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Tuergan T, Abulaiti A, Tulahong A, Zhang R, Shao Y, Aji T. Global, regional and national burden of echinococcosis in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021: A systematic analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. J Infect Public Health 2025; 18:102810. [PMID: 40403626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2025.102810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2025] [Accepted: 05/04/2025] [Indexed: 05/24/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Echinococcosis, a neglected zoonotic helminthic disease, poses a significant health and economic burden globally. The study aimed to systematically analyze the burden of echinococcosis from 1990 to 2021. This study described incidence, prevalence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost due to echinococcosis, explored trends in disease burden over time, identified high-burden regions and countries, and evaluated the contribution of various age and sex groups to the overall burden. METHODS First, numbers and age-standardized rates of incidence, prevalence, deaths, and DALYs were assessed globally and by sub-types in 2021. Furthermore, the temporal trend of the disease burden was explored by the linear regression model from 1990 to 2021. Moreover, the age-period-cohort (APC) model and Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) model were used to predict the future disease burden from 2022 to 2046. The Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model and the Exponential smoothing (ES) model were used for sensitivity analysis. To further delve into the factors driving changes in the disease burden between 1990 and 2021, decomposition analyses were conducted. Finally, frontier analysis was employed to assess the correlation between disease burden and sociodemographic development. RESULTS Exposure to Echinococcosis contributed to 148521 incidence, 633404 prevalence, 1364 deaths, and 105072 DALYs globally in 2021. Younger and middle-aged adults were high-risk populations. Lower socio-demographic index (SDI) regions were high-risk areas. The disease burden varied considerably across the GBD regions and the countries. From 1990-2021, the number of incidence and prevalence cases increased. The predicted results showed that the incidence and prevalence for both genders would still increase from 2022 to 2046. Countries or regions with a higher SDI have greater burden improvement potential. CONCLUSION In conclusion, Echinococcosis has threatened public health globally. More proactive and effective strategic measures should be developed after considering global-specific circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talaiti Tuergan
- Hepatobiliary and Echinococcosis Surgery Department，Digestive and Vascular Surgery Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China; State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Management of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.
| | - Aimitaji Abulaiti
- Hepatobiliary and Echinococcosis Surgery Department，Digestive and Vascular Surgery Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China; State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Management of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.
| | - Alimu Tulahong
- Hepatobiliary and Echinococcosis Surgery Department，Digestive and Vascular Surgery Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China; State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Management of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.
| | - Ruiqing Zhang
- Hepatobiliary and Echinococcosis Surgery Department，Digestive and Vascular Surgery Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China; State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Management of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.
| | - Yingmei Shao
- Hepatobiliary and Echinococcosis Surgery Department，Digestive and Vascular Surgery Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China; State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Management of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China; Xinjiang Clinical Research Center for Echinococcosis and Hepatobiliary Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.
| | - Tuerganaili Aji
- Hepatobiliary and Echinococcosis Surgery Department，Digestive and Vascular Surgery Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China; State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Management of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.
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Shao Y, Xia M, Song Y, Yan Y, Dong X, Zong H, Zhan B, Wang Y, Zhao L. Echinococcus multilocularis Calreticulin Inhibits Lectin Pathway of Complement Activation by Directly Binding to Mannose-Binding Lectin. Pathogens 2025; 14:354. [PMID: 40333123 PMCID: PMC12030537 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens14040354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2025] [Revised: 03/30/2025] [Accepted: 04/03/2025] [Indexed: 05/09/2025] Open
Abstract
Alveolar Echinococcosis (AE) is a serious zoonotic disease caused by infection of Echinococcus multilocularis larvae. To survive within the host, E. multilocularis has developed a complex immune evasion mechanism including the inhibition of complement activation. This study focused on a calreticulin secreted by E. multilocularis (EmCRT) and its role in binding ability to human MBL and inhibiting MBL-mannose-mediated lectin pathway of complement activation. Results demonstrated the binding of recombinant EmCRT protein to both external and natural MBL in serum and the subsequent inhibition of MBL-mannose-initiated lectin pathway reflected by the reduced formation of complement intermediate products C3b and C4b. Fragment mapping determined that the MBL binding site was located within the S-domain of EmCRT. Combining with its role in inhibiting C1q-initiated classical complement activation in our previous study, the inhibition of MBL-mannose-initiated lectin pathway identified in this study suggests EmCRT plays an important role in the immune evasion of E. multilocularis alveolar larvae against host complement attack as a survival strategy within human tissue. This study supports the approach of using EmCRT as a good candidate for vaccine and drug development against E. multilocularis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiao Shao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014040, China
| | - Meng Xia
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014040, China
| | - Yinghui Song
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014040, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014040, China
| | - Xiaofang Dong
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014040, China
| | - Haoran Zong
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014040, China
| | - Bin Zhan
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yanhai Wang
- Parasitology Research Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Limei Zhao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014040, China
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Guo B, Guo G, Qi W, Aizezi M, Wu C, Tian M, Casulli A, Zhang W, Li J. The genetic variation of mitochondrial sequences and pathological differences of Echinococcus multilocularis strains from different continents. Microbiol Spectr 2025; 13:e0131824. [PMID: 39950816 PMCID: PMC11960119 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01318-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2025] [Indexed: 04/03/2025] Open
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis is a lethal zoonotic disease caused by the fox tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis. The parasite is widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere and exhibits low genetic diversity among populations. To compare the differences among four E. multilocularis strains from different geographical locations, namely, Alaska (EM-AK), Japan (EM-JP), Xinjiang (EM-XJ), and Ningxia (EM-NX), their complete mitochondrial (mt) sequences were compared, and their induced pathological lesions were analyzed in mouse models. The complete mt sequence of EM-AK resulted in 0.84%-0.86% variation as compared with the other strains, which had a lower variation. Phylogenetic analysis and parsimony network indicated that EM-AK resulted in 30,000 years of evolutionary distance from the other three strains. EM-AK induced more pathological damage than the other three strains, which was likely to induce more host cell infiltration and acute granuloma in the liver. More importantly, EM-AK produced more protoscoleces than the other three strains, which may impact the transmission dynamics of the parasite. Given the geographical location of four strains, which is far from each other, and also the pathological differences, the strains of E. multilocularis are likely models for addressing the relationship and interfacial immune response between the host and the helminth.IMPORTANCEEchinococcus multilocularis is the causative agent of alveolar echinococcosis, which is considered the most serious parasitic disease in the Northern Hemisphere. There are many genotypes, but the pathogenic and mitochondria sequence and differences are still unclear. Therefore, this study showed both pathological and genetic differences between the four strains of E. multilocularis. EM-AK induced more severe immune responses and especially induced more host cell infiltration, which resulted in more severe granuloma in the liver. EM-JP has metacestode lesions morphologically closer to those of E. granulosus with clear cyst fluid. However, this strain produced much fewer protoscoleces (PSCs). Genetically, EM-AK is more distant from other strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- Xinjiang Clinical Research Center for Perinatal Diseases, Urumqi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Gang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- Xinjiang Clinical Research Center for Perinatal Diseases, Urumqi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Wenjing Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Malike Aizezi
- Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China, Urumqi, China
| | - Chuanchuan Wu
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Mengxiao Tian
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Adriano Casulli
- WHO Collaborating Centre for the Epidemiology, Detection and Control of Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Wenbao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- Xinjiang Clinical Research Center for Perinatal Diseases, Urumqi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- Xinjiang Clinical Research Center for Perinatal Diseases, Urumqi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
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Wang X, Kui Y, Xue CZ, Wang Q, Zheng CJ, Zhao JS, Yang YM, Jiang XF, Gong-Sang QZ, Ma X, Feng Y, Wu XL, Chen S, Li FK, Yu WJ, Li BF, Liu BX, Wang Y, Wang LY, Yang SJ, Wang ZH, Hu W, Shen YJ, Zhang WB, Craig PS, Wu WP, Xiao N, Han S, Zhou XN, Li SZ, Cao JP. Past, present and future epidemiology of echinococcosis in China based on nationwide surveillance data 2004-2022. J Infect 2025; 90:106445. [PMID: 39956527 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2025.106445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2025] [Revised: 02/11/2025] [Accepted: 02/12/2025] [Indexed: 02/18/2025]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We evaluated the epidemiological characteristics of echinococcosis, a global public health threat, in China to inform global control efforts. METHODS Descriptive, statistical, cluster, spatial, and trend analyses were used to evaluate the epidemiology at national, provincial, and county levels based on 2004-2022 nationwide surveillance data from China. RESULTS Between 2004 and 2022, China recorded 72,676 cystic echinococcosis (CE) cases, 11,465 alveolar echinococcosis (AE) cases, and 5703 others, with an average annual cases per million (ANpM) of 3.45. Females had a higher incidence (ANpM = 3.87) than males (3.05), with most cases (41.15%) in the 30-49 age group, mainly among herders (38.76%) and farmers (37.82%). Seven provinces (Xizang, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Ningxia, Gansu, Sichuan, and Inner Mongolia) accounted for 98.12% of cases, with the Tibetan Plateau showing the highest rates (ANpMs = 155.51 for CE, 46.95 for AE). Surgery and case fatality rates were 39.45% and 5.23% in key surveillance regions (KSRs). Prevalence among residents (0.20%), livestock (1.33%), rodents (1.30%), and dogs (1.26%) declined with increased control funding in KSRs. Between 2023 and 2030, there will be an estimated 20,096 new cases and 45,323 cases requiring treatment. CONCLUSION The prevalence of echinococcosis has been alleviated in China, but significant control challenges remain, requiring sustained and targeted control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China; World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Kui
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China; World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Chui-Zhao Xue
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China; World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Can-Jun Zheng
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang-Shan Zhao
- Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Regional Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Urumqi, China
| | - Ya-Ming Yang
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu'er, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Jiang
- Inner Mongolia Autonomous Regional Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hohhot, China
| | - Qu-Zhen Gong-Sang
- Xizang Autonomous Regional Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lhasa, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Qinghai Provincial Institute for Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Xining, China
| | - Yu Feng
- Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Lin Wu
- Ningxia Hui Autonomous Regional Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yinchuan, China
| | - Sa Chen
- Shaanxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, China
| | - Fan-Ka Li
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Urumqi, China
| | - Wen-Jie Yu
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Ben-Fu Li
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu'er, China
| | - Bai-Xue Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China; World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China; World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Ying Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China; World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi-Jie Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China; World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng-Huan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Hu
- School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Juan Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China; World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Bao Zhang
- Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Philip S Craig
- School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Wei-Ping Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China; World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China; World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuai Han
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China; World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China; School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China; World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shi-Zhu Li
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China; World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jian-Ping Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China; World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
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Ai J, Zheng J, Zhu C, Bai Y, Shi J, Zhang K, He J, Gao Y, Gongsang Q. Analysis and prediction of the incidence temporal trends of echinococcosis in China from 2010 to 2021. Sci Rep 2025; 15:6423. [PMID: 39984565 PMCID: PMC11845582 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-90207-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2025] [Indexed: 02/23/2025] Open
Abstract
Echinococcosis poses a significant health burden in China, yet previous studies have mainly concentrated on its prevalence rather than incidence trends. This study analyzes echinococcosis incidence from 2010 to 2021 and projects future trends to enhance prevention and control strategies. The annual percentage change (APC) and average annual percentage change (AAPC) were calculated to determine temporal trends, while the time series was decomposed to assess seasonal patterns. During this period, China documented 53,141 new echinococcosis cases (excluding Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan), averaging 0.320 cases per 100,000 annually. The AAPC indicated a non-significant decline of -2.718%. The analysis identified two critical inflection points in 2014 and 2017, leading to three distinct trends: a non-significant decline from 2010 to 2014, a significant rise from 2014 to 2017, and a significant decrease from 2017 to 2021. Cases peaked in December, and predictions from the Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) model suggest a slight rise in incidence from September 2022 to August 2025, advising intensified efforts in preventive measures to prevent resurgence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Ai
- Tibet Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lhasa, 850000, China
- School of Public Health, University of Jilin, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Jingying Zheng
- School of Public Health, University of Jilin, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Chang Zhu
- School of Public Health, University of Jilin, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yang Bai
- School of Public Health, University of Jilin, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Jianyang Shi
- School of Public Health, University of Jilin, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Kunlun Zhang
- School of Public Health, University of Jilin, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Jingtong He
- School of Public Health, University of Jilin, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yameng Gao
- School of Public Health, University of Jilin, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Quzhen Gongsang
- Tibet Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lhasa, 850000, China.
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Kakamad FH, Anwar KA, Ahmed HK, Habibullah IJ, Kaka Ali HH, Nasralla HA, Abdullah HO, Tahir SH, Kareem HO, Hasan AH, Gharib DT, Asaad HR, Mohammed AA, Abdalla BA, Esmaeil DA, Rashid RJ, Hamahussein KF. Risk factors associated with human echinococcosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1480579. [PMID: 39654835 PMCID: PMC11625768 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1480579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 11/11/2024] [Indexed: 12/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Echinococcosis is a widespread zoonotic disease caused by tapeworms of the Echinococcus genus, manifesting in mature or larval forms. Cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE) are the primary types affecting humans, linked, respectively, to Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis. This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis of the risk factors associated with CE and AE in humans. Methods Relevant English publications were found through a thorough search of eligible databases. The inclusion criteria focused on cross-sectional and case-control studies investigating risk factors for human echinococcosis. Collected data included author, country, study design, demographics, sample size, literacy, occupation, drinking water source, dog ownership, and hand hygiene. Results A total of 1,594 studies were found in the initial search, with only 36 papers (involving 1,207,436 cases) meeting the inclusion criteria. Most of the study population (99.35%) showed no echinococcosis infection, while 0.65% were infected. Of the infected cases, 77.92% had CE, while 22.08% had AE. Among 629,996 (52.18%) females, 4,830 (0.76%) were infected, compared to 2,968 (0.52%) infections among 565,872 (46.86%) males (p < 0.001). Rural areas, low education levels, agricultural/livestock workers, dog owners, water sources, and poor hand hygiene were all significantly associated with the infection (p < 0.05). Conclusion Echinococcosis remains a global health concern, particularly among rural residents, those with lower education, agricultural workers, and dog owners. Targeted public health measures, including improved hygiene practices and access to clean water, are essential to reducing its impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahmi H. Kakamad
- Scientific Affairs Department, Smart Health Tower, Madam Mitterrand Street, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
- College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Madam Mitterrand Street, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
- Kscien Organization for Scientific Research (Middle East Office), Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | - Khanda A. Anwar
- Scientific Affairs Department, Smart Health Tower, Madam Mitterrand Street, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | - Harem K. Ahmed
- Scientific Affairs Department, Smart Health Tower, Madam Mitterrand Street, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | - Imad J. Habibullah
- Scientific Affairs Department, Smart Health Tower, Madam Mitterrand Street, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | - Hemn H. Kaka Ali
- Scientific Affairs Department, Smart Health Tower, Madam Mitterrand Street, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Teaching Hospital, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | - Hawkar A. Nasralla
- Scientific Affairs Department, Smart Health Tower, Madam Mitterrand Street, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | - Hiwa O. Abdullah
- Scientific Affairs Department, Smart Health Tower, Madam Mitterrand Street, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
- Kscien Organization for Scientific Research (Middle East Office), Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | - Soran H. Tahir
- Scientific Affairs Department, Smart Health Tower, Madam Mitterrand Street, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | - Honar O. Kareem
- Scientific Affairs Department, Smart Health Tower, Madam Mitterrand Street, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | - Ali H. Hasan
- Scientific Affairs Department, Smart Health Tower, Madam Mitterrand Street, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | - Dana T. Gharib
- Scientific Affairs Department, Smart Health Tower, Madam Mitterrand Street, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Teaching Hospital, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | - Hoshmand R. Asaad
- Scientific Affairs Department, Smart Health Tower, Madam Mitterrand Street, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Teaching Hospital, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | - Ayoob A. Mohammed
- Scientific Affairs Department, Smart Health Tower, Madam Mitterrand Street, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | - Berun A. Abdalla
- Scientific Affairs Department, Smart Health Tower, Madam Mitterrand Street, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
- Kscien Organization for Scientific Research (Middle East Office), Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | - Deari A. Esmaeil
- Scientific Affairs Department, Smart Health Tower, Madam Mitterrand Street, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
- College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Madam Mitterrand Street, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | - Rezheen J. Rashid
- Scientific Affairs Department, Smart Health Tower, Madam Mitterrand Street, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
- Department of Radiology, Hiwa Cancer Hospital, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | - Karokh F. Hamahussein
- Scientific Affairs Department, Smart Health Tower, Madam Mitterrand Street, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
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7
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Rong X, Fan M. Ecoepidemic modeling and dynamics of alveolar echinococcosis transmission. Math Biosci 2024; 377:109304. [PMID: 39368545 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2024.109304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 09/17/2024] [Indexed: 10/07/2024]
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis, transmitted between definitive hosts and intermediate hosts via predation, threatens the health of humans and causes great economic losses in western China. In order to explore the transmission mechanism of this disease, an eco-epidemiological lifecycle model is formulated to illustrate interactions between two hosts. The basic and demographic reproduction numbers are developed to characterize the stability of the disease-free and endemic equilibria as well as bifurcation dynamics. The existence of forward bifurcation and Hopf bifurcation are confirmed and are used to explain the threshold transmission dynamics. Numerical simulations and bifurcation diagrams are also presented to depict rich dynamics of the model. Numerical analysis suggests that improving the control rate of voles will reduce the risk of transmission, while the high predation rate of foxes may also lead to a lower transmission risk, which is different from the predictions of previous studies. The evaluation of three control measures on voles implies that, when the fox's predation rate is low (high), the chemical (integrated) control will be more effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmiao Rong
- College of Mathematical Sciences, Harbin Engineering University, 145 Nantong Street, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
| | - Meng Fan
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, China.
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Guo Z, Tang S, Nie K, Liu J, Hu C. Studies on absorption mechanism and pharmacokinetic properties of albendazole-bile acid conjugate: In vivo and in vitro. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 179:117400. [PMID: 39243427 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 09/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To improve the oral bioavailability of albendazole (ABZ), a series of albendazole-bile acid conjugates (ABCs) were synthesized. ABC's transmembrane transport mechanism and in vivo pharmacokinetic properties were preliminarily studied. METHODS The transmembrane transport mechanism of ABCs was studied using the Caco-2 monolayer cell model and intestinal perfusion model. The concentration of ABCs and ABZ were evaluated using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and HPLC-Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). RESULTS Compared to ABZ, better permeability was observed for different types and concentrations of ABCs using the Caco-2 monolayer cell model, with ABC-C8 showing the highest permeability. The transmembrane transport of ABCs was affected by ASBT inhibitors, indicating an ASBT-mediated active transport mechanism. Additionally, introducing cholic acid resulted in ABZ no longer being a substrate for P-gp, MRP2, and BCRP, effectively reversing ABZ efflux. In vivo unidirectional intestinal perfusion results in rats showed that ABCs altered the absorption site of ABZ from the jejunum to the ileum. The absorption efficiency of ABCs in each intestinal segment was higher than that of ABZ, and the transmembrane transport efficiency decreased with increasing concentrations of ASBT inhibitors. This further confirmed the presence of both passive diffusion and ASBT-mediated active transport mechanisms in the transport of ABCs. The solubility of ABCs in gastric juice and pharmacokinetics in rats showed that ABZ-C4 exhibited enhanced solubility. Moreover, ABCs significantly increased oral bioavailability compared to ABZ, with ABC-C4 showing an approximately 31-fold increase in bioavailability. CONCLUSION The transmembrane transport mechanism of ABCs involves a combination of ASBT-mediated active transport and passive diffusion. Moreover, the incorporation of BAs successfully reverses the efflux of ABZ by efflux proteins. Among the synthesized conjugates, ABC-C4 demonstrated superior dissolution behavior both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai 810001, PR China; Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai 810001, PR China
| | - Shizhen Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai 810001, PR China; Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai 810001, PR China
| | - Kaili Nie
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical of Technology, Beijing 100086, PR China
| | - Jingshuai Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical of Technology, Beijing 100086, PR China
| | - Chunhui Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai 810001, PR China.
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Wang Z, Wu M, Liu Q, Wang X, Yan C, Song T. Multiclassification of Hepatic Cystic Echinococcosis by Using Multiple Kernel Learning Framework and Ultrasound Images. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2024; 50:1034-1044. [PMID: 38679514 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2024.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
To properly treat and care for hepatic cystic echinococcosis (HCE), it is essential to make an accurate diagnosis before treatment. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of computer-aided diagnosis techniques in classifying HCE ultrasound images into five subtypes. METHODS A total of 1820 HCE ultrasound images collected from 967 patients were included in the study. A multi-kernel learning method was developed to learn the texture and depth features of the ultrasound images. Combined kernel functions were built-in Support Vector Machine (MK-SVM) for the classification work. The experimental results were evaluated using five-fold cross-validation. Finally, our approach was compared with three other machine learning algorithms: the decision tree classifier, random forest, and gradient boosting decision tree. RESULTS Among all the methods used in the study, the MK-SVM achieved the highest accuracy of 96.6% on the fused feature set. CONCLUSION The multi-kernel learning method effectively learns different image features from ultrasound images by utilizing various kernels. The MK-SVM method, which combines the learning of texture features and depth features separately, has significant application value in HCE classification tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengye Wang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Urumqi, China; Ultrasound Department, State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Disease in Central Asia, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Miao Wu
- College of Medical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xiaorong Wang
- Ultrasound Department, State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Disease in Central Asia, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Chuanbo Yan
- College of Medical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Tao Song
- Ultrasound Department, State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Disease in Central Asia, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.
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Wang L, Wang Z, Qin M, Lei J, Cheng X, Yan J, Gavotte L, Frutos R. A regressive analysis of the main environmental risk factors of human echinococcosis in 370 counties in China. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012131. [PMID: 38743784 PMCID: PMC11125469 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Echinococcosis is a natural focal, highly prevalent disease in China. Factors influencing the spread of echinococcosis are not only related to personal exposure but also closely related to the environment itself. The purpose of this study was to explore the influence of environmental factors on the prevalence of human echinococcosis and to provide a reference for prevention and control of echinococcosis in the future. METHODS Data were collected from 370 endemic counties in China in 2018. By downloading Modis, DEM and other remote-sensing images in 2018. Data on environmental factors, i.e., elevation, land surface temperature (LST) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were collected. Rank correlation analysis was conducted between each environmental factor and the prevalence of echinococcosis at the county level. Negative binomial regression was used to analyze the impact of environmental factors on the prevalence of human echinococcosis at the county level. RESULTS According to rank correlation analysis, the prevalence of human echinococcosis in each county was positively correlated with elevation, negatively correlated with LST, and negatively correlated with NDVI in May, June and July. Negative binomial regression showed that the prevalence of human echinococcosis was negatively correlated with annual LST and summer NDVI, and positively correlated with average elevation and dog infection rate. The prevalence of human cystic echinococcosis was inversely correlated with the annual average LST, and positively correlated with both the average elevation and the prevalence rate of domestic animals. The prevalence of human alveolar echinococcosis was positively correlated with both NDVI in autumn and average elevation, and negatively correlated with NDVI in winter. CONCLUSION The prevalence of echinococcosis in the population is affected by environmental factors. Environmental risk assessment and prediction can be conducted in order to rationally allocate health resources and improve both prevention and control efficiency of echinococcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Centre for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Centre for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Cirad, UMR 17, Intertryp, Montpellier, France
- Espace-Dev, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Zhiyi Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Centre for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Centre for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Qin
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Centre for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Centre for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaxi Lei
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Centre for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Centre for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xixi Cheng
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Centre for Tropical Diseases Research; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Centre for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Yan
- Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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Romig T, Wassermann M. Echinococcus species in wildlife. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2024; 23:100913. [PMID: 38405672 PMCID: PMC10884515 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Transmission of Echinococcus spp. in life cycles that involve mainly wildlife is well recognized for those species with small mammals as intermediate hosts (e. g. E. multilocularis), as well as for E. felidis and the 'northern' genotypes of E. canadensis (G8 and G10). In contrast, the remaining taxa of E. granulosus sensu lato are best known for their domestic life cycles, and the numerous wild mammal species (mainly ungulates) that have been recorded with cystic echinococcosis in the past were mainly considered a result of spill-over from the dog-livestock transmission system. This view was challenged with the advent of molecular characterization, allowing discrimination of the metacestodes, although the contribution of wild mammals to various Echinococcus life cycles has remained uncertain for scarcity of wildlife studies. Numerous records of cysts in wild ungulates date back to the 20th century, but cannot with certainty be allocated to the Echinococcus species and genotypes that are recognized today. This means that our current knowledge is largely restricted to studies of the past two decades that kept adding gradually to our concepts of transmission in various geographic regions. In particular, new insights were gathered in the past years on E. granulosus s.l. in wildlife of sub-Saharan Africa, but also on transmission patterns of E. multilocularis in previously neglected regions, e. g. North America. Here, an update is provided on the current state of knowledge on wild mammals as hosts for all Echinococcus species, listing >150 species of wild hosts with references, as well as estimates on their epidemiological impact and our current gaps of knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Romig
- University of Hohenheim, Parasitology Unit, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Hohenheim, Center for Biodiversity and Integrative Taxonomy, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marion Wassermann
- University of Hohenheim, Parasitology Unit, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Hohenheim, Center for Biodiversity and Integrative Taxonomy, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
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12
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Zi JR, Xiao D, Peng J, Wu FW, Li JX, Yan XL, Wang ZQ, Cai X, Xu Q, Li BF, Yang YM. Epidemiological survey of cystic echinococcosis in southwest China: From the Qinghai-Tibet plateau to the area of Yunnan. World J Hepatol 2024; 16:229-240. [PMID: 38495269 PMCID: PMC10941742 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v16.i2.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Echinococcosis is prevalent in 9 provinces in Western and Northern China. An epidemiological survey of echinococcosis in 2012 and 2016 showed cases of echinococcosis in Yunnan Province. AIM To understand the spatial distribution and epidemiological characteristics of echinococcosis in Yunnan for the prevention and control of echinococcosis and to reduce the risk of infection in Yunnan Province. METHODS Based on the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention (CISDCP), echinococcosis cases reported from 36 hospitals and 34 Centers for Disease Control were investigated and epidemiologically analyzed from 2021 to 2022. The exclusion criteria included suspected cases, same case only counted once and cases not from Yunnan. A total of 705 cases were investigated, of which 397 cases were suitable for statistical analysis. In these 397 cases, epidemiological investigation was tracked in 187 cases. All data were inputted using double entry in the Excel database, with error correction by double-entry comparison. The data on echinococcosis cases in Yunnan Province were analyzed by ArcGIS 10.1 software to generate a density map of echinococcosis distribution. All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS 17.0, including the chi-square test, linear regression test and logistic univariate and multivariate regression analyses. RESULTS A total of 397 cases were found in 89 counties in Yunnan Province. The number of cases in the top three prefectures were Dali (38.1%), Diqing (10.1%), and Kunming (8.3%), and the top five counties were Jianchuan (9.1%), Shangri La (8.3%), Eryuan (7. 6%), Heqing (6.9%), and Dali Districts (5.0%). There were significant differences between the different areas. The case reporting rate by CISDCP (33.8%) was low; the first case was reported by CISDCP in 2002, and the highest number of cases was 50 (2017). Confirmed and clinical cases accounted for 62.5% and 37.5%, respectively. However, 90.9% of the cases of hydatid disease were reported by the hospital system, and only 9.1% of the cases of hydatid disease were found in the community through active screening. The difference between the two methods of case detection was statistically significant. Most of the cases of echinococcosis were found in farmers/herdsmen (75.1%) and students (9.1%). In addition, Han (43.6%) and Bai (26.2%) had a higher incidence of infection than other nationalities, and the liver (87.7%) and lung (6.8%) were the most common sites of cyst formation. Among the analyzed cases, 187 were epidemiologically analyzed and the clinical symptoms were not obvious in the early stage in 47.1% of cases. The results of logistic regression analysis showed that the age group, education level, presence of dogs in the family (either previously or currently), and handwashing (occasionally or not) were factors related to echinococcosis infection. 55.6% of cases were in endemic areas, and 44.4% of cases were in non-endemic areas. Among 83 cases in non-endemic areas, only 4 cases had been to endemic areas and had a history of living, working, travelling, or hunting in echinococcosis epidemic areas. CONCLUSION Cases of echinococcosis were reported throughout the entire Yunnan province, with the majority distributed in Western Yunnan, suggesting that echinococcosis control should be strengthened in this area. We suggest that an epidemiological investigation should be carried out in the future, based on the clues from newly discovered cases in hospitals or from the CISDCP. The newly discovered cases in the hospital provided clues to comprehensively determine the location of cases and where epidemic spot investigation should be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Rong Zi
- Yunnan Provincial Center of Malaria Research, Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Puer 665000, Yunnan Province, China
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Puer 665000, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Dan Xiao
- Tibet Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tibet Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lhasa 85000, Tibet Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jia Peng
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Puer 665000, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Fang-Wei Wu
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Puer 665000, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Jian-Xiong Li
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Puer 665000, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Xin-Liu Yan
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Puer 665000, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Zheng-Qing Wang
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Puer 665000, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Xuan Cai
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Puer 665000, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Puer 665000, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Ben-Fu Li
- Yunnan Provincial Center of Malaria Research, Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Puer 665000, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Ya-Ming Yang
- Yunnan Provincial Center of Malaria Research, Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Puer 655000, Yunnan Province, China.
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Zheng Y, Xu L, Song X, Ding F, Li X. A rare case of gallbladder cystic echinococcosis disease in western China. Parasitol Int 2023; 97:102792. [PMID: 37544640 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2023.102792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Hydatid disease, also known as echinococcosis, is an endemic zoonotic parasitic disease caused by larvae of the Echinococcus tapeworm.Humans as accidental intermediate hosts in the parasite life cycle, echinococcus usually parasitizes the liver, solitary cystic echinococcosis in the gallbladder is very rare. Here we report a rare case of cystic echinococcosis in the gallbladder without liver involvement. A female patient was admitted to the hospital primarily for "right upper abdominal pain with radiating pain in the back of the shoulder for 20 days", initially suspected to be gallbladder stones, and underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy after completing the relevant investigations, and was diagnosed with primary cystic echinococcosis of the gallbladder based on the pathologic findings in the postoperative period. The patient recovered well after surgery and remained well without complications during the 6-month follow-up period. This case illustrates that echinococcus granulosus can also parasitize in the gallbladder only, although it is quite uncommon. In addition, it is difficult to distinguish it from gallbladder stones by conventional imaging. The diagnosis of some cases of gallbladder cystic echinococcosis is completed during surgery and confirmed by postoperative pathological results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zheng
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Lingcong Xu
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaojing Song
- Department of General Surgery, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Fanghui Ding
- Department of General Surgery, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Xun Li
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China; Department of General Surgery, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China.
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Chen C, Liang H, Peng F, Zhong S, Lu Y, Guo G, Li L. Determination of echinococcosis IgG antibodies using magnetic bead-based chemiluminescence immunoassay. J Immunol Methods 2023; 520:113513. [PMID: 37307908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2023.113513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Echinococcosis is a kind of parasitic disease shared by humans and animals. The aim of this study was to establish a new detection method for echinococcosis screening using magnetic bead-based chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA). A magnetic bead-based CLIA to determine anti-echinococcosis IgG antibodies was optimized and established. The sensitivity, accuracy, precision and recovery rate were evaluated using the national reference serum, and the reference interval, specificity and comparison assays were performed using the clinical negative/positive echinococcosis serum samples. This study established a new CLIA to determine anti-echinococcosis IgG antibodies. The sensitivity of this CLIA method was higher than that of the registered ELISA kit and the national standard, the conformance rate of the negative/positive references was 100% (8/8), the CVs of the sensitivity reference were all below 5%, and the CVs of the precision reference were 5.7%. There was no obvious cross-reactivity with the common parasitic disease-positive serum and serum interferents. Clinical sample testing found that the cutoff value of this CLIA was 5537.15 (RLU), and there was no significant difference between the CLIA method and the registered ELISA kit. This study established a fully automated CLIA method with high sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, precision, recovery rate, and satisfactory clinical testing performance, which may provide a new choice for echinococcosis screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuicui Chen
- Guangzhou Youdi Bio-Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China; Jinan Laide Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Jinan 271100, China
| | - Huankun Liang
- Guangzhou Youdi Bio-Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Fenglan Peng
- Taian Disabled Soldiers' Hospital of Shandong Province, Taian 271099, China
| | - Shuhai Zhong
- Guangzhou Youdi Bio-Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Yanhong Lu
- Guangzhou Youdi Bio-Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Guiling Guo
- Guangzhou Youdi Bio-Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Laiqing Li
- Guangzhou Youdi Bio-Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China; Jinan Laide Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Jinan 271100, China.
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15
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Shumuye NA, Li L, Li WH, Zhang NZ, Wu YT, Wu YD, Tian WJ, Zhang LS, Nian XF, Dai GD, Chen WG, Gao SZ, Tian XQ, Liu JS, Li B, Kebede N, Fu BQ, Yan HB, Jia WZ. Infection of sheep by Echinococcus multilocularis in Gansu, China: evidence from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA analysis. Infect Dis Poverty 2023; 12:72. [PMID: 37563679 PMCID: PMC10413491 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-023-01120-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the normal life cycle of the parasite (Echinococcus multilocularis) that causes alveolar echinococcosis, domestic and wild carnivores act as definitive hosts, and rodents act as intermediate hosts. The presented study contributes to the research on the distribution and transmission pattern of E. multilocularis in China having identified sheep as an unusual intermediate host taking part in the domestic transmission of alveolar echinococcosis in Gansu Province, China. METHODS From 2020 to 2021, nine whitish different cyst-like were collected from the liver of sheep in Gansu Province for examination. A near complete mitochondrial (mt) genome and selected nuclear genes were amplified from the cyst-like lesion for identification. To confirm the status of the specimen, comparative analysis with reference sequences, phylogenetic analysis, and network analysis were performed. RESULTS The isolates displayed ≥ 98.87% similarity to E. multilocularis NADH dehydrogenase sub-unit 1 (nad1) (894 bp) reference sequences deposited in GenBank. Furthermore, amplification of the nad4 and nad2 genes also confirmed all nine samples as E. multilocularis with > 99.30% similarity. Additionally, three nuclear genes, pepck (1545 bp), elp-exons VII and VIII (566 bp), and elp-exon IX (256 bp), were successfully amplified and sequenced for one of the isolates with 98.42% similarity, confirming the isolates were correctly identified as E. multilocularis. Network analysis also correctly placed the isolates with other E. multilocularis. CONCLUSIONS As a result of the discovery of E. multilocularis in an unusual intermediate host, which is considered to have the highest zoonotic potential, the result clearly demonstrated the necessity for expanded surveillance in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigus Abebe Shumuye
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine and Epidemiology, Mekelle University, College of Veterinary Sciences, Kalamino Campus, P.O.Box: 2084, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Wen-Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Nian-Zhang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Yan-Tao Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Yao-Dong Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Wen-Jun Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Lin-Sheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Nian
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Guo-Dong Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Wei-Gang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Sheng-Zhi Gao
- Gansu Animal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu Province, China
| | - Xue-Qi Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Jun-Shi Liu
- Jingyuan County Animal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Jingyuan County Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Technical Service Center, Jingyuan, 730600, Gansu Province, China
| | - Bin Li
- Jingyuan County Animal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Jingyuan County Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Technical Service Center, Jingyuan, 730600, Gansu Province, China
| | - Nigatu Kebede
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Bao-Quan Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Hong-Bin Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China.
| | - Wan-Zhong Jia
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Para-Reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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16
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Ma T, Wang Q, Hao M, Xue C, Wang X, Han S, Wang Q, Zhao J, Ma X, Wu X, Jiang X, Cao L, Yang Y, Feng Y, Gongsang Q, Scheffran J, Fang L, Maude RJ, Zheng C, Ding F, Wu W, Jiang D. Epidemiological characteristics and risk factors for cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in China: an analysis of a national population-based field survey. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:181. [PMID: 37270512 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05788-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human cystic and alveolar echinococcosis are neglected tropical diseases that WHO has prioritized for control in recent years. Both diseases impose substantial burdens on public health and the socio-economy in China. In this study, which is based on the national echinococcosis survey from 2012 to 2016, we aim to describe the spatial prevalence and demographic characteristics of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis infections in humans and assess the impact of environmental, biological and social factors on both types of the disease. METHODS We computed the sex-, age group-, occupation- and education level-specific prevalences of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis at national and sub-national levels. We mapped the geographical distribution of echinococcosis prevalence at the province, city and county levels. Finally, by analyzing the county-level echinococcosis cases combined with a range of associated environmental, biological and social factors, we identified and quantified the potential risk factors for echinococcosis using a generalized linear model. RESULTS A total of 1,150,723 residents were selected and included in the national echinococcosis survey between 2012 and 2016, of whom 4161 and 1055 tested positive for cystic and alveolar echinococcosis, respectively. Female gender, older age, occupation at herdsman, occupation as religious worker and illiteracy were identified as risk factors for both types of echinococcosis. The prevalence of echinococcosis was found to vary geographically, with areas of high endemicity observed in the Tibetan Plateau region. Cystic echinococcosis prevalence was positively correlated with cattle density, cattle prevalence, dog density, dog prevalence, number of livestock slaughtered, elevation and grass area, and negatively associated with temperature and gross domestic product (GDP). Alveolar echinococcosis prevalence was positively correlated with precipitation, level of awareness, elevation, rodent density and rodent prevalence, and negatively correlated with forest area, temperature and GDP. Our results also implied that drinking water sources are significantly associated with both diseases. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study provide a comprehensive understanding of geographical patterns, demographic characteristics and risk factors of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in China. This important information will contribute towards developing targeted prevention measures and controlling diseases from the public health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Ma
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mengmeng Hao
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chuizhao Xue
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xu Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Shuai Han
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiangshan Zhao
- Xingjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Qinghai Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Xianglin Wu
- Ningxia Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Xiaofeng Jiang
- Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Lei Cao
- Shaanxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yaming Yang
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Puer, Yunnan, China
| | - Yu Feng
- Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Quzhen Gongsang
- Tibet Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - Jürgen Scheffran
- Institute of Geography, Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability, University of Hamburg, 20144, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Liqun Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Richard James Maude
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, USA
- The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Canjun Zheng
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
| | - Fangyu Ding
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Weiping Wu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Dong Jiang
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Key Laboratory of Carrying Capacity Assessment for Resource and Environment, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing, China.
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Zhang X, Jian Y, Li Z, Duo H, Guo Z, Fu Y. Optimization of single-tube nested PCR for the detection of Echinococcus spp. Exp Parasitol 2023; 247:108494. [PMID: 36849051 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Echinococcosis is a serious zoonotic life-threatening parasitic disease caused by metacestodes of Echinococcus spp., and appropriate sensitive diagnosis and genotyping techniques are required to detect infections and study the genetic characterization of Echinococcus spp. isolates. In this study, a single-tube nested PCR (STNPCR) method was developed and evaluated for the detection of Echinococcus spp. DNA based on the COI gene. STNPCR was 100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR and showed the same sensitivity to common nested PCR (NPCR); but with a lower risk of cross-contamination. The limit of detection of the developed STNPCR method was estimated to be 10 copies/μL of the recombinant standard plasmids of Echinococcus spp. COI gene. In clinical application, 8 cyst tissue samples and 12 calcification tissue samples were analysed by conventional PCR with outer and inner primers and resulted in 100.00% (8/8) and 8.33% (1/12), 100.00% (8/8) and 16.67% (2/12) positive reactions, respectively, while STNPCR and NPCR were all able to identify the presence of genomic DNA in 100.00% (8/8) and 83.33% (10/12) of the same samples. Due to its high sensitivity combined with the potential for the elimination of cross-contamination, the STNPCR method was suitable for epidemiological investigations and characteristic genetic studies of Echinococcus spp. tissue samples. The STNPCR method can effectively amplify low concentrations of genomic DNA from calcification samples and cyst residues infected with Echinococcus spp. Subsequently, the sequences of positive PCR products were obtained, which were useful for haplotype analysis, genetic diversity, and evolution studies of Echinococcus spp., and understanding of Echinococcus spp. dissemination and transmission among the hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyong Zhang
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogen Diagnosis for Animal Disease and Green Technical Research for Prevention and Control, Xining, 810016, PR China.
| | - Yingna Jian
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogen Diagnosis for Animal Disease and Green Technical Research for Prevention and Control, Xining, 810016, PR China
| | - Zhi Li
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogen Diagnosis for Animal Disease and Green Technical Research for Prevention and Control, Xining, 810016, PR China
| | - Hong Duo
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogen Diagnosis for Animal Disease and Green Technical Research for Prevention and Control, Xining, 810016, PR China
| | - Zhihong Guo
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogen Diagnosis for Animal Disease and Green Technical Research for Prevention and Control, Xining, 810016, PR China
| | - Yong Fu
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogen Diagnosis for Animal Disease and Green Technical Research for Prevention and Control, Xining, 810016, PR China.
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Yin J, Wu X, Han J, Torgerson PR. The impact of natural environment on human alveolar echinococcosis: A township-level modeling study in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 856:159085. [PMID: 36179829 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Human alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a lethal helminthic infection caused by the tapeworms Echinococcus multilocularis. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has the greatest endemicity of human AE globally, but the natural risk factors and its impact mechanism are still unclear. Generalized linear models and generalized additive models are used to select key linear and non-linear environmental factors associated with cases of AE. The interactive effect between different factors is identified using concurvity test. From fifty-nine variables analyzed, four key factors and one interaction term were identified associated with AE. Considering interaction terms between climatic and geographical landscape factors can significantly improve model fitting. Minimum winter precipitation, percentage of grassland cover, and minimum elevation have significant positive linear relationship with human AE incidence. The relationship between maximum summer precipitation and human AE is non-linear with high AE incidence associated with moderate precipitation. The interaction term of maximum summer precipitation and number of patches of grassland on human AE indicates that human AE incidence is highest when both factors were high. The climatic and landscape risk factors together are associated with the local transmission of human AE in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. This study provides a scientific basis for human intervention in AE from fine-scale ecological environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Xiaoxu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Jiatong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Paul Robert Torgerson
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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19
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Zhang X, Fu Y, Ma Y, Guo Z, Shen X, Li Z, Jiunai G, Wang X, Maji W, Duo H. Brief report prevalence of Echinococcus species in wild foxes in parts of Qinghai Province, China. Vet Res Commun 2022; 47:947-952. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-10012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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20
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Wang L, Gongsang Q, Pang H, Qin M, Wang Y, Li J, Frutos R, Gavotte L. Assessment of echinococcosis control in Tibet Autonomous Region, China. Infect Dis Poverty 2022; 11:59. [PMID: 35619124 PMCID: PMC9137097 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-022-00987-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In China the highest prevalence of echinococcosis is in Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR). The government has issued documents and implemented comprehensive prevention and control measures focusing on controlling the source of infection of echinococcosis. It was very important to understand the implementation and effect of infectious source control measures. The purpose of this study was to examine the implementation of measures to control infectious source (domestic and stray dogs) in TAR and to assess their effectiveness. METHODS We collected data on domestic dog registration and deworming and stray dog sheltering in 74 counties/districts in the TAR from 2017 to 2019. Fecal samples from domestic dogs were collected from randomly selected towns to determine Echinococcus infection in dogs using coproantigen ELISA. We analyzed the data to compare the canine rate of infection between 2016 and 2019. The data analysis was performed by SPSS statistical to compare dog infection rate in 2016 and 2019 by chi-square test, and ArcGIS was used for mapping. RESULTS From 2017 to 2019, 84 stray dog shelters were built in TAR, and accumulatively 446,660 stray or infected dogs were arrested, sheltered, or disposed of. The number of domestic dogs went downward, with an increased registration management rate of 78.4% (2017), 88.8% (2018), and 99.0% (2019). Dogs were dewormed 5 times in 2017, 12 times in 2018, and 12 times in 2019. The dog infection rate was 1.7% (252/14,584) in 2019, significantly lower than 7.3% (552/7564) from the survey of echinococcosis prevalence in Tibet in 2016 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Between 2017 and 2019, the number of stray dogs and infection rate of Echinococcus spp. in domestic dogs decreased significantly, indicating that dogs were effectively controlled as a source of infection in TAR and reflecting a significant decrease in the risk of echinococcosis transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Centre for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Centre for International Research On Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,Tibet Center for Disease Control and Prevention, NHC Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis Prevention and Control, Lhasa, 850000, China. .,Cirad, UMR 17, Intertryp, Campus international de Baillarguet, 34398, Montpellier, France. .,Espace-Dev, UMR D-228, Université de Montpellier, 34000, Montpellier, France.
| | - Quzhen Gongsang
- Tibet Center for Disease Control and Prevention, NHC Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis Prevention and Control, Lhasa, 850000, China
| | - Huasheng Pang
- Tibet Center for Disease Control and Prevention, NHC Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis Prevention and Control, Lhasa, 850000, China
| | - Min Qin
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Centre for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Centre for International Research On Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Ying Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Centre for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Centre for International Research On Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jingzhong Li
- Tibet Center for Disease Control and Prevention, NHC Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis Prevention and Control, Lhasa, 850000, China.
| | - Roger Frutos
- Cirad, UMR 17, Intertryp, Campus international de Baillarguet, 34398, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent Gavotte
- Espace-Dev, UMR D-228, Université de Montpellier, 34000, Montpellier, France
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21
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Deng X, Wang JJ, Huang HS, Zhang LQ, Wang ZX, Wang KQ, Yang XZ, He SS, Li Z, Gao Y, Wang HJ, Fan HN, Cairang Y. Analysis of the efficacy of microwave ablation in the treatment of early hepatic alveolar echinococcosis: A propensity score matching based study. Acta Trop 2022; 228:106307. [PMID: 35016884 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To explore the efficacy of microwave ablation (MWA) in the treatment of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis (HAE) with a diameter of ≤5 cm. METHOD From June 2014 to January 2020, patients diagnosed with HAE were retrospectively analyzed. After balancing the confounding factors by propensity score matching (PSM) , the patients were divided into MWA group (n = 20) and radical operation group (n = 20) by 1:1 matching. The safety and effectiveness of MWA were assessed by comparing the differences between the two groups in terms of postoperative general laboratory indices, grading of postoperative complications, length of postoperative hospitalization, the outcome of treatment, and disease recurrence. RESULT After PSM, all confounders were not statistically different (P>0.05) . Compared with the radical surgery group, patients in the MWA group had lower postoperative ALT and WBC elevations (P<0.001) , shorter postoperative hospital stay (P<0.001) ) , lower hospital costs (P<0.001) . The effective rate of the two groups was 100%. There was no statistical difference in the incidence of postoperative complications and recurrence rate (P>0.05). CONCLUSION MWA is a safe and effective means of treating HAE ≤ 5 cm in diameter.
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22
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Cartuyvels E, Adriaens T, Baert K, Huysentruyt F, Van Den Berge K. Prevalence of Fox Tapeworm in Invasive Muskrats in Flanders (North Belgium). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:879. [PMID: 35405868 PMCID: PMC8997082 DOI: 10.3390/ani12070879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
One way in which invasive alien species affect their environment is by acting as pathogen hosts. Pathogens limited by the availability of the native host species can profit from the presence of additional hosts. The muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) is known to act as an intermediate host for the fox tapeworm (Echinococcus multilocularis). From 2009 to 2017, 15,402 muskrats caught in Flanders and across the border with Wallonia and France were collected and dissected with the aim of understanding the prevalence of this parasite in muskrats. Visual examination of the livers revealed 202 infected animals (1.31%). Out of the 9421 animals caught in Flanders, we found 82 individuals (0.87%) infected with E. multilocularis. No increase in prevalence was observed during this study. All of the infected animals in Flanders were found in municipalities along the Walloon border. We did not observe a northward spread of E. multilocularis infection from Wallonia to Flanders. We hypothesise that the low prevalence is the result of the reduced availability of intermediate hosts and the successful control programme which is keeping muskrat densities in the centre of the region at low levels and is preventing influx from other areas. Our results illustrate that muskrats are good sentinels for E. multilocularis and regular screening can gain valuable insight into the spread of this zoonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Cartuyvels
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Wildlife Management and Invasive Species, Havenlaan 88, 1000 Brussels, Belgium; (T.A.); (K.B.); (F.H.); (K.V.D.B.)
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23
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Liu Z, Yin B. Alterations in the Gut Microbial Composition and Diversity of Tibetan Sheep Infected With Echinococcus granulosus. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:778789. [PMID: 35097041 PMCID: PMC8792969 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.778789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydatidosis/cystic echinococcosis (CE) caused by Echinococcus granulosus is a parasitic zoonotic disease worldwide, threatening animal health and production and public health safety. However, it is still unclear that whether E. granulosus infection can result in the alteration of gut microbiota in Tibetan sheep. Therefore, a study was designed to investigate the influences of E. granulosus infection on gut microbiota of Tibetan sheep. A total of 10 ovine small intestinal contents (five from healthy and five from infected) were obtained and subjected to high-throughput sequencing by MiSeq platform. A total of 2,395,641 sequences and 585 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified. Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were the most dominant phyla in all samples. Moreover, the proportions of Armatimonadetes and Firmicutes in the infected Tibetan sheep were significantly decreased, whereas Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Acidobacteria had significantly increased. At the genus level, the Christensenellaceae_R-7_group and Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group were the predominant bacterial genera in all the samples. Furthermore, the healthy Tibetan sheep exhibited higher abundances of Intestinimonas, Butyrivibrio, Pseudobutyrivibrio, Ruminococcaceae, Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group, Oxobacter, Prevotella_1, Ruminiclostridium_6, Coprococcus_1, Ruminococcus, Lachnospiraceae_UCG-002, Olsenella, and Acetitomaculum, whereas Kocuria, Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, Slackia, Achromobacter, and Stenotrophomonas levels were lower. In conclusion, our results conveyed an information that E. granulosus infection may cause an increase in pathogenic bacteria and a decrease in beneficial bacteria. Additionally, a significant dynamical change in gut microbiota could be associated with E. granulosus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Liu
- College of Life Science, Anqing Normal University, Anqing, China
- Research Center of Aquatic Organism Conservation and Water Ecosystem Restoration in Anhui Province, Anqing Normal University, Anqing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhigang Liu
| | - Baishuang Yin
- Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Key Lab of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Jilin Province, Jilin, China
- Baishuang Yin
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Zhang X, Jian Y, Guo Z, Duo H, Wei Y. DEVELOPMENT OF A TRIPLEX REAL-TIME PCR ASSAY TO DETECT ECHINOCOCCUS SPECIES IN CANID FECAL SAMPLES. J Parasitol 2022; 108:79-87. [PMID: 35171246 DOI: 10.1645/21-72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinococcosis is a zoonotic disease with great significance to public health, and appropriate detection and control strategies should be adopted to mitigate its impact. Most cases of echinococcosis are believed to be transmitted by the consumption of food and/or water contaminated with canid stool containing Echinococcus spp. eggs. Studies assessing Echinococcus multilocularis, Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto, and Echinococcus shiquicus coinfection from contaminated water-derived, soil-derived, and food-borne samples are scarce, which may be due to the lack of optimized laboratory detection methods. The present study aimed to develop and evaluate a novel triplex TaqMan-minor groove binder probe for real-time polymerase chain reaction (rtPCR) to simultaneously detect the 3 Echinococcus spp. mentioned above from canid fecal samples in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau area (QTPA). The efficiency and linearity of each signal channel in the triplex rtPCR assay were within acceptable limits for the range of concentrations tested. Furthermore, the method was shown to have good repeatability (standard deviation ≤0.32 cycle threshold), and the limit of detection was estimated to be 10 copies plasmid/μl reaction. In summary, the evaluation of the present method shows that the newly developed triplex rtPCR assay is a highly specific, precise, consistent, and stable method that could be used in epidemiological investigations of echinococcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyong Zhang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou Gansu, 730070, People's Republic of China.,Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining Qinghai, 810016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingna Jian
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou Gansu, 730070, People's Republic of China.,Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining Qinghai, 810016, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihong Guo
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining Qinghai, 810016, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Duo
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining Qinghai, 810016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanming Wei
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou Gansu, 730070, People's Republic of China
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Wang X, Zhu A, Cai H, Liu B, Xie G, Jiang R, Zhang J, Xie N, Guan Y, Bergquist R, Wang Z, Li Y, Wu W. The pathology, phylogeny, and epidemiology of Echinococcus ortleppi (G5 genotype): a new case report of echinococcosis in China. Infect Dis Poverty 2021; 10:130. [PMID: 34742346 PMCID: PMC8572459 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-021-00907-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by the larval stage of the complex Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.), is a zoonotic parasitic disease with a high social burden in China. E. ortleppi is a species (formerly genotype 5 of E. granulosus s.l.) with unique epidemic areas (tropical areas), transmission patterns (mainly cattle origin), and pathological characteristics (large and small hook lengths) compared to other species that cause CE. A 19-year-old female patient in an area with no history of echinococcosis in Guizhou Province, China, was diagnosed with E. ortleppi infection in 2019. This study is to understand the source of this human E.ortleppi infection. Methods We performed computer tomography (CT) scans, surgical operation, morphological sectioning, molecular diagnosis, phylogenetic analyses, and epidemiological investigation in Anshun City, Guizhou Province, China in 2019. Results The patient presented with intermittent distension and pain in the upper abdomen without other abnormal symptoms. Routine blood examination results were normal. However, abdominal CT revealed a fertile cyst with a diameter of approximately 8 cm, uniform density, and a clear boundary, but without an evident cyst wall in the right lobe of the liver. The cyst was fertile, and phylogenetic analyses revealed that the isolates represented a new E. ortleppi genus haplotype. A result of 10‒14 years incubation period with indigenous infection was considered available for the case through the epidemiological survey. Conclusions CE due to E. ortleppi infection can be confused with other diseases causing liver cysts, resulting in misdiagnosis. A transmission chain of E. ortleppi may exist or existed in the past in the previously considered non-endemic areas of echinococcosis in southwestern China. Graphic abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40249-021-00907-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Aiya Zhu
- Guizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Hongying Cai
- People's Hospital of Anshun City, Anshun, Guizhou, China
| | - Baixue Liu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Xie
- People's Hospital of Anshun City, Anshun, Guizhou, China
| | - Rui Jiang
- Anshun Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Anshun, Guizhou, China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Guizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Nanzi Xie
- People's Hospital of Anshun City, Anshun, Guizhou, China
| | - Yayi Guan
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Zhenghuan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Li
- Guizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.
| | - Weiping Wu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.
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Ma T, Jiang D, Hao M, Fan P, Zhang S, Quzhen G, Xue C, Han S, Wu W, Zheng C, Ding F. Geographical Detector-based influence factors analysis for Echinococcosis prevalence in Tibet, China. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009547. [PMID: 34252103 PMCID: PMC8297938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinococcosis, caused by genus Echinococcus, is the most pathogenic zoonotic parasitic disease in the world. In Tibet of the People's Republic of China, echinococcosis refers principally to two types of severe zoonosis, cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE), which place a serious burden on public health and economy in the local community. However, research on the spatial epidemiology of echinococcosis remains inadequate in Tibet, China. Based on the recorded human echinococcosis data, maps of the spatial distribution of human CE and AE prevalence in Tibet were produced at city level and county level respectively, which show that the prevalence of echinococcosis in northern and western Tibet was much higher than that in other regions. We employ a geographical detector to explore the influencing factors for causing CE and AE while sorting information on the maps of disease prevalence and environment factors (e.g. terrain, population, and yak population). The results of our analysis showed that biological factors have the most impact on the prevalence of echinococcosis, of which the yak population contributes the most for CE, while the dog population contributes the most for AE. In addition, the interaction between various factors, as we found out, might further explain the disease prevalence, which indicated that the echinococcosis prevalence is not simply affected by one single factor, but by multiple factors that are correlated with each other complicatedly. Our results will provide an important reference for the evaluation of the echinococcosis risk, control projects, and prevention programs in Tibet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Carrying Capacity Assessment for Resource and Environment, Ministry of Natural Resources of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Mengmeng Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peiwei Fan
- Department of Geological Engineering and Environment, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Shize Zhang
- Computer Network Information Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gongsang Quzhen
- Tibet Autonomous Region Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, China
- National Health Council Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis Prevention and Control, Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, China
| | - ChuiZhao Xue
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuai Han
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Shanghai, China
| | - WeiPing Wu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Shanghai, China
| | - Canjun Zheng
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
| | - Fangyu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Yan S, Wang D, Zhang J, Mo X, Feng Y, Duan L, Liu D, Li F, Dao Y, Zhang T, Hu W, Feng Z, Zheng B. Epidemiological survey of human echinococcosis in east Gansu, China. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6373. [PMID: 33737680 PMCID: PMC7973574 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85843-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinococcosis is endemic in pastoral regions of south, west and mid-Gansu province, China. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of echinococcosis in east Gansu, and analyze its associated risk factors. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2011 in 12 villages of Xiaonangou township, Huan County in east Gansu province by ultrasound abdominal scan and auxiliary serotest, and a prevalence surveillance study from 2008 to 2014 was performed in one villages by ultrasonography screening. Questionnaire information analysis indicates that the risk factors are in association with the gender, age, and education level. The cross-sectional survey found a cystic echinococcosis prevalence of 2.21% (107/4837). Higher prevalence was seen in females (χ2 = 4.198, P < 0.05), older ages (> 60 years) (χ2trend = 96.30, P < 0.05), and illiterates (χ2 = 90.101, P < 0.05). Prevalence surveillance showed changing profile of 3.35% in 2011 to 0.88% (1/113) in 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yan
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Joint Research Laboratory of Genetics and Ecology on Parasite-Host Interaction, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention & Fudan University, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Gansu Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, 730020, China
| | - Junrui Zhang
- The Endemic Disease Prevention Office in Huan County, Qingyang, 745700, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaojin Mo
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Joint Research Laboratory of Genetics and Ecology on Parasite-Host Interaction, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention & Fudan University, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yu Feng
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Gansu Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, 730020, China
| | - Liling Duan
- The Endemic Disease Prevention Office in Huan County, Qingyang, 745700, Gansu, China
| | - Deyu Liu
- The Endemic Disease Prevention Office in Huan County, Qingyang, 745700, Gansu, China
| | - Fan Li
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Gansu Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, 730020, China
| | - Yongchun Dao
- The Endemic Disease Prevention Office in Huan County, Qingyang, 745700, Gansu, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Joint Research Laboratory of Genetics and Ecology on Parasite-Host Interaction, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention & Fudan University, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Wei Hu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Joint Research Laboratory of Genetics and Ecology on Parasite-Host Interaction, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention & Fudan University, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Zheng Feng
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Joint Research Laboratory of Genetics and Ecology on Parasite-Host Interaction, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention & Fudan University, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Bin Zheng
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Joint Research Laboratory of Genetics and Ecology on Parasite-Host Interaction, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention & Fudan University, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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Ma T, Jiang D, Quzhen G, Xue C, Han S, Wu W, Zheng C, Ding F. Factors influencing the spatial distribution of cystic echinococcosis in Tibet, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 754:142229. [PMID: 33254864 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE), which is caused by Echinococcus granulosus, is a worldwide helminthozoonosis that is highly endemic in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China and has important public health and economic impacts. However, the spatial epidemiological characteristics of CE in Tibet are still unclear. Based on recorded human CE cases and the use of a geographic information system, the spatial distribution patterns of CE prevalence at three different scales were analyzed. In addition, a spatial agglomeration map of CE prevalence was generated based on cold/hot spot analysis. By combining maps of environmental and biological covariates with information about known human CE cases, the links between CE prevalence and relevant covariates were explored, revealing that the annual average precipitation, elevation, water accessibility and animal population (dog and yak) were associated with the prevalence of CE at the significance level of P < 0.05. Our results provide a novel insight and better understanding of the current situation of and the factors influencing CE in Tibet, which can help public health authorities develop disease prevention and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Key Laboratory of Carrying Capacity Assessment for Resource and Environment, Ministry of Natural Resources of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Gongsang Quzhen
- Tibet Autonomous Region Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Lhasa 850000, Tibet Autonomous Region, China
| | - Chuizhao Xue
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Shuai Han
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Weiping Wu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Canjun Zheng
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Fangyu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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29
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Weng X, Mu Z, Wei X, Wang X, Zuo Q, Ma S, Ding Y, Wang X, Wu W, Craig PS, Wang Z. The effects of dog management on Echinococcus spp. prevalence in villages on the eastern Tibetan Plateau, China. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:207. [PMID: 32317015 PMCID: PMC7175499 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04082-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pastoral area of the eastern Tibetan Plateau is highly endemic for human echinococcosis. Domestic dogs are the main definitive host for the transmission of both Echinococcus granulosus (sensu lato) and E. multilocularis to humans. To control the infection risks, a national-level canine echinococcosis prevention and control programme has been implemented since 2015 in Shiqu County, Ganze Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan, China. The objective of this study was to evaluate its effect on Echinococcus spp. prevalence in dogs. METHODS We surveyed 69 households with 84 owned dogs, for dog fecal samples and dog keeping information in the villages of Rizha and Eduoma. A total of 105 dog fecal samples (75 from owned dogs and 30 unknown dog fecal samples) were collected between 2015-2017 to determine Echinococcus spp. prevalence using copro-PCR. Eight variables based on household surveys were included into a logistic regression model for significant risk factors to canine echinococcosis prevalence in dogs. RESULTS Between 2015-2017, the overall Echinococcus spp. copro-DNA prevalence decreased significantly in dogs from 51.2% (2015) to 20.0% (2017) in Rizha, and insignificantly from 11.5% (2016) to 4.3% (2017) in Eduoma. Echinococcus multilocularis was the most prevalent species continually copro-DNA detected during the entire study period, while E. granulosus was rare and not detected in 2017. Echinococcus shiquicus copro-DNA prevalence (a probable non-zoonotic wildlife species) was as high in dogs as that of E. multilocularis, although only detected in 2015 in Rizha. Unleashed dog feces were mainly collected in Rizha in 2015. Although 93.2% of owned dogs were leashed, and the monthly praziquantel dosing rate reached 97%, E. multilocularis infection could still be detected in 11.1% of owned dogs in 2017. Monthly deworming, leashing dogs 24 h per day, and the avoidance of dogs feeding on livestock viscera were significant measures to prevent canine echinococcosis infection in owned dogs. CONCLUSIONS Carrying out a canine echinococcosis prevention and control programme can significantly decrease Echinococcus spp. prevalence. The potential contact between leashed dogs and wild small mammals is still a risk for re-infection of owned dogs with E. multilocularis. This study shows that the long-term application of regular dog treatment with praziquantel in the vast and remote echinococcosis endemic areas of the eastern Tibetan Plateau can reduce transmission in dogs but remains a challenging intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Weng
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiqiang Mu
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Wei
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingqiu Zuo
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuo Ma
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Youzhong Ding
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Science and Technology Museum, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiping Wu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Philip S Craig
- School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Greater Manchester, UK
| | - Zhenghuan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China. .,Joint Translational Science & Technology Research Institute, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Urbanization and Ecological Restoration, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
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Lass A, Ma L, Kontogeorgos I, Xueyong Z, Li X, Karanis P. Contamination of wastewater with Echinococcus multilocularis - possible implications for drinking water resources in the QTP China. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 170:115334. [PMID: 31794889 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Echinococcus multilocularis is a parasite that causes a dangerous zoonosis, alveolar echinococcosis (AE). Its presence in water sources, however, has scarcely been studied heretofore. Accordingly, 222 samples of different origin including wastewater from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) (n = 137), slaughterhouse (n = 49) as well as water from rivers (n = 26) and a cattle farm (n = 10) were collected from Xining City and a rural area in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP), an endemic area. Material obtained after processing of 10 L volume samples was subsequently analysed using three molecular detection methods: nested PCR, real-time PCR and LAMP. E. multilocularis DNA was found in 13 (5.85%) water samples; including 8 (5.8%), 3 (6%), 2 (20%) and 0 positive samples found in WWTPs, a slaughterhouse, a cattle farm and rivers, respectively. All three (LAMP, PCR, RT-PCR) molecular tools displayed high agreement and effectiveness in their ability of detecting the parasite's DNA in environmental material. This is the first investigation describing E. multilocularis detection in wastewater samples, using three sensitive molecular diagnostic tools. Results indicate the role of wastewater in dissemination of E. multilocularis and the risk of contamination of water sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lass
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Center for Biomedicine and Infectious Disease, Qinghai University, 1#Wei'er Road, Qinghai Biological Scientific Estate Garden, Xining, 810016, PR China; Department of Tropical Parasitology, Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine in Gdynia, Medical University of Gdansk, 9b Powstania Styczniowego Str, 81-519, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Liqing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Center for Biomedicine and Infectious Disease, Qinghai University, 1#Wei'er Road, Qinghai Biological Scientific Estate Garden, Xining, 810016, PR China
| | - Ioannis Kontogeorgos
- Marine Sciences Department, School of Environment, University of the Aegean, University Hill, 88 100, Mytilene, Greece
| | - Zhang Xueyong
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Center for Biomedicine and Infectious Disease, Qinghai University, 1#Wei'er Road, Qinghai Biological Scientific Estate Garden, Xining, 810016, PR China
| | - Xiuping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Center for Biomedicine and Infectious Disease, Qinghai University, 1#Wei'er Road, Qinghai Biological Scientific Estate Garden, Xining, 810016, PR China
| | - Panagiotis Karanis
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Center for Biomedicine and Infectious Disease, Qinghai University, 1#Wei'er Road, Qinghai Biological Scientific Estate Garden, Xining, 810016, PR China; University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Nicosia University Medical School, Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Nicosia, 2408, Cyprus.
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31
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He Z, Yan T, Yuan Y, Yang D, Yang G. miRNAs and lncRNAs in Echinococcus and Echinococcosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030730. [PMID: 31979099 PMCID: PMC7037763 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Echinococcosis are considered to be potentially lethal zoonotic diseases that cause serious damage to hosts. The metacestode of Echinococcus multilocularis and E. granulosus can result in causing the alveolar and cystic echinococcoses, respectively. Recent studies have shown that non-coding RNAs are widely expressed in Echinococcus spp. and hosts. In this review, the two main types of non-coding RNAs—long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs)—and the wide-scale involvement of these molecules in these parasites and their hosts were discussed. The expression pattern of miRNAs in Echinococcus spp. is species- and developmental stage-specific. Furthermore, common miRNAs were detected in three Echinococcus spp. and their intermediate hosts. Here, we primarily focus on recent insights from transcriptome studies, the expression patterns of miRNAs and lncRNAs, and miRNA-related databases and techniques that are used to investigate miRNAs in Echinococcus and echinococcosis. This review provides new avenues for screening therapeutic and diagnostic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (Z.H.); (T.Y.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Taiming Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (Z.H.); (T.Y.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Ya Yuan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (Z.H.); (T.Y.); (Y.Y.)
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Deying Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; (Z.H.); (T.Y.); (Y.Y.)
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-028-8278-3043
| | - Guangyou Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China;
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Shan X, Chen Y, Liu K, Zhang S, Yu J, Yin J, Kaji L, Song R, Wang Y, Wang Y, Qing Y, Li S, Yang Z, Zhang H. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) associated with echinococcosis patients in Tibetan communities in Shiqu County, China: a case–control study. Qual Life Res 2020; 29:1559-1565. [DOI: 10.1007/s11136-020-02424-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Yong TS, Lee KJ, Shin MH, Yu HS, Suvonkulov U, Sergeevich TB, Shamsiev A, Park GM. Prevalence of Intestinal Helminth Infections in Dogs and Two Species of Wild Animals from Samarkand Region of Uzbekistan. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2019; 57:549-552. [PMID: 31715699 PMCID: PMC6851258 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2019.57.5.549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the prevalence of intestinal helminth parasitic infections and associated risk factors for the human infection among the people of Samarkand, Uzbekistan. Infection status of helminths including Echinococcus granulosus was surveyed in domestic and wild animals from 4 sites in the Samarkand region, Uzbekistan during 2015-2018. Fecal samples of each animal were examined with the formalin-ether sedimentation technique and the recovery of intestinal helminths was performed with naked eyes and a stereomicroscope in total 1,761 animals (1,755 dogs, 1 golden jackal, and 5 Corsac foxes). Total 658 adult worms of E. granulosus were detected in 28 (1.6%) dogs and 1 (100%) golden jackal. More than 6 species of helminths, i.e., Taenia hydatigena, Dipylidium caninum, Diplopylidium nolleri, Mesocestoides lineatus, Toxocara canis, and Trichuris vulpis, were found from 18 (1.0%) dogs. Six (T. hydatigena, Toxascaris leonina, Alaria alata, Uncinaria stenocephala, D. caninum, and M. lineatus) and 2 (D. nolleri and M. lineatus) species of helminths were also detected from 5 Corsac foxes and 1 golden jackal, respectively. Taeniid eggs were found in 2 (20%) out of 10 soil samples. In the present study, it was confirmed that the prevalences of helminths including E. granulosus are not so high in domestic and wild animals. Nevertheless, the awareness on the zoonotic helminth infections should be continuously maintained in Uzbekistan for the prevention of human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Soon Yong
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology and Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Kyu-Jae Lee
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Korea
| | - Myeong Heon Shin
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology and Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Hak Sun Yu
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Uktamjon Suvonkulov
- Isaev Research Institute of Medical Parasitology, Ministry of Health, Samarkand, Republic of Uzbekistan
| | | | - Azamat Shamsiev
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Samarkand Medical Institute, Samarkand, Republic of Uzbekistan
| | - Gab-Man Park
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Gangneung 25601, Korea
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A multiplex PCR for the identification of Echinococcus multilocularis, E. granulosus sensu stricto and E. canadensis that infect human. Parasitology 2019; 146:1595-1601. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182019000921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AbstractEchinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.), Echinococcus multilocularis and Echinococcus canadensis are the common causes of human echinococcosis in China. An accurate species identification tool for human echinococcosis is needed as the treatments and prognosis are different among species. The present work demonstrates a method for the simultaneous detection of these three Echinococcus species based on multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR). Specific primers of this mPCR were designed based on the mitochondrial genes and determined by extensive tests. The method can successfully detect either separated or mixed target species, and generate expected amplicons of distinct size for each species. Sensitivity of the method was tested by serially diluted DNA, showing a detection threshold as less as 0.32 pg for both E. granulosus s.s. and E. canadensis, and 1.6 pg for E. multilocularis. Specificity assessed against 18 other parasites was found to be 100% except weakly cross-react with E. shiquicus. The assay was additionally applied to 69 echinococcosis patients and 38 healthy persons, confirming the high reliability of the method. Thus, the mPCR described here has high application potential for clinical identification purposes, and can further provide a useful tool for evaluation of serology and imaging method.
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Cai X, Cai H, Gan Q, Chang W, Yuan F, Luo W, Sun J, An J. Case Report: Rare Presentation of Multivisceral Echinococcosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2019; 100:1204-1207. [PMID: 30860020 PMCID: PMC6493931 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a common, chronic, and endemic zoonotic disease usually localized in a single organ; multivisceral cases are rare, especially outside the liver or lung. Here, we describe an unusual case of a 43-year-old Tibetan man with echinococcosis of the infratemporal fossa, heart, liver, pancreas, abdomen, and pelvic cavity. He only presented with diminished vision of the left eye, especially when chewing. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed multivisceral CE. The patient underwent surgery for the excision of a cyst in the infratemporal fossa, as well as chemotherapy, and the diagnosis was confirmed by histopathological examination. The diagnosis, clinical features, treatment, and follow-up in this case are discussed. In areas with high echinococcosis prevalence, examination by full imaging is necessary for an accurate diagnosis, especially in cases of atypical localization. Chemotherapy for treatment, as well as prophylaxis against recurrence, can be effective when surgery is not possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Cai
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, People’s Hospital of Qinghai Province, Xining, China
| | - Huixia Cai
- Department of Parasite Control, Qinghai Province Institute for Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Xining, China
| | - Qing Gan
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, People’s Hospital of Qinghai Province, Xining, China
| | - Wenxu Chang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, People’s Hospital of Qinghai Province, Xining, China
| | - Fang Yuan
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, People’s Hospital of Qinghai Province, Xining, China
| | - Wei Luo
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, People’s Hospital of Qinghai Province, Xining, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, People’s Hospital of Qinghai Province, Xining, China
| | - Jing An
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, People’s Hospital of Qinghai Province, Xining, China
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Li B, Quzhen G, Xue CZ, Han S, Chen WQ, Yan XL, Li ZJ, Quick ML, Huang Y, Xiao N, Wang Y, Wang LY, Zuoga G, Bianba, Gangzhu, Ma BC, Gasong, Wei XG, Niji, Zheng CJ, Wu WP, Zhou XN. Epidemiological survey of echinococcosis in Tibet Autonomous Region of China. Infect Dis Poverty 2019; 8:29. [PMID: 31030673 PMCID: PMC6487032 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-019-0537-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The echinococcosis is prevalent in 10 provinces /autonomous region in western and northern China. Epidemiological survey of echinococcosis in China in 2012 showed the average prevalence of four counties in Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) is 4.23%, much higher than the average prevalence in China (0.24%). It is important to understand the transmission risks and the prevalence of echinococcosis in human and animals in TAR. METHODS A stratified and proportionate sampling method was used to select samples in TAR. The selected residents were examined by B-ultrasonography diagnostic, and the faeces of dogs were tested for the canine coproantigen against Echinococcus spp. using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The internal organs of slaughtered domestic animals were examined by visual examination and palpation. The awareness of the prevention and control of echinococcosis among of residents and students was investigated using questionnaire. All data were inputted using double entry in the Epi Info database, with error correction by double-entry comparison, the statistical analysis of all data was processed using SPSS 21.0, and the map was mapped using ArcGIS 10.1, the data was tested by Chi-square test and Cochran-Armitage trend test. RESULTS A total of 80 384 people, 7564 faeces of dogs, and 2103 internal organs of slaughtered domestic animals were examined. The prevalence of echinococcosis in humans in TAR was 1.66%, the positive rate in females (1.92%) was significantly higher than that in males (1.41%), (χ2 = 30.31, P < 0.01), the positive rate of echinococcosis was positively associated with age (χ2trend = 423.95, P < 0.01), and the occupational populations with high positive rates of echinococcosis were herdsmen (3.66%) and monks (3.48%). The average positive rate of Echinococcus coproantigen in TAR was 7.30%. The positive rate of echinococcosis in livestock for the whole region was 11.84%. The average awareness rate of echinococcosis across the region was 33.39%. CONCLUSIONS A high prevalence of echinococcosis is found across the TAR, representing a very serious concern to human health. Efforts should be made to develop an action plan for echinococcosis prevention and control as soon as possible, so as to control the endemic of echinococcosis and reduce the medical burden on the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Tibet Autonomous Region Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Lhasa, 850 000 Tibet Autonomous Region China
| | - Gongsang Quzhen
- Tibet Autonomous Region Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Lhasa, 850 000 Tibet Autonomous Region China
| | - Chui-Zhao Xue
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200 025 China
| | - Shuai Han
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200 025 China
| | - Wei-Qi Chen
- Henan Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Shanghai, 450 000 Henan China
| | - Xin-Liu Yan
- Yunnan Institute of Diseases Control and Prevention, Kunming, 650 000 Yunnan China
| | - Zhong-Jie Li
- Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, 102 200 China
| | - M. Linda Quick
- Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30 328 USA
| | - Yong Huang
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Jining, 272 033 Shandong China
| | - Ning Xiao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200 025 China
| | - Ying Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200 025 China
| | - Li-Ying Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200 025 China
| | - Gesang Zuoga
- Lhasa Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Lhasa, 850 000 Tibet Autonomous Region China
| | - Bianba
- Shigatse Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Sangzhuzi District, 857 000 Tibet Autonomous Region China
| | - Gangzhu
- Shannan Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Shannan, 856 000 Tibet Autonomous Region China
| | - Bing-Cheng Ma
- Linzhi Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Linzhi, 860 000 Tibet Autonomous Region China
| | - Gasong
- Changdu Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Changdu, 854 000 Tibet Autonomous Region China
| | - Xiao-Gang Wei
- Naqu Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Naqu, 852 000 Tibet Autonomous Region China
| | - Niji
- Ali Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Ali, 859 000 Tibet Autonomous Region China
| | - Can-Jun Zheng
- Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30 328 USA
- Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Ping Wu
- Henan Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Shanghai, 450 000 Henan China
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- Henan Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Shanghai, 450 000 Henan China
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Craig PS, Giraudoux P, Wang ZH, Wang Q. Echinococcosis transmission on the Tibetan Plateau. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2019; 104:165-246. [PMID: 31030769 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Since the mid-1990s detailed studies and field investigations on the Tibetan Plateau have revealed human echinococcosis to be an under-reported major public health problem, particularly in the dominant pastoral communities in the eastern and central regions. Human prevalence surveys showed that cystic echinococcosis (CE, caused by Echinococcus granulosus) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE, caused by Echinococcus multilocularis) are co-endemic with higher burdens of each disease than other endemic world regions. Epidemiological investigations identified some major risk factors for human CE and AE including dog ownership, husbandry practices and landscape features. Dogs appear to be the major zoonotic reservoir for both E. granulosus and E. multilocularis, but the latter is also transmitted in complex wildlife cycles. Small mammal assemblages especially of vole and pika species thrive on the Plateau and contribute to patterns of E. multilocularis transmission which are influenced by landscape characteristics and anthropogenic factors. Tibetan foxes are a principal definitive host for both E. multilocularis and E. shiquicus. In 2006 a national echinococcosis control programme was initiated in Tibetan communities in northwest Sichuan Province and rolled out to all of western China by 2010, and included improved surveillance (and treatment access) of human disease and regular deworming of dogs with annual copro-testing. Control of echinococcosis in Tibetan pastoral communities poses a difficult challenge for delivery and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phil S Craig
- School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom.
| | - Patrick Giraudoux
- Department of Chrono-Environment, UMR UFC/CNRS, Université de Franche-Comté, Besancon, France; Laboratory of Wildlife Management and Ecosystem Health, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming, China.
| | - Zheng Huan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Urbanization and Ecological Restoration, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; Joint Translational Science and Technology Research Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
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Gao CH, Wang JY, Shi F, Steverding D, Wang X, Yang YT, Zhou XN. Field evaluation of an immunochromatographic test for diagnosis of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:311. [PMID: 29792228 PMCID: PMC5966859 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2896-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The larval stages of the tapeworms Echinocoocus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis are the causative agents of human cystic echinococcosis (CE) and human alveolar echinococcosis (AE), respectively. Both CE and AE are chronic diseases characterised by long asymptomatic periods of many years. However, early diagnosis of the disease is important if treatment and management of echinococcosis patients are to be successful. Methods A previously developed rapid diagnostic test (RDT) for the differential detection of CE and AE was evaluated under field conditions with finger prick blood samples taken from 1502 people living in the Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, China, a region with a high prevalence for both forms of human echinococcosis. The results were compared with simultaneously obtained abdominal ultrasonographic scans of the individuals. Results Using the ultrasonography as the gold standard, sensitivity and specificity, and the diagnostic accuracy of the RDT were determined to be greater than 94% for both CE and AE. For CE cases, high detection rates (95.6–98.8%) were found with patients having active cysts while lower detection rates (40.0–68.8%) were obtained with patients having transient or inactive cysts. In contrast, detection rates in AE patients were independent of the lesion type. The positive likelihood ratio of the RDT for CE and AE was greater than 20 and thus fairly high, indicating that a patient with a positive test result has a high probability of having echinococcosis. Conclusions The results suggest that our previously developed RDT is suitable as a screening tool for the early detection of human echinococcosis in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hua Gao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun-Yun Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China.
| | - Feng Shi
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Dietmar Steverding
- Bob Champion Research & Education Building, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
| | - Xia Wang
- Bob Champion Research & Education Building, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Yue-Tao Yang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
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Wang X, Liu J, Zuo Q, Mu Z, Weng X, Sun X, Wang J, Boufana B, Craig PS, Giraudoux P, Raoul F, Wang Z. Echinococcus multilocularis and Echinococcus shiquicus in a small mammal community on the eastern Tibetan Plateau: host species composition, molecular prevalence, and epidemiological implications. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:302. [PMID: 29769131 PMCID: PMC5956848 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2873-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The eastern part of the Tibetan Plateau is now recognized as an endemic region with the highest reported human infection rates in the world of human alveolar echinococcosis (AE) caused by Echinococcus multilocularis. Existing epidemiological studies on AE have mainly focused on the synanthropic environment, while basic parasitological and ecological aspects in wildlife host species remain largely unknown, especially for small mammal hosts. Therefore, we examined small mammal host species composition, occurrence, and the prevalence of both E. multilocularis and E. shiquicus in Shiqu County (Sichuan Province, China), eastern Tibetan Plateau. Results In total, 346 small mammals from five rodent and one pika species were trapped from four randomly set 0.25 ha square plots. Two vole species, Lasiopodomys fuscus (n = 144) and Microtus limnophilus (n = 44), and the plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) (n = 135), were the three most-dominant species trapped. Although protoscoleces of E. multilocularis and E. shiquicus were only observed in L. fuscus and O. curzoniae, respectively, cox1 and nad1 gene DNA of E. shiquicus was detected in all the small mammal species except for Neodon irene, whereas E. multilocularis was detected in the three most-dominant species. The overall molecular prevalence of Echinococcus species was 5.8 (95% CI: 3.3–8.2%) ~ 10.7% (95% CI: 7.4–14.0%) (the conservative prevalence to the maximum prevalence with 95% CI in parentheses), whereas for E. multilocularis it was 4.3 (95% CI: 2.2–6.5%) ~ 6.7% (95% CI: 4.0–9.3%), and 1.5 (95% CI: 0.2–2.7%) ~ 4.1% (95% CI: 2.0–6.1%) for E. shiquicus. The prevalence of both E. multilocularis and E. shiquicus, was significantly higher in rodents (mainly voles) than in pikas. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that Echinococcus haplotypes of cox1 from small mammal hosts were actively involved in the sylvatic and anthropogenic transmission cycles of E. multilocularis in the eastern Tibetan Plateau. Conclusions In contrast to previous studies, the current results indicated that rodent species, rather than pikas, are probably more important natural intermediate hosts of E. multilocularis and E. shiquicus in the eastern Tibetan Plateau. Thus, understanding interspecific dynamics between rodents and pikas is essential to studies of the echinococcosis transmission mechanism and human echinococcosis prevention in local communities. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-2873-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayu Liu
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingqiu Zuo
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiqiang Mu
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodong Weng
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohui Sun
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junyao Wang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Belgees Boufana
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immuno-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Philip S Craig
- School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Greater Manchester, UK
| | - Patrick Giraudoux
- Chrono-Environment Lab, University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté and CNRS, Besançon, France
| | - Francis Raoul
- Chrono-Environment Lab, University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté and CNRS, Besançon, France
| | - Zhenghuan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
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Cadavid Restrepo AM, Yang YR, McManus DP, Gray DJ, Barnes TS, Williams GM, Soares Magalhães RJ, Clements ACA. Environmental risk factors and changing spatial patterns of human seropositivity for Echinococcus spp. in Xiji County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China. Parasit Vectors 2018. [PMID: 29523176 PMCID: PMC5845300 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2764-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human echinococcoses are parasitic helminth infections that constitute a serious public health concern in several regions across the world. Cystic (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE) in China represent a high proportion of the total global burden of these infections. This study was conducted to predict the spatial distribution of human seropositivity for Echinococcus species in Xiji County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (NHAR), with the aim of identifying communities where targeted prevention and control efforts are required. Methods Bayesian geostatistical models with environmental and demographic covariates were developed to predict spatial variation in the risk of human seropositivity for Echinococcus granulosus (the cause of CE) and E. multilocularis (the cause of AE). Data were collected from three cross-sectional surveys of school children conducted in Xiji County in 2002–2003, 2006–2007 and 2012–2013. Environmental data were derived from high-resolution satellite images and meteorological data. Results The overall seroprevalence of E. granulosus and E. multilocularis was 33.4 and 12.2%, respectively, across the three surveys. Seropositivity for E. granulosus was significantly associated with summer and winter precipitation, landscape fragmentation variables and the extent of areas covered by forest, shrubland, water and bareland/artificial surfaces. Seropositivity for E. multilocularis was significantly associated with summer and winter precipitations, landscape fragmentation variables and the extent of shrubland and water bodies. Spatial correlation occurred over greater distances for E. granulosus than for E. multilocularis. The predictive maps showed that the risk of seropositivity for E. granulosus expanded across Xiji during the three surveys, while the risk of seropositivity for E. multilocularis became more confined in communities located in the south. Conclusions The identification of high-risk areas for seropositivity for these parasites, and a better understanding of the role of the environment in determining the transmission dynamics of Echinococcus spp. may help to guide and monitor improvements in human echinococcosis control strategies by allowing targeted allocation of resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Cadavid Restrepo
- Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 0200, Australia.
| | - Yu Rong Yang
- Ningxia Medical University, 692 Shengli St, Xingqing, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China.,Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Donald P McManus
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Darren J Gray
- Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 0200, Australia.,Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Tamsin S Barnes
- The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, Queensland, Australia.,The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Gatton, Queensland, 4343, Australia
| | - Gail M Williams
- The University of Queensland, School of Public Health, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Ricardo J Soares Magalhães
- The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, Queensland, Australia.,Children's Health and Environment Programme, Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4101, Australia
| | - Archie C A Clements
- Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 0200, Australia
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Cadavid Restrepo AM, Yang YR, McManus DP, Gray DJ, Barnes TS, Williams GM, Soares Magalhães RJ, Hamm NAS, Clements ACA. Spatiotemporal patterns and environmental drivers of human echinococcoses over a twenty-year period in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:108. [PMID: 29471844 PMCID: PMC5824458 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2693-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human cystic (CE) and alveolar (AE) echinococcoses are zoonotic parasitic diseases that can be influenced by environmental variability and change through effects on the parasites, animal intermediate and definitive hosts, and human populations. We aimed to assess and quantify the spatiotemporal patterns of human echinococcoses in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (NHAR), China between January 1994 and December 2013, and examine associations between these infections and indicators of environmental variability and change, including large-scale landscape regeneration undertaken by the Chinese authorities. METHODS Data on the number of human echinococcosis cases were obtained from a hospital-based retrospective survey conducted in NHAR for the period 1 January 1994 through 31 December 2013. High-resolution imagery from Landsat 4/5-TM and 8-OLI was used to create single date land cover maps. Meteorological data were also collected for the period January 1980 to December 2013 to derive time series of bioclimatic variables. A Bayesian spatio-temporal conditional autoregressive model was used to quantify the relationship between annual cases of CE and AE and environmental variables. RESULTS Annual CE incidence demonstrated a negative temporal trend and was positively associated with winter mean temperature at a 10-year lag. There was also a significant, nonlinear effect of annual mean temperature at 13-year lag. The findings also revealed a negative association between AE incidence with temporal moving averages of bareland/artificial surface coverage and annual mean temperature calculated for the period 11-15 years before diagnosis and winter mean temperature for the period 0-4 years. Unlike CE risk, the selected environmental covariates accounted for some of the spatial variation in the risk of AE. CONCLUSIONS The present study contributes towards efforts to understand the role of environmental factors in determining the spatial heterogeneity of human echinococcoses. The identification of areas with high incidence of CE and AE may assist in the development and refinement of interventions for these diseases, and enhanced environmental change risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yu Rong Yang
- Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Donald P McManus
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Darren J Gray
- Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Tamsin S Barnes
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia
| | - Gail M Williams
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ricardo J Soares Magalhães
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia
- Children's Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicholas A S Hamm
- Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Archie C A Clements
- Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Immunization of mice with egG1Y162-1/2 provides protection against Echinococcus granulosus infection in BALB/c mice. Mol Immunol 2018; 94:183-189. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Li Q, Li HJ, Xu T, Du H, Huan Gang CL, Fan G, Zhang Y. Natural Medicines Used in the Traditional Tibetan Medical System for the Treatment of Liver Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:29. [PMID: 29441019 PMCID: PMC5797630 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver disease is one of the most risk factors threatening human health. It is of great significance to find drugs that can treat liver diseases, especially for acute and chronic hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and liver cancer. The search for drugs with good efficacy from traditional natural medicines has attracted more and more attention. Tibetan medicine, one of the China's traditional medical systems, has been widely used by the Tibetan people for the prevention and treatment of liver diseases for hundreds of years. The present paper summarized the natural Tibetan medicines that have been used in Tibetan traditional system of medicine to treat liver diseases by bibliographic investigation of 22 Tibetan medicine monographs and drug standards. One hundred and ninety three species including 181 plants, 7 animals, and 5 minerals were found to treat liver diseases in traditional Tibetan medicine system. The most frequently used species are Carthamus tinctorius, Brag-zhun, Swertia chirayita, Swertia mussotii, Halenia elliptica, Herpetospermum pedunculosum, and Phyllanthus emblica. Their names, families, medicinal parts, traditional uses, phytochemicals information, and pharmacological activities were described in detail. These natural medicines might be a valuable gift from the old Tibetan medicine to the world, and would be potential drug candidates for the treatment of liver diseases. Further studies are needed to prove their medicinal values in liver diseases treatment, identify bioactive compounds, elucidate the underlying mechanism of action, and clarify their side effects or toxicity with the help of modern phytochemical, pharmacological, metabonomics, and/or clinical trial methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hai-Jiao Li
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Tong Xu
- College of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Huan Du
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chen-Lei Huan Gang
- College of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Gang Fan
- College of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Characteristic National Medicine Innovation Research Center of Tibet-Qiang-Yi, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- College of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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MicroRNA expression profile in RAW264·7 macrophage cells exposed to Echinococcus multilocularis metacestodes. Parasitology 2017; 145:416-423. [PMID: 28942753 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182017001652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short noncoding RNAs, involved in the regulation of parasite diseases. However, a role of miRNAs in Echinococcus multilocularis infection remains largely unknown. In this study, we first found the expression levels of key genes involved in miRNA biogenesis and function, including Ago2, Xpo5, Tarbp2 and DgcR8, were obviously altered in the macrophage RAW264·7 cells exposed to E. multilocularis metacestodes. Compared with the control, 18 and 32 known miRNAs were found to be differentially expressed (P 2) in the macrophages exposed to E. multilocularis metacestodes for 6 and 12 h, respectively. Among these, several are known to be involved in regulating cytokine activities and immune responses. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction results showed that the expression of nine selected miRNAs was consistent with the sequencing data at each treatment time points. Moreover, there were statistically significant correlations between the expression levels of miRNAs and their corresponding targeted genes. Our data give us some clues to pinpoint a role of miRNAs in the course of infection and immunity of E. multilocularis.
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Ahmed H, Ali S, Afzal MS, Khan AA, Raza H, Shah ZH, Simsek S. Why more research needs to be done on echinococcosis in Pakistan. Infect Dis Poverty 2017; 6:90. [PMID: 28669350 PMCID: PMC5494903 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-017-0309-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Echinococcosis has a worldwide geographical distribution with endemic foci on every inhabited continent. Due to the frequent outbreaks in different parts of Pakistan in the recent past, echinococcosis is being described as a neglected tropical disease and is considered one of the most neglected parasitic diseases in the country. In endemic regions, predominantly settings with limited resources, there are high numbers of echinococcosis patients, as these communities do not have access to appropriate treatment. In Pakistan, there are limited reports on echinococcosis. The disease is prevalent in human and livestock, but this has not been sufficiently explored yet. Pakistan is an agricultural country and due to the disease's zoonotic mode of transmission, there is a dire need of future research on it. The present paper is an effort to highlight the importance of echinococcosis in Pakistan. DISCUSSION There is a dire need for future research on echinococcosis in Pakistan as very few investigations had been carried out on this topic thus far. The prevalence of the disease in neighbouring countries highlights that Pakistan might be at severe risk of this zoonotic infection and further supports the need for more research. In Pakistan, the majority of the population lives in rural areas with limited acess to proper hygienic/sanitary facilities. These conditions favour the outbreak of diseases such as echinococcosis. The limited available data could result in higher outbreaks in the future, and thus cause the already weak healthcare system to overburden. The country has a meagre annual budget for health, which is being spent on known infections such as polio, dengue fever and hepatic viral infections. A proper surveillance system for echinococcosis is required across the country as treatment is usually expensive, complicated and may require extensive surgery and/or prolonged drug therapy. Development of new/novel drugs and other treatment modalities receives very little, if any, attention. Prognostic awareness programmes against this infection involve deworming of the infected animals, improved food inspection and slaughterhouse hygiene, and public education campaigns. CONCLUSION Future research on echinococcosis is anticipated to demonstrate whether the epidemiology, diagnosis and recombinant vaccines/antibodies relating to echinococcosis can meet the quality standards (purity, potency, safety and efficacy) defined by the World Health Organization. Research work should be carried out on the epidemiology and serodiagnosis of echinocossis in the different areas of Pakistan, which will be useful for the proper eradication of echinococcosis in this region. The health department should implement awareness-raising campaigns for the general public in order to reduce the burden of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haroon Ahmed
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Park Road, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad Pakistan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, 23119, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Shahzad Ali
- Department of Wildlife and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sohail Afzal
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abid Ali Khan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Park Road, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Hamid Raza
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zaheer Hussain Shah
- School of Science, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sami Simsek
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, 23119, Elazig, Turkey
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Abstract
AbstractAs a significant zoonosis, cystic echinococcosis (CE) is endemic in some parts of the world, such as the Middle East. There are studies on the prevalence of this infection in animal and human reservoirs in Iran; hence, we conducted this meta-analysis to elucidate the prevalence of CE in Iran. English (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct and Google Scholar) and Persian (Magiran, Iran Medex, Iran Doc and SID) databases were explored. In the case of definitive, animal and human intermediate hosts, 37, 90 and 33 studies, respectively, have been included in the current review from January 1990 to December 2015. According to outcomes of the heterogeneity test, either Der Simonian and Laird's random-effects method or Mantel–Haenszel's fixed-effects method were employed to pool the estimations. The pooled prevalence ofEchinococcus granulosusinfection in definitive hosts was calculated as 23.6% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 17.6–30.1%). The weighted prevalence of animal and human hydatidosis was calculated as 15.6% (95% CI = 14.2–17.1%) and 4.2% (95% CI = 3.0–5.5%), respectively. Meanwhile, most cases of human hydatidosis were in southern Iran, with a prevalence of 5.8% (3.2–9.2%). In terms of human hydatidosis, more infections were found in rural regions, and mostly in female individuals. Egger's regression test revealed publication bias, with a remarkable impact on total prevalence of the infection in animal intermediate hosts (P< 0.001), while it was not significant in human hosts (P= 0.4) and definitive hosts (P= 0.3). According to the weighted estimated prevalence of cystic echinococcosis and its financial burden, implementing appropriate control programmes should be compulsory to decrease the burden of the disease in Iran.
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Xu Z, Ai C. A spatial echinococcosis transmission model with time delays: Stability and traveling waves. INT J BIOMATH 2017. [DOI: 10.1142/s1793524517500814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we derive a time-delayed and diffusive echinococcosis transmission model. We first address the well-posedness to the initial-value problem for the model and give the basic reproduction number [Formula: see text]. In the case of a bounded spatial domain, we establish the local stability as well as the global stability of the disease-free and disease equilibria of the model. The methods to prove the local and the global stability are to analyze the corresponding characteristic equations and construct Lyapunov functionals, respectively. In the case of an unbounded spatial domain, by applying Schauder’s fixed point theorem and the limiting arguments, we show that when [Formula: see text], there exists a constant [Formula: see text] such that the model admits positive traveling wave solutions connecting the disease-free and endemic equilibrium for [Formula: see text], and when [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], the model has no positive traveling wave solutions connecting them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiting Xu
- School of Mathematical Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, P. R. China
| | - Cuihua Ai
- School of Mathematical Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, P. R. China
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Deplazes P, Rinaldi L, Alvarez Rojas CA, Torgerson PR, Harandi MF, Romig T, Antolova D, Schurer JM, Lahmar S, Cringoli G, Magambo J, Thompson RCA, Jenkins EJ. Global Distribution of Alveolar and Cystic Echinococcosis. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2017; 95:315-493. [PMID: 28131365 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 623] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) and cystic echinococcosis (CE) are severe helminthic zoonoses. Echinococcus multilocularis (causative agent of AE) is widely distributed in the northern hemisphere where it is typically maintained in a wild animal cycle including canids as definitive hosts and rodents as intermediate hosts. The species Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus ortleppi, Echinococcus canadensis and Echinococcus intermedius are the causative agents of CE with a worldwide distribution and a highly variable human disease burden in the different endemic areas depending upon human behavioural risk factors, the diversity and ecology of animal host assemblages and the genetic diversity within Echinococcus species which differ in their zoonotic potential and pathogenicity. Both AE and CE are regarded as neglected zoonoses, with a higher overall burden of disease for CE due to its global distribution and high regional prevalence, but a higher pathogenicity and case fatality rate for AE, especially in Asia. Over the past two decades, numerous studies have addressed the epidemiology and distribution of these Echinococcus species worldwide, resulting in better-defined boundaries of the endemic areas. This chapter presents the global distribution of Echinococcus species and human AE and CE in maps and summarizes the global data on host assemblages, transmission, prevalence in animal definitive hosts, incidence in people and molecular epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Deplazes
- University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - L Rinaldi
- University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | | | | | - M F Harandi
- Research centre of Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - T Romig
- University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - D Antolova
- Institute of Parasitology SAS, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - J M Schurer
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - S Lahmar
- National School of Veterinary Medicine, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - G Cringoli
- University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - J Magambo
- Meru University of Science and Technology, Meru, Kenya
| | | | - E J Jenkins
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Romig T, Deplazes P, Jenkins D, Giraudoux P, Massolo A, Craig PS, Wassermann M, Takahashi K, de la Rue M. Ecology and Life Cycle Patterns of Echinococcus Species. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2017; 95:213-314. [PMID: 28131364 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The genus Echinococcus is composed of eight generally recognized species and one genotypic cluster (Echinococcus canadensis cluster) that may in future be resolved into one to three species. For each species, we review existing information on transmission routes and life cycles in different geographical contexts and - where available - include basic biological information of parasites and hosts (e.g., susceptibility of host species). While some Echinococcus spp. are transmitted in life cycles that involve predominantly domestic animals (e.g., dog - livestock cycles), others are wildlife parasites that do or do not interact with domestic transmission. In many cases, life cycle patterns of the same parasite species differ according to geography. Simple life cycles contrast with transmission patterns that are highly complex, involving multihost systems that may include both domestic and wild mammals. Wildlife transmission may be primary or secondary, i.e., resulting from spillovers from domestic animals. For most of the species and regions, existing information does not yet permit a conclusive description of transmission systems. Such data, however, would be highly relevant, e.g., for anticipation of geographical changes of the presence and frequency of these parasites in a warming world, or for initiating evidence-based control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Romig
- University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - P Deplazes
- University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - D Jenkins
- Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - P Giraudoux
- University of Franche-Comté and Institut Universitaire de France, Besancon, France
| | - A Massolo
- University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - P S Craig
- University of Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - M de la Rue
- University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria RS, Brazil
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Abstract
Human cystic echinococcosis (CE) has been eliminated or significantly reduced as a public health problem in several previously highly endemic regions. This has been achieved by the long-term application of prevention and control measures primarily targeted to deworming dogs, health education, meat inspection, and effective surveillance in livestock and human populations. Human CE, however, remains a serious neglected zoonotic disease in many resource-poor pastoral regions. The incidence of human alveolar echinococcosis (AE) has increased in continental Europe and is a major public health problem in parts of Eurasia. Better understanding of wildlife ecology for fox and small mammal hosts has enabled targeted anthelmintic baiting of fox populations and development of spatially explicit models to predict population dynamics for key intermediate host species and human AE risk in endemic landscapes. Challenges that remain for echinococcosis control include effective intervention in resource-poor communities, better availability of surveillance tools, optimal application of livestock vaccination, and management and ecology of dog and wildlife host populations.
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