic study was performed based on the insurance organization and utilized a state-transition decision Markov model. From the COMPASS trial, Clinical efficacy and Clinical events were collected. Health outcomes and cost were assessed over a 20-year time horizon (lifetime). The direct costs of medical services were included in the analysis. The results were stated based on Incremental Cost-Utility (ICUR) and Incremental Cost Effectiveness Ratio (ICER). Uncertainty was assessed utilizing deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses. Discount rates of .058 and .03 were included for cost and effectiveness data, respectively. The budget impact based on the Markov model was estimated as the financial burden resulting from the insurance coverage of rivaroxaban. RESULTS In the total of CAD and PAD patients, treatment with rivaroxaban plus aspirin and rivaroxaban alone were more expensive than the aspirin alone, but also more effective, resulting in ICUR being $4594/QALY and $13601/QALY respectively, and for ICER being $3348/LYG and $9901/LYG. In PAD patients rivaroxaban plus aspirin had higher effectiveness than aspirin alone that ICUR and ICER being $11929/QALY and $9896/LYG respectively. In CAD patients, treatment with rivaroxaban plus aspirin was expensive and less effective than aspirin alone. The estimated annual budget impact was $28,253,135 for the rivaroxaban plus aspirin and $292,593,909 for the rivaroxaban alone in the total of CAD and PAD patients. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that rivaroxaban plus aspirin is a cost-effective alternative in PAD and total of CAD and PAD patients. In CAD patients, rivaroxaban plus aspirin and rivaroxaban alone were not cost-effective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Goudarzi
- Health Human Resources Research Center, Department of Health Economics, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zhila Najafpour
- Department of Health Care Management, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Gholami
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Khosro Keshavarz
- Health Human Resources Research Center, Department of Health Economics, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Emergency Medicine Research Center, Faculty of Medical Information and Management, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Mojahedian
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacoeconomics, School of Pharmacy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Taeger F, Mende L, Fleßa S. Modelling epidemiological and economics processes - the case of cervical cancer. HEALTH ECONOMICS REVIEW 2025; 15:13. [PMID: 39985694 PMCID: PMC11846406 DOI: 10.1186/s13561-024-00589-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 12/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2025]
Abstract
Different types of mathematical models can be used to forecast the development of diseases as well as associated costs and analyse the cost-effectiveness of interventions. The set of models available to assess these parameters, reach from simple independent equations to highly complex agent-based simulations. For many diseases, it is simple to distinguish between infectious diseases and chronic-degenerative diseases. For infectious diseases, dynamic models are most appropriate because they allow for feedback from the number of infected to the number of new infections, while for the latter Markov models are more appropriate since this feedback is not required. However, for some diseases, the aforementioned distinction is not as clear. Cervical cancer, for instance, is caused by a sexually transmitted virus, and therefore falls under the definition of an infectious disease. However, once infected, the condition can progress to a chronic disease. Consequently, cervical cancer could be considered an infectious or a chronic-degenerative disease, depending on the stage of infection. In this paper, we will analyse the applicability of different mathematical models for epidemiological and economic processes focusing on cervical cancer. For this purpose, we will present the basic structure of different models. We will then conduct a literature analysis of the mathematical models used to predict the spread of cervical cancer. Based on these findings we will draw conclusions about which models can be used for which purpose and which disease. We conclude that each type of model has its advantages and disadvantages, but the choice of model type often seems arbitrary. In the case of cervical cancer, homogenous Markov models seem appropriate if a cohort of newly infected is followed for a shorter period, for instance, to assess the impact of screening programs. For long-term consequences, such as the impact of a vaccination program, a feedback loop from former infections to the future likelihood of infections is required. This can be done using system dynamics or inhomogeneous Markov models. Discrete event or agent-based simulations can be used in the case of cervical cancer when small cohorts or specific characteristics of individuals are required. However, these models require more effort than Markov or System Dynamics models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Taeger
- Department of Healthcare Management, University of Greifswald, Friedrich-Loeffler-Strasse 70, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lena Mende
- Department of Healthcare Management, University of Greifswald, Friedrich-Loeffler-Strasse 70, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Steffen Fleßa
- Department of Healthcare Management, University of Greifswald, Friedrich-Loeffler-Strasse 70, 17487, Greifswald, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Fleurence RL, Bian J, Wang X, Xu H, Dawoud D, Higashi M, Chhatwal J, ISPOR Working Group on Generative AI. Generative Artificial Intelligence for Health Technology Assessment: Opportunities, Challenges, and Policy Considerations: An ISPOR Working Group Report. VALUE IN HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2025; 28:175-183. [PMID: 39536966 PMCID: PMC11786987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2024.10.3846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 10/19/2024] [Accepted: 10/22/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To provide an introduction to the uses of generative artificial intelligence (AI) and foundation models, including large language models, in the field of health technology assessment (HTA). METHODS We reviewed applications of generative AI in 3 areas: systematic literature reviews, real-world evidence, and health economic modeling. RESULTS (1) Literature reviews: generative AI has the potential to assist in automating aspects of systematic literature reviews by proposing search terms, screening abstracts, extracting data, and generating code for meta-analyses; (2) real-world evidence: generative AI can facilitate automating processes and analyze large collections of real-world data, including unstructured clinical notes and imaging; (3) health economic modeling: generative AI can aid in the development of health economic models, from conceptualization to validation. Limitations in the use of foundation models and large language models include challenges surrounding their scientific rigor and reliability, the potential for bias, implications for equity, as well as nontrivial concerns regarding adherence to regulatory and ethical standards, particularly in terms of data privacy and security. Additionally, we survey the current policy landscape and provide suggestions for HTA agencies on responsibly integrating generative AI into their workflows, emphasizing the importance of human oversight and the fast-evolving nature of these tools. CONCLUSIONS Although generative AI technology holds promise with respect to HTA applications, it is still undergoing rapid developments and improvements. Continued careful evaluation of their applications to HTA is required. Both developers and users of research incorporating these tools, should familiarize themselves with their current capabilities and limitations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachael L Fleurence
- Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Jiang Bian
- Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Biomedical Informatics, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Office of Data Science and Research Implementation, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA; Intelligent Medical Objects, Rosemont, IL, USA
| | - Hua Xu
- Department of Biomedical Informatics and Data Science, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dalia Dawoud
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, London, England, UK; Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mitchell Higashi
- ISPOR-The Professional Society for Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA
| | - Jagpreet Chhatwal
- Institute for Technology Assessment, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Center for Health Decision Science, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Jiang S, Guzauskas GF, Garbett S, Graves JA, Williams MS, Hao J, Zhu J, Jarvik GP, Carlson JJ, Peterson JF, Veenstra DL. Cost-effectiveness of population-wide genomic screening for Lynch Syndrome and polygenic risk scores to inform colorectal cancer screening. Genet Med 2025; 27:101285. [PMID: 39360752 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2024.101285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 09/24/2024] [Accepted: 09/25/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Genomic screening to identify individuals with Lynch Syndrome (LS) and those with a high polygenic risk score (PRS) promises to personalize colorectal cancer (CRC) screening. Understanding its clinical and economic impact is needed to inform screening guidelines and reimbursement policies. METHODS We developed a Markov model to simulate individuals over a lifetime. We compared LS+PRS genomic screening with standard of care (SOC) for a cohort of US adults at age 30. The Markov model included health states of no CRC, CRC stages (A-D), and death. We estimated incidence, mortality, and discounted economic outcomes of the population under different interventions. RESULTS Screening 1000 individuals for LS+PRS resulted in 1.36 fewer CRC cases and 0.65 fewer deaths compared with SOC. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was $124,415 per quality-adjusted life year; screening had a 69% probability of being cost-effective using a willingness-to-pay threshold of $150,000/quality-adjusted life year . Setting the PRS threshold at the 90th percentile of the LS+PRS screening program to define individuals at high risk was most likely to be cost-effective compared with 95th, 85th, and 80th percentiles. CONCLUSION Population-level LS+PRS screening is marginally cost-effective, and a threshold of 90th percentile is more likely to be cost-effective than other thresholds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shangqing Jiang
- The Comparative Health Outcomes, Policy, and Economics (CHOICE) Institute, Department of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Gregory F Guzauskas
- The Comparative Health Outcomes, Policy, and Economics (CHOICE) Institute, Department of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Shawn Garbett
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - John A Graves
- Department of Health Policy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | | | - Jing Hao
- Department of Genomic Health, Geisinger, Danville, PA; Department of Population Health Sciences, Geisinger, Danville, PA
| | - Jinyi Zhu
- Department of Health Policy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Gail P Jarvik
- Departments of Medicine (Medical Genetics) and Genome Sciences, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Josh J Carlson
- The Comparative Health Outcomes, Policy, and Economics (CHOICE) Institute, Department of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Josh F Peterson
- Department of Biomedical Informatics and Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - David L Veenstra
- The Comparative Health Outcomes, Policy, and Economics (CHOICE) Institute, Department of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Xie X, Schaink AK, Gajic-Veljanoski O, Yeung MW, Wang M, Li C, Ungar WJ. A methodological guide for implementing and interpreting results of probabilistic analysis. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2025; 25:123-135. [PMID: 39431603 DOI: 10.1080/14737167.2024.2416255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 10/09/2024] [Indexed: 10/22/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Probabilistic analysis, also referred to as probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA), is used extensively in cost-effectiveness evaluations of health technologies. We present methodological guidance for implementing probabilistic analysis and interpreting its results for policy and decision-making. METHODS We review the methodological issues related to common practices in probabilistic analysis, explore aspects that are currently not widely addressed in the health economics literature, and provide an overview of recent methodological developments. RESULTS We use examples to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of common tools used for presenting probabilistic analysis results, including the cost-effectiveness acceptability curve (CEAC), cost-effectiveness acceptability frontier (CEAF), and value of information (VOI) analysis. We raise and address issues related to using Monte Carlo standard error to determine the number of iterations required, the implications of large uncertainty, and the credibility and meaningfulness of small differences in quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). We then discuss evolving methods in probabilistic analysis, cautious uses of probabilistic analysis, and factors impacting parameter uncertainty. CONCLUSIONS A deeper understanding of probabilistic analysis methods enables health economists and decision-makers to more effectively address and interpret parameter uncertainty in health economic evaluations, which is essential for making informed policy decisions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuanqian Xie
- Health Technology Assessment Program, Ontario Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alexis K Schaink
- Health Technology Assessment Program, Ontario Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Man Wah Yeung
- Centre for Vaccine and Therapeutics Readiness, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Myra Wang
- Health Technology Assessment Program, Ontario Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chunmei Li
- Health Technology Assessment Program, Ontario Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Wendy J Ungar
- Program of Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
van Mossel S, de Feria Cardet RE, de Geus-Oei LF, Vriens D, Koffijberg H, Saing S. A Systematic Literature Review of Modelling Approaches to Evaluate the Cost Effectiveness of PET/CT for Therapy Response Monitoring in Oncology. PHARMACOECONOMICS 2025; 43:133-151. [PMID: 39488797 PMCID: PMC11782410 DOI: 10.1007/s40273-024-01447-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2024] [Indexed: 11/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE This systematic literature review addresses model-based cost-effectiveness studies for therapy response monitoring with positron emission tomography (PET) generally combined with low-dose computed tomography (CT) for various cancer types. Given the known heterogeneity in therapy response events, studies should consider patient-level modelling rather than cohort-based modelling because of its flexibility in handling these events and the time to events. This review aims to identify the modelling methods used and includes a systematic assessment of the assumptions made in the current literature. METHODS This study was conducted and reported following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 statement. Information sources included electronic bibliographic databases, reference lists of review articles and contact with experts in the fields of nuclear medicine, health technology assessment and health economics. Eligibility criteria included peer-reviewed scientific publications and published grey literature. Literature searches, screening and critical appraisal were conducted by two reviewers independently. The Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) were used to assess the methodological quality. The Bias in Economic Evaluation (ECOBIAS) checklist was used to determine the risk of bias in the included publications. RESULTS The search results included 2959 publications. The number of publications included for data extraction and synthesis was ten, representing eight unique studies. These studies addressed patients with lymphoma, advanced head and neck cancers, brain tumours, non-small cell lung cancer and cervical cancer. All studies addressed response to chemotherapy. No study evaluated response to immunotherapy. Most studies positioned PET/CT as an add-on modality and one study positioned PET/CT as a replacement for conventional imaging (X-ray and contrast-enhanced CT). Three studies reported decision-tree structures, four studies reported cohort-level state-transition models and one study reported a partitioned survival model. No patient-level models were reported. The simulation horizons adopted ranged from 1 year to lifetime. Most studies reported a probabilistic analysis, whereas two studies reported a deterministic analysis only. Two studies conducted a value of information analysis. Multiple studies did not adequately discuss model-specific aspects of bias. Most importantly and regularly observed were a high risk of structural assumptions bias, limited simulation horizon bias and wrong model bias. CONCLUSIONS Model-based cost-effectiveness analysis for therapy response monitoring with PET/CT was based on cohorts of patients instead of individual patients in the current literature. Therefore, the heterogeneity in therapy response events was commonly not addressed appropriately. Further research should include more advanced and patient-level modelling approaches to accurately represent the complex context of clinical practice and, therefore, to be meaningful to support decision making. REGISTRATION This review is registered in PROSPERO, the international prospective register of systematic reviews funded by the National Institute for Health Research, with CRD42023402581.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sietse van Mossel
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Biomedical Photonic Imaging Group, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Lioe-Fee de Geus-Oei
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Biomedical Photonic Imaging Group, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
- Radiation Science and Technology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis Vriens
- Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik Koffijberg
- Health Technology and Services Research, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Sopany Saing
- Centre for Health Economics Research and Evaluation, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Health Technology and Services Research, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ramsay D, McDonald W, Thompson M, Erickson N, Gow S, Osgood ND, Waldner C. Contagious acquisition of antimicrobial resistance is critical for explaining emergence in western Canadian feedlots-insights from an agent-based modelling tool. Front Vet Sci 2025; 11:1466986. [PMID: 39867600 PMCID: PMC11758982 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1466986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 12/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2025] Open
Abstract
Introduction Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing threat to the efficacy of antimicrobials in humans and animals, including those used to control bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in high-risk calves entering western Canadian feedlots. Successful mitigation strategies require an improved understanding of the epidemiology of AMR. Specifically, the relative contributions of antimicrobial use (AMU) and contagious transmission to AMR emergence in animal populations are unknown. Materials and methods A stochastic, continuous-time agent-based model (ABM) was developed to explore the dynamics of population-level AMR in Mannheimia haemolytica in pens of high-risk cattle on a typical western Canadian feedlot. The model was directly informed and parameterized with proprietary data from partner veterinary practices and AMU/AMR surveillance data where possible. Hypotheses about how AMR emerges in the feedlot environment were represented by model configurations in which detectable AMR was impacted by (1) only selection arising from AMU; (2) only transmission between animals in the same pen; and (3) both AMU-linked selection and transmission. Automated calibration experiments were used to estimate unknown parameters of interest for select antimicrobial classes. Calibrated parameter values were used in a series of Monte Carlo experiments to generate simulated outputs at both the pen and feedlot levels. Key model outputs included the prevalence of AMR by class at multiple time points across the feeding period. This study compared the relative performances of these model configurations with respect to reproducing empirical AMR data. Results Across all antimicrobial classes of interest, model configurations which included the potential for contagious acquisition of AMR offered stronger fits to the empirical data. Notably, sensitivity analyses demonstrated that model outputs were more robust to changes in the assumptions underscoring AMU than to those affecting the likelihood of transmission. Discussion This study establishes a feedlot simulation tool that can be used to explore questions related to antimicrobial stewardship in the context of BRD management. The ABM stands out for its unique hierarchical depiction of AMR in a commercial feedlot and its grounding in robust epidemiological data. Future experiments will allow for both AMU-linked selection and transmission of AMR and can accommodate parameter modifications as required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dana Ramsay
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Wade McDonald
- Department of Computer Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Michelle Thompson
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Nathan Erickson
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Sheryl Gow
- Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance, Public Health Agency of Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Nathaniel D. Osgood
- Department of Computer Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Cheryl Waldner
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Yu C, Wu Y, Geng Y, Yan H, Zhu P, Ji P, Wu F, Ning L, Feng Y, Shen A. Cost-effectiveness of the addition of sintilimab as a first-line therapy for locally advanced or metastatic oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a Chinese healthcare system perspective. HEALTH ECONOMICS REVIEW 2025; 15:2. [PMID: 39792238 PMCID: PMC11720610 DOI: 10.1186/s13561-024-00588-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2025]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ORIENT-15 double-blind randomized controlled trial demonstrated that the addition of sintilimab to chemotherapy for locally advanced or metastatic oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) resulted in better clinical outcomes. In this analysis, we sought to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of sintilimab as a first-line treatment for locally advanced or metastatic OSCC from a healthcare system perspective in China. METHODS A partitioned survival model was constructed to perform a cost-effectiveness analysis comparing chemotherapy alone with sintilimab for locally advanced or metastatic OSCC patients. Clinical data were obtained from the ORIENT-15 trial and extrapolated to 10 years. Health state utilities and costs were sourced from the literature and from public healthcare institutions. The primary outcomes included the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). Two different sensitivity analyses, one-way and probabilistic, were performed to assess model uncertainty. RESULTS Sintilimab-based chemotherapy was more costly ($31699.21 vs. $20687.42) and more effective (0.74 vs. 0.53) than placebo-based chemotherapy, resulting in an ICER of $51908.19 /QALY, which is greater than the willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold of China ($38223/QALY). Sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the PFS and cost of sintilimab were the major influencing factors affecting the results. CONCLUSIONS In patients with locally advanced or metastatic OSCC, sintilimab chemotherapy could improve survival time and health benefits compared with traditional chemotherapy, but the present analysis suggests that sintilimab is not a cost-effective treatment option in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cuicui Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
- Technology of China/Anhui Technology Center for Clinical Comprehensive Evaluation of Drugs, Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Yingqi Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
- Technology of China/Anhui Technology Center for Clinical Comprehensive Evaluation of Drugs, Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Yadi Geng
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
- Technology of China/Anhui Technology Center for Clinical Comprehensive Evaluation of Drugs, Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Hui Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
- Technology of China/Anhui Technology Center for Clinical Comprehensive Evaluation of Drugs, Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Pengli Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
- Technology of China/Anhui Technology Center for Clinical Comprehensive Evaluation of Drugs, Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Peng Ji
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
- Technology of China/Anhui Technology Center for Clinical Comprehensive Evaluation of Drugs, Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Fei Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
- Technology of China/Anhui Technology Center for Clinical Comprehensive Evaluation of Drugs, Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Lijuan Ning
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
- Technology of China/Anhui Technology Center for Clinical Comprehensive Evaluation of Drugs, Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Yubin Feng
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
- Technology of China/Anhui Technology Center for Clinical Comprehensive Evaluation of Drugs, Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Aizong Shen
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China.
- Technology of China/Anhui Technology Center for Clinical Comprehensive Evaluation of Drugs, Hefei, 230001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Botwright S, Sittimart M, Chavarina KK, Bayani DBS, Merlin T, Surgey G, Suharlim C, Espinoza MA, Culyer AJ, Oortwijn W, Teerawattananon Y. Good Practices for Health Technology Assessment Guideline Development: A Report of the Health Technology Assessment International, HTAsiaLink, and ISPOR Special Task Force. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 2025; 40:e74. [PMID: 39760423 DOI: 10.1017/s0266462324004719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2025]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Health technology assessment (HTA) guidelines are intended to support the successful implementation of HTA by enhancing consistency and transparency in concepts, methods, processes, and use, thereby enhancing the legitimacy of the decision-making process. This report lays out good practices and practical recommendations for developing or updating HTA guidelines to ensure successful implementation. METHODS The task force was established in 2022 and comprised experts and academics from various geographical regions, each with substantial experience in developing HTA guidelines for national health policy making. Literature reviews and key informant interviews were conducted to inform these good practices. Stakeholder consultations, open peer reviews, and expert opinions validated the recommendations. A series of teleconferences among task force members was held to iteratively refine the report. RESULTS The recommendations cover six key aspects throughout the guideline development cycle: (1) setting objectives, scope, and principles of the guideline, (2) building a team for a quality guideline, (3) defining a stakeholder engagement plan, (4) developing content and utilizing available resources, (5) putting in place appropriate institutional arrangements, and (6) monitoring and evaluating guideline success. CONCLUSION This report presents a set of resources and context-appropriate practices for developing or updating HTA guidelines. Across all contexts, the recommendations emphasize transparency, building trust among stakeholders, and fostering a culture of ongoing learning and improvement. The report recommends timing development and revision of guidelines according to the HTA landscape and pace of HTA institutionalization. Because HTA is increasingly used to inform different kinds of decision making in a variety of country contexts, it will be important to continue to monitor lessons learned to ensure the recommendations remain relevant and effective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan Botwright
- Health Intervention and Technology Assessment Program (HITAP), Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
- University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Manit Sittimart
- Health Intervention and Technology Assessment Program (HITAP), Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Kinanti Khansa Chavarina
- Health Intervention and Technology Assessment Program (HITAP), Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | | | - Tracy Merlin
- Adelaide Health Technology Assessment (AHTA), The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Gavin Surgey
- Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Anthony J Culyer
- Center for Health Economics, University of York, York, England, UK
| | - Wija Oortwijn
- Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Yot Teerawattananon
- Health Intervention and Technology Assessment Program (HITAP), Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Manenti L, Marcellusi A, Di Brino E, Aiello A, Barugolo A, Berto P, Soro M. Cost effectiveness of difelikefalin for the treatment of patients with chronic kidney disease-associated pruritus undergoing hemodialysis in Italy. J Nephrol 2025; 38:251-259. [PMID: 39514176 PMCID: PMC11903552 DOI: 10.1007/s40620-024-02144-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 10/23/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD)-associated pruritus is a condition that strongly impacts CKD patients and is associated with increased morbidity/mortality, and worse health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Difelikefalin is currently the only drug approved in Europe specifically for treating moderate to severe CKD-associated pruritus in patients undergoing hemodialysis. The KALM-1 and KALM-2 trials showed better efficacy of difelikefalin vs placebo and best supportive care. The aim of this study was to investigate the cost-effectiveness of difelikefalin according to the Italian National Health Service (NHS) perspective. METHODS A cohort model represented by four health states (No, Mild, Moderate, and Severe pruritus) was adapted to the Italian setting. The model used data from the KALM-1 and -2 trials for efficacy, integrated with other publications for HRQoL estimations. To assess the cost of disease management, a recent Italian publication on CKD-associated pruritus was used and a price of €27 per difelikefalin vial was assumed. The base case analysis over a 15-year time horizon, and an additional 10-year scenario analysis, were established. Additionally, both deterministic univariate analysis and probabilistic multivariate sensitivity analyses were developed. Discount rates of 3% were applied. An acceptability threshold of 40,000 €/quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) was considered. RESULTS The results show that difelikefalin plus best supportive care is cost-effective vs best supportive care alone, with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, in the base case, of €35,823/QALY. Both the scenario and sensitivity analyses confirmed the strength of the results. CONCLUSIONS Difelikefalin was found to be a cost-effective treatment for the Italian NHS. These results support its reimbursement and its inclusion in routine clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Manenti
- UOC Nefrologia e Dialisi. ASL 5 Liguria, La Spezia, Italy
| | - Andrea Marcellusi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences - DISFARM, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Eugenio Di Brino
- Altems Advisory, spin-off dell'Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Marco Soro
- Global Value Access & Policy, CSL Vifor, Glattbrugg, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Dakin HA, Gao N, Leal J, Holman RR, Tran-Duy A, Clarke P. Using QALYs as an Outcome for Assessing Global Prediction Accuracy in Diabetes Simulation Models. Med Decis Making 2025; 45:45-59. [PMID: 39474832 PMCID: PMC11645849 DOI: 10.1177/0272989x241285866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 12/14/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES (1) To demonstrate the use of quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) as an outcome measure for comparing performance between simulation models and identifying the most accurate model for economic evaluation and health technology assessment. QALYs relate directly to decision making and combine mortality and diverse clinical events into a single measure using evidence-based weights that reflect population preferences. (2) To explore the usefulness of Q2, the proportional reduction in error, as a model performance metric and compare it with other metrics: mean squared error (MSE), mean absolute error, bias (mean residual), and R2. METHODS We simulated all EXSCEL trial participants (N = 14,729) using the UK Prospective Diabetes Study Outcomes Model software versions 1 (UKPDS-OM1) and 2 (UKPDS-OM2). The EXSCEL trial compared once-weekly exenatide with placebo (median 3.2-y follow-up). Default UKPDS-OM2 utilities were used to estimate undiscounted QALYs over the trial period based on the observed events and survival. These were compared with the QALYs predicted by UKPDS-OM1/2 for the same period. RESULTS UKPDS-OM2 predicted patients' QALYs more accurately than UKPDS-OM1 did (MSE: 0.210 v. 0.253; Q2: 0.822 v. 0.786). UKPDS-OM2 underestimated QALYs by an average of 0.127 versus 0.150 for UKPDS-OM1. UKPDS-OM2 predictions were more accurate for mortality, myocardial infarction, and stroke, whereas UKPDS-OM1 better predicted blindness and heart disease. Q2 facilitated comparisons between subgroups and (unlike R2) was lower for biased predictors. CONCLUSIONS Q2 for QALYs was useful for comparing global prediction accuracy (across all clinical events) of diabetes models. It could be used for model registries, choosing between simulation models for economic evaluation and evaluating the impact of recalibration. Similar methods could be used in other disease areas. HIGHLIGHTS Diabetes simulation models are currently validated by examining their ability to predict the incidence of individual events (e.g., myocardial infarction, stroke, amputation) or composite events (e.g., first major adverse cardiovascular event).We introduce Q2, the proportional reduction in error, as a measure that may be useful for evaluating and comparing the prediction accuracy of econometric or simulation models.We propose using the Q2 or mean squared error for QALYs as global measures of model prediction accuracy when comparing diabetes models' performance for health technology assessment; these can be used to select the most accurate simulation model for economic evaluation and to evaluate the impact of model recalibration in diabetes or other conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen A. Dakin
- Health Economics Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Ni Gao
- Health Economics Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, UK
- Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York, UK
| | - José Leal
- Health Economics Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Rury R. Holman
- Diabetes Trials Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - An Tran-Duy
- Centre for Health Policy, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Philip Clarke
- Health Economics Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Centanni M, Nijhuis J, Karlsson MO, Friberg LE. Comparative Analysis of Traditional and Pharmacometric-Based Pharmacoeconomic Modeling in the Cost-Utility Evaluation of Sunitinib Therapy. PHARMACOECONOMICS 2025; 43:31-43. [PMID: 39327347 PMCID: PMC11724784 DOI: 10.1007/s40273-024-01438-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cost-utility analyses (CUAs) increasingly use models to predict long-term outcomes and translate trial data to real-world settings. Model structure uncertainty affects these predictions. This study compares pharmacometric against traditional pharmacoeconomic model evaluations for CUAs of sunitinib in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). METHODS A two-arm trial comparing sunitinib 37.5 mg daily with no treatment was simulated using a pharmacometric-based pharmacoeconomic model framework. Overall, four existing models [time-to-event (TTE) and Markov models] were re-estimated to the survival data and linked to logistic regression models describing the toxicity data [neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, hypertension, fatigue, and hand-foot syndrome (HFS)] to create traditional pharmacoeconomic model frameworks. All five frameworks were used to simulate clinical outcomes and sunitinib treatment costs, including a therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) scenario. RESULTS The pharmacometric model framework predicted that sunitinib treatment costs an additional 142,756 euros per quality adjusted life year (QALY) compared with no treatment, with deviations - 21.2% (discrete Markov), - 15.1% (continuous Markov), + 7.2% (TTE Weibull), and + 39.6% (TTE exponential) from the traditional model frameworks. The pharmacometric framework captured the change in toxicity over treatment cycles (e.g., increased HFS incidence until cycle 4 with a decrease thereafter), a pattern not observed in the pharmacoeconomic frameworks (e.g., stable HFS incidence over all treatment cycles). Furthermore, the pharmacoeconomic frameworks excessively forecasted the percentage of patients encountering subtherapeutic concentrations of sunitinib over the course of time (pharmacoeconomic: 24.6% at cycle 2 to 98.7% at cycle 16, versus pharmacometric: 13.7% at cycle 2 to 34.1% at cycle 16). CONCLUSIONS Model structure significantly influences CUA predictions. The pharmacometric-based model framework more closely represented real-world toxicity trends and drug exposure changes. The relevance of these findings depends on the specific question a CUA seeks to address.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Centanni
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Janine Nijhuis
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats O Karlsson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena E Friberg
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bessa AB, Cristelli MP, Felipe CR, Foresto RD, Fonseca MCM, Pestana JM, Tedesco-Silva H. Real-world cost-effectiveness analysis of thymoglobulin versus no induction therapy in kidney transplant recipients at low risk of graft loss. J Bras Nefrol 2025; 47:e20240060. [PMID: 39776149 PMCID: PMC11772011 DOI: 10.1590/2175-8239-jbn-2024-0060en] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 10/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A new induction therapy strategy of a single 3 mg/kg dose of rabbit antithymocyte globulin (r-ATG) showed a lower incidence of acute rejection. METHODS The objective of this study was to use real-world data to determine the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of r-ATG induction for the prevention of acute rejection (AR) in the first year following kidney transplantation and for kidney graft survival over 1, 4, and 10 years of post-transplantation from the perspective of the national public healthcare system. A Markov state transition model was developed utilizing real-world data extracted from medical invoices from a single center. The study population consisted of adults at low immunological risk undergoing their initial transplantation and received kidneys from either living or deceased donors. The intervention of r-ATG induction was compared to no induction. The clinical outcomes considered for this analysis were acute rejection, cytomegalovirus infection/disease, death, graft loss, and retransplantation. RESULTS The cost-effectiveness analysis in the first year revealed that the r-ATG group was more cost-effective, with an ICER of US$ 399.96 per avoided AR episode, an effectiveness gain of 0.01 year in graft survival and a total incremental cost of US$ 147.50. The 4- and 10-year analyses revealed an effectiveness gain of 0.06 and 0.16 years in graft survival in the r-ATG induction group, and a total incremental cost of US$ -321.68 and US$ -2,440.62, respectively. CONCLUSION The single 3 mg/kg dose of r-ATG is cost-effective in preventing acute rejection episodes and dominant in the long term of transplantation, conferring survival gain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrieli Barros Bessa
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Renato Demarchi Foresto
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Fundação Oswaldo Ramos, Hospital do Rim, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Cunio Machado Fonseca
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Ginecologia, Núcleo de Avaliação em Tecnologias em Saúde, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jose Medina Pestana
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Fundação Oswaldo Ramos, Hospital do Rim, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Helio Tedesco-Silva
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Fundação Oswaldo Ramos, Hospital do Rim, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Dawkins B, Shinkins B, Ensor T, Jayne D, Meads D. Incorporating healthcare access and equity in economic evaluations: a scoping review of guidelines. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 2024; 40:e59. [PMID: 39552285 PMCID: PMC11579673 DOI: 10.1017/s0266462324000618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 09/15/2024] [Indexed: 11/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND International development agendas increasingly push for access to healthcare for all through universal healthcare coverage. Health economic evaluations and health technology assessment (HTA) could provide evidence to support this but do not routinely incorporate consideration of equitable access. METHODS We undertook an international scoping review of health economic evaluation and HTA guidelines to examine how well issues of healthcare access and equity are represented, evidence recommendations, and gaps in current guidance to support evidence generation in this area. Guidelines were sourced from guideline repositories and websites of international agencies and organizations providing best practice methods guidance. Articles providing methods guidance for the conduct of HTA, or health economic evaluation, were included, except where they were not available in English and a suitable translation could not be obtained. RESULTS The search yielded forty-seven national, four international, and nine independent guidelines, along with eighty-six articles providing specific methods guidance. The inclusion of equity and access considerations in current guidance is extremely limited. Where they do feature, detail on specific methods for providing evidence on these issues is sparse. DISCUSSION Economic evaluation could be a valuable tool to provide evidence for the best healthcare strategies that not only maximize health but also ensure equitable access to care for all. Such evidence would be invaluable in supporting progress towards universal healthcare coverage. Clear guidance is required to ensure evaluations provide evidence on the best strategies to support equitable access to healthcare, but such guidance rarely exists in current best practice and guidance documents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryony Dawkins
- Academic Unit of Health Economics, Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Bethany Shinkins
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Tim Ensor
- Nuffield Centre for International Health and Development, Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - David Jayne
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James’s, University of Leeds, St James’s University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - David Meads
- Academic Unit of Health Economics, Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Nicholson CP, Saxton A, Young K, Smith ER, Shrime MG, Fielder J, Catena T, Rice HE. Cost effectiveness and return on investment analysis for surgical care in a conflict-affected region of Sudan. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 4:e0003712. [PMID: 39495736 PMCID: PMC11534226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0003712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 10/06/2024] [Indexed: 11/06/2024]
Abstract
The delivery of healthcare in conflict-affected regions places tremendous strains to health systems, and the economic value of surgical care in conflict settings remains poorly understood. Our aims were to evaluate the cost-effectiveness, societal economic benefits, and return on investment (ROI) for surgical care in a conflict-affected region in Sudan. We conducted a retrospective study of surgical care from January to December 2022 at the Mother of Mercy-Gidel Hospital (MMH) in the Nuba Mountains of Sudan, a semi-autonomous region characterized by chronic and cyclical conflict. We collected data on all patients undergoing surgical procedures (n = 3016), including age, condition, and procedure. We used the MMH budget and financial statements to measure direct medical and non-medical expenditures (costs) for care. We estimated the proportion of expenditures for surgical care through a survey of surgical vs non-surgical beds. The benefits of care were calculated as averted disability-adjusted life-years (DALYa) based on predicted outcomes for the most common 81% of procedures, and then extrapolated to the overall cohort. We calculated the average cost-effectiveness ratio (CER) of care. The societal economic benefits of surgical care were modeled using a human capital approach, and we performed a ROI analysis. Uncertainty was estimated using sensitivity analysis. We found that the CER for all surgical care was $72.54/DALYa. This CER is far less than the gross domestic product per capita in the comparator economy of South Sudan ($585), qualifying it as very cost-effective by World Health Organization standards. The total societal economic impact of surgical care was $9,124,686, yielding a greater than 14:1 ROI ratio. Sensitivity analysis confirmed confidence in all output models. Surgical care in this conflict-affected region of Sudan is very cost-effective, provides substantial societal economic benefits, and a high return on investment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C. Phifer Nicholson
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Anthony Saxton
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - Emily R. Smith
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke Center for Global Surgery and Health Equity, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Mark G. Shrime
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Mercy Ships, Garden Valley, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jon Fielder
- African Mission Healthcare, Kenya, United States of America
| | | | - Henry E. Rice
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke Center for Global Surgery and Health Equity, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kwon JS, McTaggart-Cowan H, Ferguson SE, Samouëlian V, Lambaudie E, Guyon F, Tidy J, Williamson K, Gleeson N, de Kroon C, van Driel W, Mahner S, Hanker L, Goffin F, Berger R, Eyjólfsdóttir B, Kim JW, Brotto LA, Pataky R, Yeung SST, Chan KKW, Cheung MC, Ubi J, Tu D, Shepherd LE, Plante M. Cost-effectiveness analysis of simple hysterectomy compared to radical hysterectomy for early cervical cancer: analysis from the GCIG/CCTG CX.5/SHAPE trial. J Gynecol Oncol 2024; 35:e117. [PMID: 39453395 PMCID: PMC11543249 DOI: 10.3802/jgo.2024.35.e117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 09/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 10/26/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE SHAPE (Simple Hysterectomy And PElvic node assessment) was an international phase III trial demonstrating that simple hysterectomy was non-inferior to radical hysterectomy for pelvic recurrence risk, but superior for quality of life and sexual health. The objective was to conduct a cost-effectiveness analysis comparing simple vs. radical hysterectomy for low-risk early-stage cervical cancer. METHODS Markov model compared the costs and benefits of simple vs. radical hysterectomy for early cervical cancer over a 5-year time horizon. Quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) were estimated from health utilities derived from EQ-5D-3L surveys. Sensitivity analyses accounted for uncertainty around key parameters. Monte Carlo simulation estimated complication numbers according to surgical procedure. RESULTS Simple hysterectomy was more effective and less costly than radical hysterectomy. Average overall costs were $11,022 and $12,533, and average gains were 3.56 and 3.54 QALYs for simple and radical hysterectomy, respectively. Baseline health utility scores were 0.81 and 0.83 for simple and radical hysterectomy, respectively. By year 3, these scores improved for simple hysterectomy (0.82) but not for radical hysterectomy (0.82). Assuming 800 early cervical cancer patients annually in Canada, the model estimated 3 vs. 82 patients with urinary retention, and 49 vs. 86 patients with urinary incontinence persisting 4 weeks after simple vs. radical hysterectomy, respectively. Results were most sensitive to variability in health utilities after surgery, but stable through wide ranges of costs and recurrence estimates. CONCLUSION Simple hysterectomy is less costly and more effective in terms of quality-adjusted life expectancy compared to radical hysterectomy for early cervical cancer. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01658930.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - John Tidy
- Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Cor de Kroon
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Lars Hanker
- University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lubeck, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Jae-Weon Kim
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | - Kelvin K W Chan
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre and Odette Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Matthew C Cheung
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre and Odette Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Juliana Ubi
- Canadian Cancer Trials Group, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Dongsheng Tu
- Canadian Cancer Trials Group, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Lois E Shepherd
- Canadian Cancer Trials Group, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Marie Plante
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Soares M, Colson A, Bojke L, Ghabri S, Garay OU, Felli JK, Lee K, Molsen-David E, Morales-Napoles O, Shaffer VA, IJzerman MJ. Recommendations on the Use of Structured Expert Elicitation Protocols for Healthcare Decision Making: A Good Practices Report of an ISPOR Task Force. VALUE IN HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2024; 27:1469-1478. [PMID: 39505473 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2024.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 11/08/2024]
Abstract
Healthcare decision making, including regulatory and reimbursement decisions, is based on uncertain assessments of clinical and economic value. This arises from the evidence supporting those assessments being uncertain, incomplete, or even absent. Qualitative, structured expert elicitation (SEE) is a valuable tool for extracting expert knowledge about an uncertain quantity and formulating that knowledge as a probability distribution. This creates a useful input to decision modeling and support, particularly in areas with limited evidence, such as advanced therapy products, precision medicine, rare diagnoses, and other areas with high uncertainty. Structured SEE protocols are used to improve the transparency, accuracy, and consistency of quantitative judgments from experts, limiting the effect of heuristics and biases. This task force report introduces 5 commonly used protocols for SEE (Sheffield elicitation framework; modified Delphi method; Cooke's classical method; investigate, discuss, estimate, aggregate protocol; and the Medical Research Council reference protocol). It describes the common elements of SEE, discusses how these protocols differ in their implementation of those elements and illustrates the use of the protocols. The report then reviews the relevant constraints on implementing SEE within the context of healthcare decision making and considers the strengths and weaknesses of these protocols in light of those considerations. Because this is an introductory report on an emerging topic, specific recommendations on practice are not made. However, there are broad recommendations based on the suitability of the different protocols in various decision contexts. The report concludes with recommendations for further research to better guide future practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Soares
- Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York, England, UK
| | - Abigail Colson
- Department of Management Science, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Laura Bojke
- Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York, England, UK
| | - Salah Ghabri
- Department of Medical Evaluation, HAS, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Karen Lee
- Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH), Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Molsen-David
- ISPOR-Professional Society for Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA
| | | | - Victoria A Shaffer
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Maarten J IJzerman
- University of Melbourne, School of Population and Global Health, Parkville, Australia; Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Borrelli EP, Saad P, Barnes NE, Nelkin H, Dumitru D, Lucaci JD. Enhancing Outcomes in Opioid Use Disorder Treatment: An Economic Evaluation of Improving Medication Adherence for Buprenorphine Through Blister-Packaging. Subst Abuse Rehabil 2024; 15:209-222. [PMID: 39463862 PMCID: PMC11512561 DOI: 10.2147/sar.s484831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 10/11/2024] [Indexed: 10/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The opioid epidemic has severely impacted the US over the last 15 years. Buprenorphine is a partial opioid agonist indicated for the treatment of opioid use disorder (OUD) and is recognized as an effective treatment when taken as prescribed. However, adherence rates have been low in real-world settings. Blister-packaging has been shown to promote medication adherence across a variety of disease states, although it has never been studied in OUD. Methods An economic analysis was conducted to assess the impact of increased adherence of blister-packaged buprenorphine on health care resource utilization (HCRU) and health care costs for 10,000 patients initiating therapy for OUD. The model analyzed a commercially insured population within the US over a one-year time horizon. Medication adherence was defined in the model as proportion of days covered (PDC) of at least 80%. Literature-based references were used to inform both the impact of blister-packaging on the number of patients who became adherent as well as the impact of medication adherence on HCRU and health care costs. Model input uncertainty was assessed in one-way sensitivity analyses. Results With the implementation of blister-packaging buprenorphine, adherence rates increased from 37.1% of patients in the pre-intervention period to 45.3%, resulting in an additional 818 patients becoming adherent post-intervention. The increase in adherence led to a reduction of medical costs of $12,138,757 (-$1,214 per-patient (PP)). Specifically, inpatient costs decreased by $7,127,073 (-$713 PP) while outpatient costs decreased by $5,013,319 (-$501 PP). Pharmacy costs increased by $3,432,705 ($343 PP). Despite the increase in pharmacy costs, total health care costs saw a reduction of $8,559,684 (-$856 PP). Conclusion Blister-packaging buprenorphine for treatment of OUD has potential to improve medication adherence and health outcomes while reducing HCRU and health care costs. Future studies are necessary to assess the real-world application and impact of blister-packaging buprenorphine for OUD across various patient populations and health care settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric P Borrelli
- Health Economics & Outcomes Research; Becton, Dickinson and Company, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Peter Saad
- Medical Affairs; Becton, Dickinson and Company, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nathan E Barnes
- Medical Affairs; Becton, Dickinson and Company, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Heather Nelkin
- Medical Affairs; Becton, Dickinson and Company, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Doina Dumitru
- Medical Affairs; Becton, Dickinson and Company, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Julia D Lucaci
- Health Economics & Outcomes Research; Becton, Dickinson and Company, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Hsieh YL, Horsburgh CR, Cohen T, Miller JW, Salomon JA, Menzies NA. Cost-effectiveness of screening with transcriptional signatures for incipient TB among U.S. migrants. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.10.09.24315062. [PMID: 39417109 PMCID: PMC11483025 DOI: 10.1101/2024.10.09.24315062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Host-response-based transcriptional signatures (HrTS) have been developed to identify "incipient tuberculosis (TB)". No study has reported the cost-effectiveness of HrTS for post-arrival migrant screening programs in low-incidence countries. Objectives To assess the potential health impact and cost-effectiveness of HrTS for post-arrival TB infection screening among new migrants in the United States. Methods We used a discrete-event simulation model to compare four strategies: (1) no screening for TB infection or incipient TB; (2) 'IGRA-only', screen all with interferon gamma release assay (IGRA), provide TB preventive treatment for IGRA-positives; (3) 'IGRA-HrTS', screen all with IGRA followed by HrTS for IGRA-positives, provide incipient TB treatment for individuals testing positive with both tests; and (4) 'HrTS-only', screen all with HrTS, provide incipient TB treatment for HrTS-positives. We assessed outcomes over the lifetime of migrants entering the U.S. in 2019, assuming HrTS met the WHO Target Product Profile (TPP) optimal criteria. We conducted sensitivity analyses to evaluate the robustness of results. Results The IGRA-only strategy dominated the HrTS-based strategies under both healthcare sector and societal perspectives, with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $78,943 and $89,431 per quality-adjusted life-years (QALY) gained, respectively. This conclusion was robust to varying costs ($15-300) and characteristics of HrTS, and the willingness-to-pay threshold ($30,000-150,000/ QALY gained), but sensitive to the rate of decline in TB progression risk after U.S. entry. Conclusions Our findings suggest that HrTS meeting the WHO TPP is unlikely to be a cost-effective component of post-arrival screening for migrants entering the U.S.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Lily Hsieh
- Interfaculty Initiatives in Health Policy, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA
- Harvard Center for Health Decision Science, Boston, USA
| | - C Robert Horsburgh
- Departments of Global Health, Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Medicine, Boston University, Boston, USA
| | - Ted Cohen
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Miller
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Joshua A Salomon
- Department of Health Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
| | - Nicolas A Menzies
- Harvard Center for Health Decision Science, Boston, USA
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Altunkaya J, Li X, Adler A, Feenstra T, Fridhammar A, Keng MJ, Lamotte M, McEwan P, Nilsson A, Palmer AJ, Quan J, Smolen H, Tran-Duy A, Valentine W, Willis M, Leal J, Clarke P. Examining the Impact of Structural Uncertainty Across 10 Type 2 Diabetes Models: Results From the 2022 Mount Hood Challenge. VALUE IN HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2024; 27:1338-1347. [PMID: 38986899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2024.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The Mount Hood Diabetes Challenge Network aimed to examine the impact of model structural uncertainty on the estimated cost-effectiveness of interventions for type 2 diabetes. METHODS Ten independent modeling groups completed a blinded simulation exercise to estimate the cost-effectiveness of 3 interventions in 2 type 2 diabetes populations. Modeling groups were provided with a common baseline population, cost and utility values associated with different model health states, and instructions regarding time horizon and discounting. We collated the results to identify variation in predictions of net monetary benefit (NMB) and the drivers of those differences. RESULTS Overall, modeling groups agreed which interventions had a positive NMB (ie, were cost-effective), Although estimates of NMB varied substantially-by up to £23 696 for 1 intervention. Variation was mainly driven through differences in risk equations for complications of diabetes and their implementation between models. The number of modeled health states was also a significant predictor of NMB. CONCLUSIONS This exercise demonstrates that structural uncertainty between different health economic models affects cost-effectiveness estimates. Although it is reassuring that a decision maker would likely reach similar conclusions on which interventions were cost-effective using most models, the range in numerical estimates generated across different models would nevertheless be important for price-setting negotiations with intervention developers. Minimizing the impact of structural uncertainty on healthcare decision making therefore remains an important priority. Model registries, which record and compare the impact of structural assumptions, offer one potential avenue to improve confidence in the robustness of health economic modeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Altunkaya
- Health Economics Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, England, UK.
| | - Xinyu Li
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Amanda Adler
- Diabetes Trial Unit, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Oxford, England, UK
| | - Talitha Feenstra
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mi Jun Keng
- Health Economics Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, England, UK
| | - Mark Lamotte
- IQVIA, Zaventem, Belgium; Th(is)(2)Modeling, Asse, Belgium
| | - Phil McEwan
- Health Economics and Outcomes Research Ltd, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | | | - Andrew J Palmer
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, The University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Jianchao Quan
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Harry Smolen
- Medical Decision Modeling Inc, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - An Tran-Duy
- Centre for Health Policy, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Australian Centre for Accelerating Diabetes Innovations (ACADI), Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Michael Willis
- The Swedish Institute for Health Economics, Lund, Sweden
| | - José Leal
- Health Economics Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, England, UK
| | - Philip Clarke
- Health Economics Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, England, UK
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Hounsome N, Yirgu R, Middleton J, Cassell JA, Fekadu A, Davey G. Cost-effectiveness of mass drug administration for control of scabies in Ethiopia: a decision-analytic model. FRONTIERS IN HEALTH SERVICES 2024; 4:1279762. [PMID: 39359345 PMCID: PMC11445614 DOI: 10.3389/frhs.2024.1279762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
Background The strategies to control scabies in highly endemic populations include individual case/household management and mass drug administration (MDA). We used a decision-analytic model to compare ivermectin-based MDA and individual case/household management (referred to as "usual care") for control of scabies in Ethiopia at different prevalence thresholds for commencing MDA. Methods A decision-analytic model was based on a repeated population survey conducted in Northern Ethiopia in 2018-2020, which aimed to evaluate the secondary impact of single-dose ivermectin MDA for the control of onchocerciasis on scabies prevalence. The model estimates the number of scabies cases and costs of two treatment strategies (MDA and usual care) based on their effectiveness, population size, scabies prevalence, compliance with MDA, medication cost, and other parameters. Results In the base-case analysis with a population of 100,000 and scabies prevalence of 15%, the MDA strategy was both more effective and less costly than usual care. The probability of MDA being cost-effective at the current cost-effectiveness threshold (equivalent to the cost of usual care) was 85%. One-way sensitivity analyses showed that the MDA strategy remained dominant (less costly and more effective) in 22 out of 26 scenarios. MDA was not cost-effective at scabies prevalence <10%, MDA effectiveness <85% and population size <5,000. An increase in the cost of ivermectin from 0 (donated) to 0.54 US$/dose resulted in a decrease in the probability of MDA being cost-effective from 85% to 17%. At 0.25 US$/dose, the MDA strategy was no longer cost-effective. Conclusions The model provides robust estimates of the costs and outcomes of MDA and usual care and can be used by decision-makers for planning and implementing scabies control programmes. Results of our analysis suggest that single-dose ivermectin MDA is cost-effective in scabies control and can be initiated at a scabies prevalence >10%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Hounsome
- Brighton and Sussex Centre for Global Health Research, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Robel Yirgu
- Brighton and Sussex Centre for Global Health Research, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
- Center for Innovative Drug Development and Therapeutic Trials for Africa (CDT-Africa), Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Jo Middleton
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Jackie A. Cassell
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Abebaw Fekadu
- Center for Innovative Drug Development and Therapeutic Trials for Africa (CDT-Africa), Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gail Davey
- Brighton and Sussex Centre for Global Health Research, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
- School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Chen W, Howell M, Cass A, Gorham G, Howard K. Understanding modelled economic evaluations: a reader's guide for clinicians. Med J Aust 2024; 221:302-307. [PMID: 39126201 DOI: 10.5694/mja2.52409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Winnie Chen
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT
- Menzies Centre for Health Policy and Economics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW
| | - Martin Howell
- Menzies Centre for Health Policy and Economics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW
| | - Alan Cass
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT
| | - Gillian Gorham
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT
| | - Kirsten Howard
- Menzies Centre for Health Policy and Economics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Meester RGS, Ladabaum U. Impact of the serrated pathway on the simulated comparative effectiveness of colorectal cancer screening tests. JNCI Cancer Spectr 2024; 8:pkae077. [PMID: 39240660 PMCID: PMC11470154 DOI: 10.1093/jncics/pkae077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancers (CRCs) arise from adenomas, which can produce fecal occult blood and can be detected endoscopically, or sessile serrated lesions (SSLs), which rarely bleed and may be more challenging to detect. Models informing CRC screening policy should reflect both pathways, accounting for uncertainty. METHODS Novel decision-analytic model of the adenoma and serrated pathways for CRC (ANSER) to compare current and emerging screening strategies, accounting for differential test sensitivities for adenomas and SSLs, and uncertainty. Strategies included colonoscopy every 10 years, stool-DNA/FIT (sDNA-FIT) every 1-3 years, or fecal immunochemical testing (FIT) every year from age 45 to 75 years. Outcomes included CRC cases and deaths, cost-effectiveness (cost/quality-adjusted life-year [QALY] gained), and burden-benefit (colonoscopies/life-year gained), with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). RESULTS ANSER predicted 62.5 (95% UI = 58.8-66.3) lifetime CRC cases and 24.1 (95% UI = 22.5-25.7) CRC deaths/1000 45-year-olds without screening, and 78%-87% CRC mortality reductions with screening. The tests' outcome distributions overlapped for QALYs gained but separated for required colonoscopies and costs. All strategies cost less than $100 000/QALY gained vs no screening. Colonoscopy was the most effective and cost-effective, costing $9300/life-year gained (95% UI = $500-$21 900) vs FIT. sDNA-FIT cost more than $500 000/QALY gained vs FIT. As more CRCs arose from SSLs, colonoscopy remained preferred based on clinical benefit and cost-effectiveness, but cost-effectiveness improved for a next-generation sDNA-FIT. CONCLUSION When the serrated pathway is considered, modeling suggests that colonoscopy is cost-effective vs FIT. In contrast, modeling suggests that sDNA-FIT is not cost-effective vs FIT despite its greater sensitivity for SSLs, even if a substantial minority of CRCs arise from SSLs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reinier G S Meester
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Freenome Holdings, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Uri Ladabaum
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
van Lieshout Titan A, Klaassen F, Pelissari DM, de Barros Silva JN, Alves K, Alves LC, Sanchez M, Bartholomay P, Johansen FDC, Croda J, Andrews JR, Castro MC, Cohen T, Vuik C, Menzies NA. Cost-effectiveness and health impact of screening and treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection among formerly incarcerated individuals in Brazil: a Markov modelling study. Lancet Glob Health 2024; 12:e1446-e1455. [PMID: 39151980 PMCID: PMC11339731 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(24)00221-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals who were formerly incarcerated have high tuberculosis incidence, but are generally not considered among the risk groups eligible for tuberculosis prevention. We investigated the potential health impact and cost-effectiveness of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection screening and tuberculosis preventive treatment (TPT) for individuals who were formerly incarcerated in Brazil. METHODS Using published evidence for Brazil, we constructed a Markov state transition model estimating tuberculosis-related health outcomes and costs among individuals who were formerly incarcerated, by simulating transitions between health states over time. The analysis compared tuberculosis infection screening and TPT, to no screening, considering a combination of M tuberculosis infection tests and TPT regimens. We quantified health effects as reductions in tuberculosis cases, tuberculosis deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). We assessed costs from a tuberculosis programme perspective. We report intervention cost-effectiveness as the incremental costs per DALY averted, and tested how results changed across subgroups of the target population. FINDINGS Compared with no intervention, an intervention incorporating tuberculin skin testing and treatment with 3 months of isoniazid and rifapentine would avert 31 (95% uncertainty interval 14-56) lifetime tuberculosis cases and 4·1 (1·4-5·8) lifetime tuberculosis deaths per 1000 individuals, and cost US$242 per DALY averted. All test and regimen combinations were cost-effective compared with no screening. Younger age, longer incarceration, and more recent prison release were each associated with significantly greater health benefits and more favourable cost-effectiveness ratios, although the intervention was cost-effective for all subgroups examined. INTERPRETATION M tuberculosis infection screening and TPT for individuals who were formerly incarcerated appears cost-effective, and would provide valuable health gains. FUNDING National Institutes of Health. TRANSLATION For the Portuguese translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana van Lieshout Titan
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Delft Institute of Applied Mathematics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands.
| | - Fayette Klaassen
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Kleydson Alves
- National Tuberculosis Programme, Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Layana Costa Alves
- National Tuberculosis Programme, Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Brazil; Collective Health Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Mauro Sanchez
- Health and Environment Surveillance Secretariat, Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Patricia Bartholomay
- Health and Environment Surveillance Secretariat, Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Brazil
| | | | - Julio Croda
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil; Fiocruz Mato Grosso do Sul, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Jason R Andrews
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Marcia C Castro
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ted Cohen
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Cornelis Vuik
- Delft Institute of Applied Mathematics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Nicolas A Menzies
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Health Decision Science, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Edoka I, Silal S, Jamieson L, Meyer-Rath G. A cost-effectiveness analysis of South Africa's COVID-19 vaccination programme. Vaccine 2024; 42:125988. [PMID: 38824084 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 vaccines were rolled out in South Africa beginning in February 2021. In this study we retrospectively assessed the cost-effectiveness of the vaccination programme in its first two years of implementation. METHOD We modelled the costs, expressed in 2021 US$, and health outcomes of the COVID-19 vaccination programme compared to a no vaccination programme scenario. The study was conducted from a public payer's perspective over two time-horizons - nine months (February to November 2021) and twenty-four months (February 2021 to January 2023). Health outcomes were estimated from a disease transmission model parameterised with data on COVID-19-related hospitalisations and deaths and were converted to disability adjusted life years (DALYs). Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses (DSA and PSA) were conducted to assess parameter uncertainty. RESULTS Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was estimated at US$1600 per DALY averted during the first study time horizon. The corresponding ICER for the second study period was estimated at US$1300 per DALY averted. When 85% of all excess deaths during these periods were included in the analysis, ICERs in the first and second study periods were estimated at US$1070 and US$660 per DALY averted, respectively. In the PSA, almost 100% of simulations fell below the estimated opportunity cost-based cost-effectiveness threshold for South Africa (US$2300 DALYs averted). COVID-19 vaccination programme cost per dose had the greatest impact on the ICERs. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that South Africa's COVID-19 vaccination programme represented good value for money in the first two years of rollout.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ijeoma Edoka
- Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office (HE(2)RO), Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Sheetal Silal
- Modelling and Simulation Hub, Africa (MASHA), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Centre for Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lise Jamieson
- Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office (HE(2)RO), Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; South African Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Gesine Meyer-Rath
- Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office (HE(2)RO), Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; South African Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Brander RL, Puett C, Becquey E, Leroy JL, Ruel MT, Sessou FE, Huybregts L. The Cost and Cost-Effectiveness of an Integrated Wasting Prevention and Screening Intervention Package in Burkina Faso and Mali. J Nutr 2024; 154:2551-2565. [PMID: 38599389 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about costs and cost effectiveness of interventions that integrate wasting prevention into screening for child wasting. OBJECTIVES This study's objective was to estimate the cost and cost-effectiveness of an intervention that integrated behavior change communication (BCC) and small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements (SQ-LNS) into platforms for wasting screening in Burkina Faso (a facility-based platform, where BCC was enhanced compared with standard care) and Mali (a community-based platform, with standard BCC). METHODS Activity-based costing was used to estimate the cost per child-contact for the intervention and the comparison group, which did not receive the intervention. Costs were ascertained from accounting records, interviews, surveys, and observations. The number of child-contacts was calculated using population size estimates and average attendance rates for each service. Costs per disability-adjusted life year (DALY) averted were estimated using a Markov model populated with data from the parent trials on impact of wasting incidence and treatment coverage. RESULTS In the intervention group in Burkina Faso, the cost per child-contact of facility-based screening was $0.85 of enhanced BCC was $4.28, and of SQ-LNS was $8.86. In Mali, the cost per child-contact of community-based screening was $0.57, standard BCC was $0.72, and SQ-LNS was $4.14. Although no SQ-LNS costs were incurred in the comparison groups (hence lower total costs), costs per child-contact for screening and BCC were higher because coverage of these services was lower. The intervention package cost $1073 per DALY averted in Burkina Faso and $747 in Mali. CONCLUSIONS Integration of wasting prevention into screening for child wasting led to higher total costs but lower unit costs than standard screening due to increased coverage. Greater cost-effectiveness could be achieved if BCC were strengthened and led to improved caregiver health and nutrition practices and if screening triggered appropriate use of services and higher treatment coverage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Brander
- Nutrition, Diets, and Health Unit, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DiC, United States.
| | - Chloe Puett
- Department of Family, Population and Preventive Medicine, Program in Public Health, Health Sciences Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Elodie Becquey
- Nutrition, Diets, and Health Unit, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DiC, United States
| | - Jef L Leroy
- Nutrition, Diets, and Health Unit, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DiC, United States
| | - Marie T Ruel
- Nutrition, Diets, and Health Unit, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DiC, United States
| | - Fidele Eric Sessou
- UNICEF Innocenti Global Office of Research and Foresight, Florence, Italy
| | - Lieven Huybregts
- Nutrition, Diets, and Health Unit, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DiC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Rios JD, Simbulan F, Reichman L, Caswell K, Tachdjian M, Malkin D, Cotton C, Nathan PC, Goudie C, Pechlivanoglou P. Cost-effectiveness of the McGill interactive pediatric oncogenetic guidelines in identifying Li-Fraumeni syndrome in female patients with osteosarcoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2024; 71:e31077. [PMID: 38783403 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.31077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) is a penetrant cancer predisposition syndrome (CPS) associated with the development of many tumor types in young people including osteosarcoma and breast cancer (BC). The McGill Interactive Pediatric OncoGenetic Guidelines (MIPOGG) decision-support tool provides a standardized approach to identify patients at risk of CPSs. METHODS We conducted a cost-utility analysis, from the healthcare payer perspective, to compare MIPOGG-guided, physician-guided, and universal genetic testing strategies to detect LFS in female patients diagnosed at an age of less than 18 years with osteosarcoma. We developed a decision tree and discrete-event simulation model to simulate the clinical and cost outcomes of the three genetic referral strategies on a cohort of female children diagnosed with osteosarcoma, especially focused on BC as subsequent cancer. Outcomes included BC incidence, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), healthcare costs, and incremental cost-utility ratios (ICURs). We conducted probabilistic and scenario analyses to assess the uncertainty surrounding model parameters. RESULTS Compared to the physician-guided testing, the MIPOGG-guided strategy was marginally more expensive by $105 (-$516; $743), but slightly more effective by 0.003 (-0.04; 0.045) QALYs. Compared to MIPOGG, the universal testing strategy was $1333 ($732; $1953) more costly and associated with 0.011 (-0.043; 0.064) additional QALYs. The ICUR for the MIPOGG strategy was $33,947/QALY when compared to the physician strategy; the ICUR for universal testing strategy was $118,631/QALY when compared to the MIPOGG strategy. DISCUSSION This study provides evidence for clinical and policy decision-making on the cost-effectiveness of genetic referral strategies to identify LFS in the setting of osteosarcoma. MIPOGG-guided strategy was most likely to be cost-effective at a willingness-to-pay threshold value of $50,000/QALY.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan David Rios
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frances Simbulan
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lara Reichman
- Child Health and Human Development, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kimberly Caswell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melissa Tachdjian
- Child Health and Human Development, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - David Malkin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cecilia Cotton
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul C Nathan
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Catherine Goudie
- Child Health and Human Development, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Petros Pechlivanoglou
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Menzies NA, Swartwood NA, Cohen T, Marks SM, Maloney SA, Chappelle C, Miller JW, Beeler Asay GR, Date AA, Horsburgh CR, Salomon JA. The long-term effects of domestic and international tuberculosis service improvements on tuberculosis trends within the USA: a mathematical modelling study. Lancet Public Health 2024; 9:e573-e582. [PMID: 39095134 PMCID: PMC11344642 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(24)00150-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For settings with low tuberculosis incidence, disease elimination is a long-term goal. We investigated pathways to tuberculosis pre-elimination (incidence <1·0 cases per 100 000 people) and elimination (incidence <0·1 cases per 100 000 people) in the USA, where incidence was estimated at 2·9 per 100 000 people in 2023. METHODS Using a mathematical modelling framework, we simulated how US tuberculosis incidence could be affected by changes in tuberculosis services in the countries of origin for future migrants to the USA, as well as changes in tuberculosis services inside the USA. To do so, we used a linked set of transmission dynamic models, calibrated to demographic and epidemiological data for each setting. We constructed intervention scenarios representing improvements in tuberculosis services internationally and within the USA, individually and in combination, plus a base-case scenario representing continuation of current services. We simulated health and economic outcomes until 2100, using a Bayesian approach to quantify uncertainty in these outcomes. FINDINGS Under the base-case scenario, US tuberculosis incidence was projected to decline to 1·8 cases per 100 000 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 1·5-2·1) in the total population by 2050. Intervention scenarios produced substantial reductions in tuberculosis incidence, with the combination of all domestic and international interventions projected to achieve pre-elimination by 2033 (95% UI 2031-2037). Compared with the base-case scenario, this combination of interventions could avert 101 000 tuberculosis cases (95% UI 84 000-120 000) and 13 300 tuberculosis deaths (95% UI 10 500-16 300) in the USA from 2025 to 2050. Tuberculosis elimination was not projected before 2100. INTERPRETATION Strengthening tuberculosis services domestically, promoting the development of more effective technologies and interventions, and supporting tuberculosis programmes in countries with a high tuberculosis burden are key strategies for accelerating progress towards tuberculosis elimination in the USA. FUNDING US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas A Menzies
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Health Decision Science, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Nicole A Swartwood
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ted Cohen
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Suzanne M Marks
- Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Susan A Maloney
- Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Courtney Chappelle
- Division of Global Migration Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Miller
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Garrett R Beeler Asay
- Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anand A Date
- Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - C Robert Horsburgh
- Department of Epidemiology, Department of Biostatistics, and Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joshua A Salomon
- Department of Health Policy, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Dijk SW, Krijkamp E, Kunst N, Labrecque JA, Gross CP, Pandit A, Lu CP, Visser LE, Wong JB, Hunink MGM. Making Drug Approval Decisions in the Face of Uncertainty: Cumulative Evidence versus Value of Information. Med Decis Making 2024; 44:512-528. [PMID: 38828516 PMCID: PMC11283736 DOI: 10.1177/0272989x241255047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic underscored the criticality and complexity of decision making for novel treatment approval and further research. Our study aims to assess potential decision-making methodologies, an evaluation vital for refining future public health crisis responses. METHODS We compared 4 decision-making approaches to drug approval and research: the Food and Drug Administration's policy decisions, cumulative meta-analysis, a prospective value-of-information (VOI) approach (using information available at the time of decision), and a reference standard (retrospective VOI analysis using information available in hindsight). Possible decisions were to reject, accept, provide emergency use authorization, or allow access to new therapies only in research settings. We used monoclonal antibodies provided to hospitalized COVID-19 patients as a case study, examining the evidence from September 2020 to December 2021 and focusing on each method's capacity to optimize health outcomes and resource allocation. RESULTS Our findings indicate a notable discrepancy between policy decisions and the reference standard retrospective VOI approach with expected losses up to $269 billion USD, suggesting suboptimal resource use during the wait for emergency use authorization. Relying solely on cumulative meta-analysis for decision making results in the largest expected loss, while the policy approach showed a loss up to $16 billion and the prospective VOI approach presented the least loss (up to $2 billion). CONCLUSION Our research suggests that incorporating VOI analysis may be particularly useful for research prioritization and treatment implementation decisions during pandemics. While the prospective VOI approach was favored in this case study, further studies should validate the ideal decision-making method across various contexts. This study's findings not only enhance our understanding of decision-making strategies during a health crisis but also provide a potential framework for future pandemic responses. HIGHLIGHTS This study reviews discrepancies between a reference standard (retrospective VOI, using hindsight information) and 3 conceivable real-time approaches to research-treatment decisions during a pandemic, suggesting suboptimal use of resources.Of all prospective decision-making approaches considered, VOI closely mirrored the reference standard, yielding the least expected value loss across our study timeline.This study illustrates the possible benefit of VOI results and the need for evidence accumulation accompanied by modeling in health technology assessment for emerging therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stijntje W. Dijk
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eline Krijkamp
- Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Natalia Kunst
- Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York, UK
- Cancer Outcomes, Public Policy, and Effectiveness Research (COPPER) Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jeremy A. Labrecque
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cary P. Gross
- Cancer Outcomes, Public Policy, and Effectiveness Research (COPPER) Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Aradhana Pandit
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chia-Ping Lu
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Loes E. Visser
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Hospital Pharmacy, Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - John B. Wong
- Division of Clinical Decision Making, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, USA
| | - M. G. Myriam Hunink
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Center for Health Decision Science, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Sivaprasad S, Bailey C, Downey L, Gilbert R, Gale R, Kotagiri A, Mahmood S, Morgan-Warren P, Napier J, Narendran N, Pearce I, Rennie C, Talks J, Wojcik R, Jandhyala R. Real-world service costs for neovascular-AMD clinics in the United Kingdom: structured literature review and scenario analysis. Curr Med Res Opin 2024; 40:1221-1233. [PMID: 38814914 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2024.2362278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Current cost-effectiveness analyses (CEA) emphasize drug costs as the differentiator between NICE recommended anti-VEGF treatments but may neglect real-world non-drug costs of running nAMD services in the UK. To address this, this study identified real-world non-drug service cost items relevant to UK NHS nAMD clinics, including costs arising from operational strain (demand exceeding capacity). METHODS Cost items were identified by a structured literature review of peer-reviewed and grey literature, and an expert panel of 10 UK-based ophthalmologists with relevance to real-world practice. These items underwent meta-synthesis and were then determined in a consensus exercise. RESULTS Of 237 cost items identified, 217 (91.6%) met the consensus threshold of >0.51 and were included in the nAMD Service Non-Drug Cost Instrument (nAS). Sensitivity of cost items taken from UK Health Technology Assessment (HTA) using the nAS as the reference standard was low (HTAmin: 1.84%, 95% CI 0.50-4.65%; HTAmax: 70.51%, 95% CI 63.96-76.49%). False negative rates showed variable likelihood of misclassifying a service by cost burden depending on prevalence. Scenario analysis using cost magnitudes estimated annual per-patient clinic cost at £845 (within capacity) to £13,960 (under strain) compared to an HTAmin estimate of £210. Accounting for cost of strain under an assumed 50% increase in health resource utilization influenced cost-effectiveness in a hypothetical genericisation scenario. CONCLUSION Findings suggested that HTA underestimates UK NHS nAMD clinic cost burden with cost of strain contributing substantial additional unmeasured expense with impact on CEA. Given potential undertreatment due to strain, durability is suggested as one of the relevant factors in CEA of nAMD anti-VEGF treatments due to robustness under limited capacity conditions affecting UK ophthalmology services.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sobha Sivaprasad
- NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Clare Bailey
- University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Louise Downey
- Ophthalmology Research Team, Hull and East Yorkshire Hospital, UK
| | - Rose Gilbert
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bayer PLC, Reading, UK
| | - Richard Gale
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bayer PLC, Reading, UK
- Ophthalmology and Clinical Visual Science, Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK
- Department of Ophthalmology, York and Scarborough Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, York, UK
| | - Ajay Kotagiri
- Sunderland Eye Infirmary, South Tyneside and Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust, South Shields UK
| | - Sajjad Mahmood
- Manchester Eye Hospital, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | | | - Nirodhini Narendran
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ian Pearce
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Christina Rennie
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - James Talks
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Naved N, Umer F, Khowaja AR. Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Regenerative Endodontics versus MTA Apexification. JDR Clin Trans Res 2024; 9:231-238. [PMID: 37554067 DOI: 10.1177/23800844231191515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION With the introduction of stem cell engineering in dentistry, regenerative endodontics has emerged as a potential alternative to mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) apexification in the management of necrotic immature permanent teeth. However, the utility of this modality in terms of cost-effectiveness has not yet been established. Therefore, we performed cost-effectiveness analysis to determine the dominant treatment modality that would influence decision making from the private payer perspective. METHODS A Markov model was constructed with a necrotic immature permanent tooth in a 7-y-old patient, followed over the lifetime using TreeAge Pro Healthcare 2022. Transition probabilities were estimated based on the existing literature. Costs were estimated based on United States health care, and cost-effectiveness was determined using Monte Carlo microsimulations. The model was validated internally by sensitivity analyses, and face validation was performed by an experienced endodontist and health economist. RESULTS In the base-case scenario, regenerative endodontics did not turn out to be a dominant treatment option as it was associated with an additional cost of USD$1,012 and fewer retained tooth-years (15.48 y). Likewise, in the probabilistic sensitivity analysis, regenerative endodontics was again dominated by apexification against different willingness-to-pay values. CONCLUSION Based on current evidence, regenerative endodontic treatment was not cost-effective compared with apexification in the management of necrotic immature permanent teeth over an individual's lifetime. KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER STATEMENT The study provides valuable insight regarding the cost valuation and cost-efficacy of regenerative endodontic treatment versus apexification in the management of necrotic immature permanent teeth, as this would aid in effective clinical decision making, allowing for the functional allocation of resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Naved
- Operative Dentistry & Endodontics, Aga Khan University Hospital, Pakistan
| | - F Umer
- Operative Dentistry & Endodontics, Aga Khan University Hospital, Pakistan
| | - A R Khowaja
- Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Cocco P, Smith AF, Davies KA, Rooney CM, West RM, Shinkins B. Early Economic Modeling to Inform a Target Product Profile: A Case Study of a Novel Rapid Test for Clostridioides difficile Infection. MDM Policy Pract 2024; 9:23814683241293739. [PMID: 39583088 PMCID: PMC11585019 DOI: 10.1177/23814683241293739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 11/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background. Target product profiles (TPPs) specify the essential properties tests must have to be able to address an unmet clinical need. Aim. To explore how early economic modeling can help to define TPP specifications based on cost-effectiveness considerations using the example of a new rapid diagnostic for Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI), a contagious health care-associated infection causing potentially fatal diarrhea. Methods. A resource-constrained simulation model was developed to compare a hypothetical test for CDI with current practice (i.e., test with glutamate dehydrogenase enzyme immunoassay first; if positive, test with polymerase chain reaction and cytotoxicity assay) for adult individuals with suspected CDI at the Leeds Teaching Hospital National Health System (NHS) Trust in the United Kingdom. Parameters are taken from UK-based observational data collected between 2018 and 2021, published literature, and expert opinion. A methodological framework was developed 1) to derive minimum diagnostic sensitivity and specificity and maximum price for different test turnaround-time values based on cost-effectiveness considerations from the health care perspective using the National Institute of Health Care Excellence willingness-to-pay threshold of £20,000 per quality-adjusted life-years and 2) to test their robustness using a series of sensitivity analyses. Results. A new rapid test for CDI with a 15-min turnaround time would require a minimum diagnostic sensitivity and specificity both equal to 96% and a maximum price of £44 to maintain cost-effectiveness compared with standard of care. Conclusions. This study provides a framework to inform the essential test properties based on cost-effectiveness considerations and to isolate the most influential model parameters and scenarios via a series of sensitivity analyses. These specifications, in turn, could be used to inform future TPPs for tests. Highlights Target product profiles (TPPs) for new medical tests provide test developers with performance benchmarks and technical requirements for new tests. Early economic evaluation has already been used to identify acceptable ranges for certain performance requirements for new tests. Currently, however, early economic evaluation methods are yet to be used in the context of TPP development, and there is no guidance as to how this could and should be done.A de novo approach was developed to identify the minimum performance requirements and maximum costs for new tests, based on cost-effectiveness considerations, while also isolating most influential parameters. The added value of this framework lies in structuring early economic evaluation methods as a means of informing transparent, evidence-based minimum TPP performance specifications while also accounting as much as possible for the (inevitable) uncertainty surrounding the minimum performance requirements.This study represents the first application of early economic modeling as a means of deriving the minimum performance specifications for a novel point-of-care test for Clostridioides difficile infection as set out in a future TPP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Cocco
- Academic Unit of Health Economics, Leeds Diagnosis and Screening Unit, Leeds Institute for Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Alison Florence Smith
- Academic Unit of Health Economics, Leeds Diagnosis and Screening Unit, Leeds Institute for Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Academic Unit of Health Economics, Leeds Diagnosis and Screening Unit, Leeds Institute for Health Sciences, NIHR Leeds In Vitro Diagnostics Co-operative (MIC), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Kerrie Ann Davies
- Academic Unit of Health Economics, Leeds Diagnosis and Screening Unit, Leeds Institute for Health Sciences, NIHR Leeds In Vitro Diagnostics Co-operative (MIC), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Healthcare Associated Infections Research Group, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, and University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- NIHR Leeds In Vitro Diagnostics Co-operative (MIC), Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, and University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) Study Group for Clostridioides difficile – ESGCD
| | - Christopher Michael Rooney
- Healthcare Associated Infections Research Group, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, and University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Bethany Shinkins
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Corro Ramos I, Feenstra T, Ghabri S, Al M. Evaluating the Validation Process: Embracing Complexity and Transparency in Health Economic Modelling. PHARMACOECONOMICS 2024; 42:715-719. [PMID: 38498106 PMCID: PMC11180005 DOI: 10.1007/s40273-024-01364-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Corro Ramos
- Institute for Medical Technology Assessment, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Talitha Feenstra
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Center for Public Health, Health Services and Society, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Salah Ghabri
- Department of Medical Evaluation, Direction of Evaluation and Access to Innovation, French National Authority for Health, HAS, Saint-Denis, France
| | - Maiwenn Al
- Erasmus School of Health Policy and Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Manoukian S, Mason H, Hagen S, Kearney R, Goodman K, Best C, Elders A, Melone L, Dwyer L, Dembinsky M, Khunda A, Guerrero KL, McClurg D, Norrie J, Thakar R, Bugge C. Cost-Effectiveness of 2 Models of Pessary Care for Pelvic Organ Prolapse: Findings From the TOPSY Randomized Controlled Trial. VALUE IN HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2024; 27:889-896. [PMID: 38492924 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2024.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pelvic organ prolapse is the descent of one or more reproductive organs from their normal position, causing associated negative symptoms. One conservative treatment option is pessary management. This study aimed to to investigate the cost-effectiveness of pessary self-management (SM) when compared with clinic-based care (CBC). A decision analytic model was developed to extend the economic evaluation. METHODS A randomized controlled trial with health economic evaluation. The SM group received a 30-minute SM teaching session, information leaflet, 2-week follow-up call, and a local helpline number. The CBC group received routine outpatient pessary appointments, determined by usual practice. The primary outcome for the cost-effectiveness analysis was incremental cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY), 18 months post-randomization. Uncertainty was handled using nonparametric bootstrap analysis. In addition, a simple decision analytic model was developed using the trial data to extend the analysis over a 5-year period. RESULTS There was no significant difference in the mean number of QALYs gained between SM and CBC (1.241 vs 1.221), but mean cost was lower for SM (£578 vs £728). The incremental net benefit estimated at a willingness to pay of £20 000 per QALY gained was £564, with an 80.8% probability of cost-effectiveness. The modeling results were consistent with the trial analysis: the incremental net benefit was estimated as £4221, and the probability of SM being cost-effective at 5 years was 69.7%. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that pessary SM is likely to be cost-effective. The decision analytic model suggests that this result is likely to persist over longer durations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarkis Manoukian
- Yunus Centre for Social Business and Health, Glasgow Caledonian University.
| | - Helen Mason
- Yunus Centre for Social Business and Health, Glasgow Caledonian University
| | - Suzanne Hagen
- Nursing, Midwifery and Allied Health Professions Research Unit, Glasgow Caledonian University
| | | | - Kirsteen Goodman
- Nursing, Midwifery and Allied Health Professions Research Unit, Glasgow Caledonian University
| | - Catherine Best
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling
| | - Andrew Elders
- Nursing, Midwifery and Allied Health Professions Research Unit, Glasgow Caledonian University
| | - Lynn Melone
- Nursing, Midwifery and Allied Health Professions Research Unit, Glasgow Caledonian University
| | - Lucy Dwyer
- Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust
| | - Melanie Dembinsky
- Nursing, Midwifery and Allied Health Professions Research Unit, Glasgow Caledonian University
| | | | | | - Doreen McClurg
- Nursing, Midwifery and Allied Health Professions Research Unit, Glasgow Caledonian University
| | - John Norrie
- Edinburgh Clinical Trials Unit, University of Edinburgh
| | | | - Carol Bugge
- Department of Nursing and Community Health, Glasgow Caledonian University
| |
Collapse
|