|
1
|
Retzky JS, Koff MF, Nwawka OK, Rodeo SA. Novel Noninvasive Imaging Techniques to Assess Structural, Functional, and Material Properties of Tendon, Ligament, and Cartilage: A Narrative Review of Current Concepts. Orthop J Sports Med 2025; 13:23259671251317223. [PMID: 39968411 PMCID: PMC11833890 DOI: 10.1177/23259671251317223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2025] Open
Abstract
Background Novel noninvasive imaging modalities such as quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (qMRI) and shear wave elastography (SWE) allow for assessment of soft tissue microstructure and composition, which ultimately may be associated with functional and material properties. Purpose To provide a narrative review of the scientific techniques and clinical applications of qMRI and SWE for the evaluation of soft tissue about the knee and shoulder, including the meniscus, the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), and the rotator cuff. Study Design Review. Methods A literature search was performed in October 2022 via PubMed using the following keywords: "quantitative MRI tendon," quantitative MRI ligament,""quantitative MRI cartilage," or "shear wave elastography tendon." Only articles related to clinical applications were included in this review. Results Conventional imaging techniques, including standard morphologic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound imaging, have limited ability to evaluate the material and functional properties of soft tissue; qMRI builds on the limitations of conventional morphologic MRI by allowing for detection of early articular cartilage changes, differentiation of healed versus unhealed meniscal tissue, and quantification of ACL graft maturity. SWE can evaluate the material properties of rotator cuff and Achilles tendons after injury, which may provide insight into both the chronicity and the healing status of the aforementioned injuries. Conclusion Our review of the literature showed that quantitative imaging techniques, including qMRI and SWE, may both improve early detection of pathology and aid in comprehensive evaluation after treatment.
Collapse
|
|
2
|
Rougereau G, Langlais T, Elkaim M, Bachy M, Bauer T, Vialle R, Hardy A. Biomechanical assessment of ligament maturation after arthroscopic ligament reconstruction of the anterior talofibular ligament. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 2025:104162. [PMID: 39805548 DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2025.104162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 10/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2025] [Indexed: 01/16/2025]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many techniques have been described for lateral ankle ligament reconstruction. Although the biomechanical properties of gracilis tendons are different from those of ligaments, the use of a gracilis tendon autograft is a popular option for anatomical reconstruction. Graft maturation and the biomechanical processes over time remain unclear. This study describes changes in graft stiffness following anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) reconstruction and graft reaction to varus stress. HYPOTHESIS The reconstruction would be stiffer than the native ATFL, but would decrease during follow-up. METHODS Twenty patients were prospectively included after arthroscopic reconstruction of the ATFL and calcaneofibular ligament for ankle stabilization. All patients were followed up 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery to assess graft stiffness by shear wave elastography (SWE) at different angles of varus in the ankle. At one year the EFAS and AOFAS functional scores were obtained. A control group of twenty healthy subjects were included to compare graft stiffness to that of a native ATFL. RESULTS The stiffness of the native ATFL in the control group was 12.8 +/- 2.4 kPa in neutral position, 18.4 +/- 4.8 kPa at 15 ° of varus, 31.9 +/- 6.6 kPa at 30 ° of varus. One year after surgery, graft stiffness was statistically higher and averaged 56 +/- 9 kPa, 70.2 +/- 11.6 kPa and 84.9 +/- 10.5 kPa, respectively. Postoperative graft stiffness at three, six, and twelve months was not correlated with any of these scores, reflecting patient satisfaction and good function at one year. CONCLUSION Graft stiffness decreases over time but remains four times stiffer than that of a native ATFL at one year in the neutral position. ATFL graft stiffness at one year during varus stress appears to be different from that of a native ATFL. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire Rougereau
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Ambroise-Paré Hospital, AP-HP, Île-de-France Ouest University, Boulogne-Billancourt, France.
| | - Tristan Langlais
- Department of Paediatric Orthopedic Surgery, Purpan Hospital, Toulouse University, Toulouse, France
| | - Marc Elkaim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Clinique Drout Laffitte, Paris, France
| | - Manon Bachy
- Department of Paediatric Orthopedic Surgery, Armand-Trousseau Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Bauer
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Ambroise-Paré Hospital, AP-HP, Île-de-France Ouest University, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Raphael Vialle
- Department of Paediatric Orthopedic Surgery, Armand-Trousseau Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne University, Paris, France; The MAMUTH Hospital University Department for Innovative Therapies in Musculoskeletal Disease Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Hardy
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Clinique du Sport, 36 Boulevard Saint-Marcel, 75005 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
|
3
|
Wang L, Xia Q, Li T, Wang Z, Li J. Limb Symmetry Index of Single-Leg Vertical Jump vs. Single-Leg Hop for Distance After ACL Reconstruction: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Health 2024; 16:851-861. [PMID: 37968849 PMCID: PMC11346230 DOI: 10.1177/19417381231205267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT The limb symmetry index (LSI) is recommended as a milestone of return to play (RTP), and relying on the LSI value of a single-leg hop for distance (SLHD) test may overestimate rehabilitation status. Identifying a more reliable functional test can help to carefully make decisions for RTP. OBJECTIVE The aim was to compare the LSI value of the SLHD test with that of a single-leg vertical jump (SLVJ) test after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) and determine which test provides lower LSI values. DATA SOURCES The PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were searched from inception to July 2022. STUDY SELECTION Observational studies with participants who had both SLHD and SLVJ tests after ACLR and LSI values of an SLHD and SLVJ were included. Disagreements were resolved after discussion between the 2 researchers. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 4. DATA EXTRACTION Data on the primary outcomes (LSI values of the SLVJ and SLHD tests) were collected. Means and standard deviations (SDs) for each variable of interest were used to calculate standardized mean differences (SMDs). RESULTS A total of 12 studies met the inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis. A total of 587 patients underwent SLHD and SLVJ tests at different time points after ACLR. Compared with the SLHD test, the SLVJ test provided lower LSI values (SMD -0.42; 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.67 to -0.17). Subgroup analysis found that the SLVJ test provided a lower LSI value than the SLHD test in a specific period (approximately 7-18 months after ACLR, SMD -0.53; 95% CI -0.91 to -0.14) and a similar LSI value at other times. CONCLUSION The SLVJ test provided lower LSI values in a specific period (7-18 months after ACLR).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - QingHong Xia
- Operating Room of Anesthesia Surgery Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - ZeYan Wang
- West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
|
4
|
Ozdemır M, Akkoç MF, Tunık S. Investigation of Two New Grafting Techniques for Dorsal Augmentation Rhinoplasty: An Experimental Study with New Zealand White Rabbits. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2024; 48:3681-3691. [PMID: 38532200 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-024-03949-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cartilage is an important source in supporting the structure of the nose for dorsal augmentation rhinoplasty. However, it is known that its viability is not always on the ideal level. Various wrapping materials are used to increase the strength of cartilage. Donor site morbidity, which develops following the harvesting of both cartilage and fascia as one such cover material, has attracted interest in recent years. OBJECTIVE In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential of dermis and tendon autografts as alternatives to fascia and cartilage. MATERIAL AND METHOD The sample of the study included 16 New Zealand white rabbits. The right auricular cartilage of all rabbits was amputated, and it was transformed into diced cartilage autografts. The dermis autografts from the right gluteal areas of the rabbits were deepithelialized, and lumbosacral fascia autografts were harvested from the same incision. Additionally, the Achilles tendon of each rabbit was harvested and transformed into diced tendon autografts. Four different autografts were embedded under the skin of each rabbit from 4 different pouches opened in the back of the rabbit. These autografts included diced cartilage alone (Intervention 1), fascia-wrapped cartilage (Intervention 2), dermis-wrapped cartilage (Intervention 3) and fascia-wrapped tendon (Intervention 4) autografts. RESULTS Intervention 1 had the most irregular appearance, the outcomes in Intervention 4 were volumetrically smaller and softer. Connective tissue formed between the diced pieces in all interventions, and it was observed that the dermis and fascia had a capsule-like appearance, and their viability was preserved. The differences between the initial and final measurements of the volumes of interventions 1, 2 and 3 were statistically significant (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the initial and final volumetric measurements of intervention 4 (p > 0.05). More peripheral proliferation was observed in the interventions of fascia-wrapped and dermis-wrapped diced cartilage compared to the other interventions. The intervention including fascia-wrapped diced tendon grafts had displayed more fibrosis, fragmentation and collagen fibers, while it showed a lower amount of elastic fiber. There were no significant differences among the intervention in terms of other histological parameters. CONCLUSION Tendon autografts may be a good option for dorsal augmentation rhinoplasty as they are easily harvested and have minimal donor site morbidity. Dermis autograft usage is more advantageous than fascia usage in terms of accessibility and convenience. NO LEVEL ASSIGNED This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each submission to which Evidence-Based Medicine rankings are applicable. This excludes Review Articles, Book Reviews and manuscripts that concern Basic Science, Animal Studies, Cadaver Studies and Experimental Studies. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Ozdemır
- Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Fatih Akkoç
- Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey.
| | - Selcuk Tunık
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
|
5
|
Kelly MJ, Dean DM, Hussaini SH, Neufeld SK, Cuttica DJ. Safety Profile of Synthetic Elastic Degradable Matrix for Soft Tissue Reconstruction in Foot & Ankle Surgery. Foot Ankle Spec 2024; 17:201-207. [PMID: 34967245 DOI: 10.1177/19386400211067627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Augmentation of soft tissue repairs has been helpful in protecting surgically repaired tissues as they heal. FlexBand (Artelon, Marietta, Georgia) is a synthetic, degradable, polycaprolactone-based polyurethane urea (PUUR) matrix that has been investigated and used for soft tissue repair in a variety of settings. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety profile of a PUUR matrix in a large cohort of patients undergoing soft tissue repairs about the foot and ankle. METHODS A retrospective chart review of consecutive patients who underwent surgery using FlexBand to augment a soft tissue repair was performed to evaluate for major and minor complications related to the PUUR matrix. Results. A total of 105 patients with an average >6 months follow-up were included. The most common procedures were spring ligament repair, Achilles tendon repair, and Brostrom. There were 12 complications. Four major complications occurred with only 1 requiring PUUR matrix removal. Patients with wound complications had a higher body mass index (BMI) and rate of smoking. CONCLUSION Complication rates involving PUUR matrix in soft tissue foot and ankle reconstruction procedures are low and comparable with historical complication rates. The PUUR matrix is safe for use in a variety of soft tissue procedures about the foot and ankle.Level of Evidence: Level 4, Retrospective case-series.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Kelly
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC (MJK)
- Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland (DMD)
- Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Center, The Centers for Advanced Orthopaedics, Bethesda, Maryland (SHH, SKN, DJC)
| | - Daniel M Dean
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC (MJK)
- Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland (DMD)
- Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Center, The Centers for Advanced Orthopaedics, Bethesda, Maryland (SHH, SKN, DJC)
| | - Syed H Hussaini
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC (MJK)
- Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland (DMD)
- Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Center, The Centers for Advanced Orthopaedics, Bethesda, Maryland (SHH, SKN, DJC)
| | - Steven K Neufeld
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC (MJK)
- Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland (DMD)
- Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Center, The Centers for Advanced Orthopaedics, Bethesda, Maryland (SHH, SKN, DJC)
| | - Daniel J Cuttica
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC (MJK)
- Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland (DMD)
- Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Center, The Centers for Advanced Orthopaedics, Bethesda, Maryland (SHH, SKN, DJC)
| |
Collapse
|
|
6
|
Cordier G, Boudahmane S, Ovigue J, Michels F, Araujo Nunes G, Dallaudiere B. MRI Assessment of Tendon Graft After Lateral Ankle Ligament Reconstruction: Does Ligamentization Exist? Am J Sports Med 2024; 52:721-729. [PMID: 38343192 DOI: 10.1177/03635465231225487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No description exists in the literature about the normal evolution of tendon graft after a lateral ankle ligament (LAL) reconstruction. PURPOSE To assess the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics and the evolution of the tendon graft during different moments in the follow-up after an endoscopic reconstruction of the LAL. STUDY DESIGN Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS This prospective study included 37 consecutive patients who underwent an endoscopic reconstruction of the LAL with an autograft using the gracilis tendon to treat chronic ankle instability (CAI) resistant to nonoperative treatment (CAI group) and 16 patients without ankle instability (control group). All patients in the CAI group underwent a postoperative assessment at 6, 12, and 24 months using the Karlsson score and MRI examination. Only patients with good and excellent results were included in the study. Graft assessment consisted of qualitative measurements and quantitative evaluations of the reconstructed anterior talofibular ligament (RATFL) and reconstructed calcaneofibular ligament (RCFL), including signal-to-noise quotient (SNQ) and contrast-to-noise quotient (CNQ) measurements in proton density-fat suppressed (PD-FS) and T1-weighted sequences. The analysis of variance test was used to compare the SNQ and the CNQ at different time points for each sequence. RESULTS The MRI signal at 6 months was increased compared with that of the control group. Next, a significant signal decrease from 6 to 24 months was noted on PD-FS and T1-weighted images. SNQ measurements on PD-FS weighted images for both the RATFL and the RCFL demonstrated a significantly higher signal (P < .01 and P = .01, respectively) at 6 months compared with that of the control group. Subsequently, the signal decreased from 6 to 24 months. Similarly, CNQ measurements on PD-FS weighted images for both the RATFL and the RCFL demonstrated a significantly higher signal (P < .01 and P < .01, respectively) at 6 months compared with that of the control group. Subsequently, the signal decreased from 6 to 24 months. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrated an evolution of the MRI characteristics, suggesting a process of graft maturation toward ligamentization. This is important for clinical practice, as it suggests an evolution in graft properties and supports the possibility of creating a viable ligament.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Cordier
- Clinique du Sport, Vivalto Santé, Bordeaux-Merignac, France
- MIFAS by GRECMIP (Minimally Invasive Foot and Ankle Society), Merignac, France
| | - Sofiane Boudahmane
- Centre d'Imagerie Ostéo-articulaire, Clinique du Sport de Bordeaux-Merignac, Merignac, France
| | - Jordan Ovigue
- Clinique du Sport de Bordeaux-Merignac, Merignac, France
| | - Frederick Michels
- MIFAS by GRECMIP (Minimally Invasive Foot and Ankle Society), Merignac, France
- Orthopaedic Department, AZ Groeninge, Kortrijk, Belgium
- EFAS, ESSKA-AFAS Ankle Instability Group
| | - Gustavo Araujo Nunes
- MIFAS by GRECMIP (Minimally Invasive Foot and Ankle Society), Merignac, France
- Cote Brasília Clinic, DF, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Benjamin Dallaudiere
- Centre d'Imagerie Ostéo-articulaire, Clinique du Sport de Bordeaux-Merignac, Merignac, France
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| |
Collapse
|
|
7
|
Retzky JS, Chipman DE, Mintz DN, Cordasco FA, Green DW. Association of Lateral Extra-Articular Tenodesis With Improved Graft Maturity on MRI 2 Years After ACL Reconstruction With Quadriceps Tendon Autograft in Skeletally Immature Athletes. Orthop J Sports Med 2024; 12:23259671231211885. [PMID: 38188621 PMCID: PMC10768604 DOI: 10.1177/23259671231211885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Quadriceps tendon autograft (QTA) has recently gained popularity in the treatment of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) ruptures in pediatric patients. The addition of lateral extra-articular tenodesis (LET) to an ACL reconstruction (ACLR) has been found to reduce the risk of ACL retear in high-risk patients. Purpose To (1) compare ACL graft maturity using signal intensity ratios (SIRs) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans in skeletally immature patients undergoing ACLR with QTA either with or without concomitant LET and (2) evaluate LET safety by calculating the physeal disturbance-related reoperation rate in the ACLR+LET group. Study Design Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods The records of patients aged ≤18 years who underwent ACLR between 2015 and 2021 were reviewed retrospectively. Patients undergoing ACLR with QTA who had open distal femoral and proximal tibial physes on MRI scans and a minimum 2-year follow-up data were included. SIR values were measured on sagittal MRI scans by averaging the signal at 3 regions of interest along the ACL graft and dividing by the signal of the posterior cruciate ligament at its insertion. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate differences in SIR values at 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years postoperatively in patients who underwent ACLR alone versus ACLR+LET. Results Overall, 29 patients were included in the study: 16 patients in the ACLR+LET group and 13 patients in the ACLR-only group. There were no significant differences in SIR values between groups at the 6-month or 1-year postoperative timepoints. At 2 years postoperatively, the median SIR of the ACLR+LET group was significantly lower than that of the ACLR-only group on both univariate (1.33 vs 1.86, respectively, P = .0012) and multivariate regression analyses adjusting for both sex and surgical technique (β = -0.49 [95% CI, -0.91 to -0.05]; P = .029). There were no cases of reoperation for physeal disturbance in patients who underwent ACLR+LET. Conclusion The addition of LET to an ACLR with QTA was associated with lower average SIR values and thus improved graft maturity at 2 years postoperatively compared with ACLR alone in skeletally immature patients. The addition of LET to an ACLR was found to be safe in skeletally immature patients.
Collapse
|
|
8
|
Migliorini F, Vecchio G, Eschweiler J, Schneider SM, Hildebrand F, Maffulli N. Reduced knee laxity and failure rate following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction compared with repair for acute tears: a meta-analysis. J Orthop Traumatol 2023; 24:8. [PMID: 36805839 PMCID: PMC9941413 DOI: 10.1186/s10195-023-00688-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears, both repair and reconstruction may be performed to restore joint biomechanics and proprioception. The present study compared joint laxity, patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), and rate of failure following primary repair versus reconstruction for ACL ruptures. METHODS This meta-analysis followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Pubmed, Google scholar, Embase, and Web of Science were accessed in September 2022. All the clinical investigations comparing repair versus reconstruction for primary ACL tears were accessed. Studies reporting data on multiple ligament injuries settings were not eligible. RESULTS Data from eight articles (708 procedures) were collected. The mean length of the follow-up was 67.3 ± 119.4 months. The mean age of the patients was 27.1 ± 5.7 years. Thirty-six percent (255 of 708 patients) were women. The mean body mass index (BMI) was 24.3 ± 1.1 kg/m2. The mean time span from injury to surgery was 36.2 ± 32.3 months. There was comparability at baseline with regards to instrumental laxity, Lachman test, International Knee Document Committee (IKDC), and Tegner Scale (P > 0.1). Similarity between ACL reconstruction and repair was found in IKDC (P = 0.2) and visual analog scale (VAS) satisfaction (P = 0.7). The repair group demonstrated greater mean laxity (P = 0.0005) and greater rate of failure (P = 0.004). CONCLUSION ACL reconstruction may yield greater joint stability and lower rate of failure compared with surgical repair. Similarity was found in PROMs. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Migliorini
- Department of Orthopaedic, Trauma, and Reconstructive Surgery, RWTH University Hospital, Pauwelsstraße 31, 52074, Aachen, Germany. .,Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Eifelklinik St. Brigida, 52152, Simmerath, Germany.
| | - Gianluca Vecchio
- grid.11780.3f0000 0004 1937 0335Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, SA Italy
| | - Jörg Eschweiler
- grid.412301.50000 0000 8653 1507Department of Orthopaedic, Trauma, and Reconstructive Surgery, RWTH University Hospital, Pauwelsstraße 31, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sarah-Marie Schneider
- grid.412301.50000 0000 8653 1507Department of Orthopaedic, Trauma, and Reconstructive Surgery, RWTH University Hospital, Pauwelsstraße 31, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Frank Hildebrand
- grid.412301.50000 0000 8653 1507Department of Orthopaedic, Trauma, and Reconstructive Surgery, RWTH University Hospital, Pauwelsstraße 31, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Nicola Maffulli
- grid.11780.3f0000 0004 1937 0335Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, SA Italy ,grid.9757.c0000 0004 0415 6205School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Faculty of Medicine, Keele University, Thornburrow Drive, Stoke On Trent, England ,grid.4868.20000 0001 2171 1133Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Mile End Hospital, Queen Mary University of London, 275 Bancroft Road, London, E1 4DG England
| |
Collapse
|
|
9
|
Obradović M, Ninković S, Gvozdenović N, Tošić M, Milinkov M, Dulić O. Tubularization of Bone-Tendon-Bone Grafts: Effects on Mechanical Strength and Postoperative Knee Stability in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1764. [PMID: 37893482 PMCID: PMC10608507 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59101764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The study addresses a significant limitation in applying bone-patellar tendon-bone (BTB) grafts in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) surgery. By exploring the tubularization of grafts, the study extends the understanding of this surgical technique. The dual approach of the study-focusing on biomechanical properties using an animal model and postoperative outcomes in humans-offers a comprehensive perspective. Materials and Methods: The experimental cohort encompassed ten pairs of fresh porcine bone-tendon-bone grafts. One graft in each pair underwent modification through sutures that transformed the flat graft into a cylindrical structure. Testing determined the force required for the modified graft to rupture mechanically, expressed as N/mm2, compared to conventionally prepared bone-tendon-bone grafts. The second phase of the research involved a prospective randomized clinical trial comprising 120 patients undergoing operative ACL reconstruction. For half the cases, grafts were tubularized using a random selection process. Clinical evaluations preoperatively and 12 months postoperatively employed the Tegner, Lysholm, and IKDC scoring scales for knee assessment. Results: Experiments showed that ligaments made using the tubularized surgical technique have statistically significantly higher values of measured force and higher maximum elongation values than ligaments made using the classical method. The clinical study concluded that there was no significant difference between the two groups of patients in the average score on the Tegner, Lysholm, and IKDC scales before and after surgery. Conclusions: The study results showed that suturing the graft does not negatively affect its biomechanical properties, and tubularization significantly increases the values of force required to cause rupture and the values of maximum elongation during rupture. Given the possibility of the one-year follow-up period being insufficient, future investigations should extend this period to acquire objective functional insights post-surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Obradović
- Clinic for Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Clinical Center of Vojvodina, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (S.N.); (N.G.); (M.T.); (M.M.); (O.D.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Srđan Ninković
- Clinic for Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Clinical Center of Vojvodina, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (S.N.); (N.G.); (M.T.); (M.M.); (O.D.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nemanja Gvozdenović
- Clinic for Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Clinical Center of Vojvodina, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (S.N.); (N.G.); (M.T.); (M.M.); (O.D.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Milan Tošić
- Clinic for Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Clinical Center of Vojvodina, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (S.N.); (N.G.); (M.T.); (M.M.); (O.D.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Milan Milinkov
- Clinic for Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Clinical Center of Vojvodina, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (S.N.); (N.G.); (M.T.); (M.M.); (O.D.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Oliver Dulić
- Clinic for Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Clinical Center of Vojvodina, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (S.N.); (N.G.); (M.T.); (M.M.); (O.D.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
|
10
|
Noailles T, Toanen C, Geffroy L, Lopes R, Hardy A. Preserving the hamstring tendon insertion during ACL reconstruction with an autograft: Systematic literature review. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 2023; 109:103556. [PMID: 36682410 DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2023.103556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The hamstring tendons (gracilis and semitendinosus) are often used as an autograft for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Healing of this graft involves a slow biological process called ligamentization. To encourage this process, some authors have proposed preserving the insertion of the hamstring tendons. HYPOTHESIS Leaving the tibial insertion of the hamstring tendons intact will provide better early biological incorporation and superior tibial mechanical fixation resulting in various clinical advantages. MATERIALS AND METHODS In January 2022, a systematic literature review was carried out independently by two authors of the Medline, PubMed and Embase databases. The keywords used were "pedicular" or "pedicled" or "preservation of tibial attachment" or "hamstring tibial insertion" AND "ACL reconstruction". Each author's data was analyzed separately. RESULTS Sixteen articles were analyzed. Preserving the hamstring tibial insertion during ACL reconstruction improves the graft's biological incorporation during the initial postoperative phase according to clinical studies with MRI analysis and provides a mechanical advantage at the graft's tibial attachment according to biomechanical studies (construct up to 65% stiffer). There was no difference in the clinical and functional scores when compared to the conventional technique in which the hamstring tendons are detached from their tibial insertion. DISCUSSION The main conclusion of this systematic literature review was that preserving the hamstring tibial insertion during ACL reconstruction appears to improve the graft's ligamentization with biological and mechanical advantages relative to detaching the hamstring tendons. The clinical and functional results were comparable to other techniques. Prospective studies with large cohorts are still needed to confirm these findings. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV; Systematic review of literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Noailles
- Département de Chirurgie Orthopédique, Polyclinique de Bordeaux Nord, 15/35, rue Claude Boucher, 33000 Bordeaux, France.
| | - Cécile Toanen
- Service de Chirurgie Orthopédique, CHD Vendée, Boulevard Stéphane Moreau, 85925 La Roche-sur-Yon, France
| | - Loïc Geffroy
- Département de Chirurgie Orthopédique, Polyclinique de l'Atlantique, avenue Claude Bernard, 44819 Saint Herblain Cedex, France
| | - Ronny Lopes
- Département de Chirurgie Orthopédique, Polyclinique de l'Atlantique, avenue Claude Bernard, 44819 Saint Herblain Cedex, France
| | - Alexandre Hardy
- Clinique du sport Paris V, 36, boulevard Saint Marcel, 75005 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
|
11
|
Weinert K, Holzhausen HJ, Bartels T, Spahn G, Hofmann GO. Histopathological Analysis of the Degree of Tendinosis in Failed Anterior Cruciate Ligament Grafts. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ORTHOPADIE UND UNFALLCHIRURGIE 2023; 161:500-510. [PMID: 35196738 DOI: 10.1055/a-1717-2889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION After reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament, the modification processes in the transplanted tendon tissue directly influence the biomechanical properties of the knee. The histopathological alterations in failed grafts have hardly been studied. OBJECTIVE Our study focused on examining the presence and extent of tendinosis (low or high grade) in the tendon tissue of failed anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions. We considered its relationship to the type of transplant, the symptoms, the arthroscopic appearance, the mode of trauma, and the timing of the failure. MATERIALS AND METHODS The tendon tissue of failed anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions in 30 patients was gathered during revision surgery and its histopathology was analysed for the occurrence of structural alterations. The classification of the tendinosis as low or high grade was semiquantitative based on five qualities. We used a standardised questionnaire to collect patient data and we used the Marburg Arthroscopy Score for the intraoperative evaluation of the graft. RESULTS We found histological vitality and, except for two samples, structural alterations consistent with tendinosis, predominantly high grade, in all failed anterior cruciate ligament grafts. No direct link could be proved between the degree of tendinosis and the type of graft used, the symptoms (except for instability) or the timing of the graft failure, the mode of trauma, or the arthroscopic appearance of the failed plasty. However, the accumulation of high-grade tendinosis in patients with hamstring tendons, subjective instability, and graft failure between 1 to 5 years postoperatively was noteworthy. CONCLUSION Structural alterations consistent with tendinosis could be detected, with different expressions, in the vital tendon tissue of anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions. This indicates that the graft is subject to repetitive microtrauma. However, it is still unclear how tendinosis influences the failure of anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Weinert
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Hals-, Nasen-, Ohrenheilkunde, Kopf- und Halschirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Halle, Halle, Deutschland
| | - Hans-Jürgen Holzhausen
- Amedes MVZ für Pathologie, Zytodiagnostik und Humangenetik in Halle GmbH, Halle, Deutschland
| | - Thomas Bartels
- MVZ Sportklinik Halle: Zentrum für Gelenkchirurgie, Halle, Deutschland
| | - Gunter Spahn
- Klinik für Unfall-, Hand- und Wiederherstellungschirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Deutschland
- Unfallchirurgie und Orthopädie, Praxisklinik für Unfallchirurgie und Orthopädie, Eisenach, Deutschland
| | - Gunter O Hofmann
- Klinik für Unfall- und Wiederherstellungschirurgie, BG Klinikum Bergmannstrost Halle, Halle, Deutschland
- Klinik für Unfall-, Hand- und Wiederherstellungschirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
|
12
|
Runer A, Keeling L, Wagala N, Nugraha H, Özbek EA, Hughes JD, Musahl V. Current trends in graft choice for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction - part I: anatomy, biomechanics, graft incorporation and fixation. J Exp Orthop 2023; 10:37. [PMID: 37005974 PMCID: PMC10067784 DOI: 10.1186/s40634-023-00600-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Graft selection in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is critical, as it remains one of the most easily adjustable factors affecting graft rupture and reoperation rates. Commonly used autografts, including hamstring tendon, quadriceps tendon and bone-patellar-tendon-bone, are reported to be biomechanically equivalent or superior compared to the native ACL. Despite this, such grafts are unable to perfectly replicate the complex anatomical and histological characteristics of the native ACL. While there remains inconclusive evidence as to the superiority of one autograft in terms of graft incorporation and maturity, allografts appear to demonstrate slower incorporation and maturity compared to autografts. Graft fixation also affects graft properties and subsequent outcomes, with each technique having unique advantages and disadvantages that should be carefully considered during graft selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Armin Runer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UPMC Freddie Fu Sports Medicine Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department for Sports Orthopaedics, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Laura Keeling
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UPMC Freddie Fu Sports Medicine Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nyaluma Wagala
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UPMC Freddie Fu Sports Medicine Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hans Nugraha
- Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Udayana, / Prof. Dr. I.G.N.G. Ngoerah General Hospital, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Emre Anil Özbek
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UPMC Freddie Fu Sports Medicine Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Jonathan D Hughes
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UPMC Freddie Fu Sports Medicine Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Volker Musahl
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UPMC Freddie Fu Sports Medicine Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
|
13
|
Bain GI, Amarasooriya M. Scapholunate instability: why are the surgical outcomes still so far from ideal? J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2023; 48:257-268. [PMID: 36799288 DOI: 10.1177/17531934221148009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
The wrist is a universal joint with intrinsic and extrinsic ligaments that function and fail as ligamentous complexes. Those related to scapholunate instability (SLI) include the dorsal scapholunate complex (DSLC), volar radiolunate complex and scaphotrapeziotrapezoid complex. Together the DSLC, scaphoid and lunate create an 'acetabulum' for the capitate, with the dorsal intercarpal ligament being a labrum to contain the capitate. SLI results from failure of the DSLC, typically from its scaphoid attachments. Failure of the lunate and or triquetral attachments increases the instability. DSLC failure leads to radioscaphoid instability, which is the symptomatic clinical problem. SLI reconstruction with open surgery and trans-osseous tendon graft techniques have been challenging. We discuss a biological arthroscopic approach to identify, mobilize and debride the disrupted DSLC. This ligament/capsular/periosteum sheet is then advanced and secured to the debrided footprint. Thereby reconstituting the acetabulum, labrum and scaphoid stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory I Bain
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Flinders University and Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
|
14
|
Zhang S, Wen A, Li S, Yao W, Liu C, Lin Z, Jin Z, Chen J, Hua Y, Chen S, Li Y. Radial Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy Enhances Graft Maturation at 2-Year Follow-up After ACL Reconstruction: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Orthop J Sports Med 2023; 10:23259671221116340. [PMID: 36760537 PMCID: PMC9902647 DOI: 10.1177/23259671221116340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Graft maturation is an important prognostic factor for hamstring autograft anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). It remains unclear whether extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) can promote graft healing after ACLR. Purpose To evaluate the therapeutic and graft maturation effects of ESWT in hamstring autograft ACLR. Study Design Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1. Methods Between May 18, 2019, and September 20, 2019, we randomly assigned 30 patients who met study inclusion criteria to 2 groups. Patients in the control group followed a 5-week advanced rehabilitation training program (30 minutes/session, 5 times/week) starting at 3 months postoperatively. In the ESWT group, together with the 5-week advanced rehabilitation training, radial ESWT was applied once a week for 5 weeks. Functional scores (Lysholm, International Knee Documentation Committee, and Tegner scores), KT-1000 arthrometer knee laxity measurement, and magnetic resonance imaging scans were assessed at 3 months (baseline), 6 months, and 24 months postoperatively. To evaluate graft maturation, we assessed the graft signal-to-noise quotients (SNQs) of the tibial, intra-articular, and femoral sides on magnetic resonance imaging scans. Data were compared between the ESWT and control groups. Results In total, 26 patients (13 with ESWT, 13 controls) were assessed. There were no significant between-group differences on any assessment at baseline, and no significant within-group or between-group differences were found in knee laxity at any point. At 24-month follow-up, the ESWT group had significantly higher Lysholm and Tegner scores compared with the controls (P = .012 and .017, respectively). Regarding graft maturation, at 6-month follow-up, the SNQ of the tibial intraosseous graft was significantly lower in the ESWT group versus controls (P = .006), but no differences were detected at the femoral intraosseous graft (P = .321) or the intra-articular graft (P = .314). At 24-month follow-up, the SNQs of the femoral intraosseous graft and intra-articular graft were significantly lower in the ESWT group versus controls (P = .020 and .044, respectively) but no difference was found at the tibial intraosseous graft (P = .579). Conclusion Both enhanced graft maturation and improved functional scores at 24-month follow-up were seen in patients who received radial ESWT during rehabilitation after hamstring autograft ACLR. Registration ChiCTR1900022853 (Chinese Clinical Trial Registry).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shurong Zhang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University,
Shanghai, China
| | - Aizhen Wen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University,
Shanghai, China.,Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport,
Shanghai, China
| | - Shengkun Li
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University,
Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Yao
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University,
Shanghai, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University,
Shanghai, China
| | - Zifan Lin
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University,
Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengbiao Jin
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University,
Shanghai, China
| | - Jiwu Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University,
Shanghai, China
| | - Yinghui Hua
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University,
Shanghai, China
| | - Shiyi Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University,
Shanghai, China
| | - Yunxia Li
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University,
Shanghai, China.,Yunxia Li, MD, Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital,
Fudan University, Shanghai, China (
)
| |
Collapse
|
|
15
|
Asai K, Nakase J, Yoshimizu R, Kimura M, Kanayama T, Yanatori Y, Tsuchiya H. High initial graft tension is a post-operative risk factor for high UTE T2* value of the graft 6 months after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee 2023; 40:143-151. [PMID: 36434971 DOI: 10.1016/j.knee.2022.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the risk factor of "ligamentization" using the ultrashort echo time (UTE)-T2* imaging. METHODS Fifty-nine patients (23 males and 36 females, age of 21.9 ± 10.6 years old) who underwent anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with hamstring tendon were evaluated. The UTE T2* values of the reconstructed ACL at 6 months postoperatively were calculated. Circular regions of interest (5-10 mm2) were set at the proximal, mid-substance, and distal regions of the reconstructed ACL. The UTE T2* values of the entire reconstructed ACL were calculated as the average of these three points. Patients were divided into high (27 knees) and low (32 knees) UTE T2* groups by calculating whether their UTE T2* values were greater than the median of the UTE T2* values of all patients. Risk factors for high UTE T2* values were evaluated. Clinical outcomes were compared between the two groups. RESULTS There were no significant differences in any measured parameters and clinical outcomes between the two UTE T2* groups. Logistic regression analysis revealed that graft tension was a significant risk factor for patients with high UTE-T2* values (P = 0.047, odds ratio [OR] = 2.285). The UTE-T2* values of the 20 N graft tension using the Tension loc system were significantly lower than those of the 40 N using double-spike plate (DSP) with screws at each site and the 30 N using the Tension loc system at the distal site. CONCLUSIONS Higher graft tension was an independent risk factor for high UTE T2* values of the reconstructed ACL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Asai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa-city 920-8641, Japan; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, KKR Hokuriku Hospital, 13-43 izumigaoka nicyoume, Kanazawa-city 921-8035, Japan
| | - Junsuke Nakase
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa-city 920-8641, Japan.
| | - Rikuto Yoshimizu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa-city 920-8641, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Kimura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa-city 920-8641, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kanayama
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa-city 920-8641, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yanatori
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa-city 920-8641, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsuchiya
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa-city 920-8641, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
|
16
|
Dianat S, Bencardino JT. Postoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Knee Ligaments. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2022; 30:703-722. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mric.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
|
17
|
Manara JR, Salmon LJ, Kilani FM, Zelaya de Camino G, Monk C, Sundaraj K, Pinczewski LA, Roe JP. Repeat Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury and Return to Sport in Australian Soccer Players After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction With Hamstring Tendon Autograft. Am J Sports Med 2022; 50:3533-3543. [PMID: 36190172 DOI: 10.1177/03635465221125467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soccer is the most commonly played team sport in the world and a high-risk sport for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury and subsequent ACL reconstruction (ACLR). PURPOSE To assess the rate of further ACL injury in patients who have undergone ACLR with hamstring tendon autograft after soccer injuries in Australia and to determine factors associated with repeat ACL injury and return to soccer. STUDY DESIGN Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS From a prospectively collected database, a series of 1000 consecutive ACLRs using hamstring autografts performed in soccer players were identified. Patients were surveyed at a minimum 5 years after reconstruction, including details of further ACL injuries to either knee, return to soccer or other sports, and psychological readiness per the Anterior Cruciate Ligament Return to Sport after Injury (ACL-RSI) scale. RESULTS Of the 862 participants reviewed, ACL graft rupture occurred in 85 (10%) and contralateral ACL rupture in 68 (8%) within 5 years after the reconstruction. The 5-year ACL graft survivorship was 94% for females and 88% for males. The survivorship of the contralateral ACL was 92% for males and 90% for females. When compared with those aged >25 years, the odds of ACL graft rupture was increased by 4 to 5 times in those aged 19 to 25 years and 3 to 7 times in those ≤18 years. Further ACL injury to the graft or contralateral knee occurred in 44% of males aged ≤18 years. Risk factors for further ACL injury were younger age at time of surgery, male sex, and return to soccer. Graft diameter did not influence ACL graft rupture rates, and 70% of patients returned to soccer after ACLR. The mean ACL-RSI score was 59, and patients who reported more fear of reinjury on this scale were less likely to have returned to soccer. CONCLUSION The prevalence of ACL graft rupture (10%) and contralateral ACL rupture (8%) was near equivalent over 5 years in this large cohort of mostly recreational Australian soccer players. ACLR with hamstring autograft is a reliable procedure, allowing 70% of patients to return to soccer in this high-risk population. Risk factors for further ACL injury are progressively younger age at time of surgery, male sex, and return to soccer. Graft diameter was not a factor in ACL graft rupture, indicating that other factors, particularly age, are of primary importance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Manara
- North Sydney Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lucy J Salmon
- North Sydney Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Centre, Sydney, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Sydney, Australia
| | - Faisal M Kilani
- School of Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Claire Monk
- North Sydney Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - Keran Sundaraj
- North Sydney Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - Leo A Pinczewski
- North Sydney Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Centre, Sydney, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Sydney, Australia
| | - Justin P Roe
- North Sydney Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Centre, Sydney, Australia.,School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
|
18
|
Cardona-Ramirez S, Cook JL, Stoker AM, Ma R. Small laboratory animal models of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Orthop Res 2022; 40:1967-1980. [PMID: 35689508 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are common knee ligament injuries. While generally successful, ACL reconstruction that uses a tendon graft to stabilize the knee is still associated with a notable percentage of failures and long-term morbidities. Preclinical research that uses small laboratory species (i.e., mice, rats, and rabbits) to model ACL reconstruction are important to evaluate factors that can impact graft incorporation or posttraumatic osteoarthritis after ACL reconstruction. Small animal ACL reconstruction models are also used for proof-of-concept studies for the development of emerging biological strategies aimed at improving ACL reconstruction healing. The objective of this review is to provide an overview on the use of common small animal laboratory species to model ACL reconstruction. The review includes a discussion on comparative knee anatomy, technical considerations including types of tendon grafts employed amongst the small laboratory species (i.e., mice, rats, and rabbits), and common laboratory evaluative methods used to study healing and outcomes after ACL reconstruction in small laboratory animals. The review will also highlight common research questions addressed with small animal models of ACL reconstruction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Cardona-Ramirez
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative Orthopaedics, Missouri Orthopaedic Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - James L Cook
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative Orthopaedics, Missouri Orthopaedic Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Aaron M Stoker
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative Orthopaedics, Missouri Orthopaedic Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Richard Ma
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative Orthopaedics, Missouri Orthopaedic Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| |
Collapse
|
|
19
|
Ligamentization of the reconstructed ACL differs between the intraarticular and intraosseous regions: A quantitative assessment using UTE-T2* mapping. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271935. [PMID: 35867680 PMCID: PMC9307199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to prospectively observe the trends of ultrashort echo time (UTE)-T2* values for the intraarticular and intraosseous regions of reconstructed anterior cruciate ligaments from 6 to 12 months after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction by using UTE-T2* mapping, and to investigate the changes and differences over time in each region. Methods Ten patients underwent UTE-T2* mapping of the operated knee at 6, 9, and 12 months after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. The UTE-T2* values of intraarticular and intraosseous regions of reconstructed anterior cruciate ligaments at 6, 9, and 12 months postoperatively were statistically compared. Results The UTE-T2* values of the intraarticular region at 6 months postoperatively were significantly higher than those at 9 and 12 months. There were no significant differences in the UTE-T2* values at 6, 9, and 12 months postoperatively in the intraosseous region. At 6 months postoperatively, the UTE-T2* values of the intraarticular region were significantly higher than those of the intraosseous region. The UTE-T2* values of the intraosseous region at the tibia were significantly lower than those of the other sites at any postoperative time point. Conclusions According to UTE-T2*mapping-based findings, histological maturation of reconstructed ACLs is faster in the intraosseous region than in the intraarticular region. In particular, the intraarticular region is still undergoing rapid histologic changes at 6 months postoperatively, and its tissue structure is less substantial than normal. The findings of this study may provide clues to determine the optimal timing for safe return to sports in terms of ligamentaization of reconstructed ACLs.
Collapse
|
|
20
|
Brophy RH, Schafer KA, Knapik DM, Motley J, Haas A, Matava MJ, Wright RW, Smith MV. Changes in Dynamic Postural Stability After ACL Reconstruction: Results Over 2 Years of Follow-up. Orthop J Sports Med 2022; 10:23259671221098989. [PMID: 35722181 PMCID: PMC9201321 DOI: 10.1177/23259671221098989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is crucial for knee proprioception and
postural stability. While ACL reconstruction (ACLR) and rehabilitation
improve postural stability, the timing in improvement of dynamic postural
stability after ACLR remains relatively unknown. Purpose: To evaluate changes in dynamic postural stability after ACLR out to 24 months
postoperatively. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Patients undergoing ACLR were prospectively enrolled, and dynamic postural
stability was assessed within 2 days before surgery, at 3-month intervals
postoperatively to 18 months, then at 24 months. Measurements were made on a
multidirectional platform tracking the patient’s center of mass based on
pelvic motion. The amount of time the patient was able to stay on the
platform was recorded, and a dynamic motion analysis score, reflecting the
patient’s ability to maintain one’s center of mass, was generated overall
and in 6 independent planes of motion. Results: A total of 44 patients with a mean age of 19.7 ± 6.2 years completed the
study protocol. Overall mean dynamic postural stability improved
significantly at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after surgery, with continued
improvement out to 24 months. Notable improvements occurred in
medial/lateral and anterior/posterior stability from baseline to 6 months
postoperatively, while internal/external rotation and flexion/extension
stability declined initially after surgery from baseline to 3 months
postoperatively before stabilizing to the end of the study period. Conclusion: Overall dynamic postural stability significantly improved up to 12 months
after ACLR. Improvement in postural stability occurred primarily in the
medial/lateral and anterior/posterior planes of motion, with initial
decreases in the flexion/extension and internal/external rotational planes
of motion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Brophy
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Kevin A Schafer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Derrick M Knapik
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - John Motley
- STAR Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation, Chesterfield, Missouri, USA
| | - Amanda Haas
- School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Matthew J Matava
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Rick W Wright
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Matthew V Smith
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| |
Collapse
|
|
21
|
Chu CR. Can we afford to ignore the biology of joint healing and graft incorporation after ACL reconstruction? J Orthop Res 2022; 40:55-64. [PMID: 34314066 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is successful at restoring stability to return ACL injured patients to high-demand work, sports, and recreational activities. The development of posttraumatic osteoarthritis (OA) in roughly half of patients just 10-15 years after ACLR highlight the need to improve clinical care pathways. Graft failure and reinjury rates, which further increase OA risk, also remain high for younger and more active patients. The biological components of joint recovery and graft incorporation, therefore, impact short- and long-term clinical outcomes. Biochemical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data show substantial compromise of articular cartilage metabolism and matrix composition after ACL injury and reconstructive surgery suggesting a potential need for activity modulation in early recovery. Furthermore, joint recovery is variable with compositional MRI studies showing progressive cartilage degeneration 1 and 2 years after ACLR. Biopsy and MRI studies also show high variability in ACL graft characteristics within the 1st year after ACLR followed by continued graft maturation into the 2nd year and beyond. To improve the care of ACL injured patients, there is a critical need for clinical attention and scientific inquiry into timing the reintroduction of higher load activities in relationship to neuromuscular recovery, joint biology, and graft maturation. In addition to symptomatic and mechanical recovery, development and validation of biological markers for joint and cartilage homeostasis as well as ACL graft healing are needed for personalized decision making on rehabilitation needs, reduction of OA risk, and resumption of athletic, recreational, and vocational activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Constance R Chu
- Department Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, Livermore, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
|
22
|
Lutz PM, Achtnich A, Schütte V, Woertler K, Imhoff AB, Willinger L. Anterior cruciate ligament autograft maturation on sequential postoperative MRI is not correlated with clinical outcome and anterior knee stability. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2022; 30:3258-3267. [PMID: 34739559 PMCID: PMC9464175 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-021-06777-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal intensity is correlated to structural postoperative changes of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) autograft. The purpose of this study was to investigate the ACL autograft maturation process via MRI over 2 years postoperatively, compare it to a native ACL signal and correlate the results with clinical outcome, return to preinjury sports levels, and knee laxity measurements. METHODS ACL autograft signal intensity was measured in 17 male patients (age, 28.3 ± 7.0 years) who underwent ACL reconstruction with hamstring autograft at 6 weeks, 3-, 6-, 12-, and 24 months postoperatively by 3 Tesla MRI. Controls with an intact ACL served as control group (22 males, 8 females; age, 26.7 ± 6.8 years). An ACL/PCL ratio (APR) and ACL/muscle ratio (AMR) was calculated to normalize signals to soft tissue signal. APR and AMR were compared across time and to native ACL signal. Clinical outcome scores (IKDC, Lysholm), return to preinjury sports levels (Tegner activity scale), and knee laxity measurement (KT-1000) were obtained and correlated to APR and AMR at the respective time points. RESULTS The APR and AMR of the ACL graft changed significantly from the lowest values at 6 weeks to reach the highest intensity after 6 months (p < 0.001). Then, the APR and AMR were significantly different from a native ACL 6 months after surgery (p < 0.01) but approached the APR and AMR of the native ACL at 1- and 2 years after surgery (p < 0.05). The APR changed significantly during the first 2 years postoperatively in the proximal (p < 0.001), mid-substance (p < 0.001), and distal (p < 0.01) intraarticular portion of the ACL autograft. A hypo-intense ACL MRI signal was associated with return to the preinjury sports level (p < 0.05). No correlation was found between ACL MRI graft signal and clinical outcome scores or KT-1000 measurements. CONCLUSION ACL grafts undergo a continuous maturation process in the first 2 years after surgery. The ACL graft signals became hyper-intense 6 months postoperatively and approximated the signal of a native intact ACL at 12- and 24 months. Patients with a hypo-intense ACL graft signal at 2 years follow-up were more likely to return to preinjury sports levels. The results of the present study provide a template for monitoring the normal ACL maturation process via MRI in case of prolonged clinical symptoms. However, subjective outcome and clinical examination of knee laxity remain important to assess the treatment success and to allow to return to sports. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M. Lutz
- Department for Orthopedic Sports Medicine, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Achtnich
- Department for Orthopedic Sports Medicine, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Vincent Schütte
- Department for Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Strasse 40, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Klaus Woertler
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas B. Imhoff
- Department for Orthopedic Sports Medicine, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Lukas Willinger
- Department for Orthopedic Sports Medicine, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
|
23
|
A Comprehensive Framework to Evaluate the Effects of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury and Reconstruction on Graft and Cartilage Status through the Analysis of MRI T2 Relaxation Time and Knee Laxity: A Pilot Study. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11121383. [PMID: 34947914 PMCID: PMC8706566 DOI: 10.3390/life11121383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear represents a common orthopedic traumatic issue that often leads to an early development of osteoarthritis. To improve the diagnostic and prognostic techniques involved in the assessment of the joint after the trauma and during the healing process, the present work proposes a multi-parametric approach that aims to investigate the relationship between joint function and soft tissue status before and after ACL reconstruction. METHODS Thirteen consecutive patients who underwent ACL reconstruction were preliminarily enrolled in this study. Joint laxity assessment as well as magnetic resonance imaging with T2 mapping were performed in the pre-operative stage, at four and 18 months after surgery to acquire objective information to correlate knee function and soft tissue condition. RESULTS Correlations were found between graft and cartilage T2 signal, suggesting an interplay between these tissues within the knee joint. Moreover, graft maturation resulted in being connected to joint laxity, as underlined by the correlation between the graft T2 signal and the temporal evolution of knee function. CONCLUSIONS This preliminary study represents a step forward in assessing the effects of ACL graft maturation on knee biomechanics, and vice versa. The presented integrated framework underlines the possibility to quantitatively assess the impact of ACL reconstruction on trauma recovery and cartilage homeostasis. Moreover, the reported findings-despite the preliminary nature of the clinical impacts-evidence the possibility of monitoring the surgery outcomes using a multi-parametric prognostic investigation tool.
Collapse
|
|
24
|
Arnold MP, Calcei JG, Vogel N, Magnussen RA, Clatworthy M, Spalding T, Campbell JD, Bergfeld JA, Sherman SL. ACL Study Group survey reveals the evolution of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction graft choice over the past three decades. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2021; 29:3871-3876. [PMID: 33486558 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-021-06443-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) aims to restore knee function and stability, allowing patients to return to the activities they enjoy and minimize further injury to the meniscus and cartilage and their ultimate progression to osteoarthritis. This study aims to present the evolution of graft choice over the last three decades according to members of the ACL Study Group (SG). METHODS Prior to the January 2020 ACL SG biannual meeting, a survey was administered consisting of 87 questions and 16 categories, including ACLR graft choice. A similar questionnaire has been administered prior to each meeting and survey results from the past 14 meetings (1992 through 2020, excluding 1994) are included in this work. Survey responses are reported as frequencies in percentages to quantify changes in practice over the surgery period. RESULTS In 1992, the most frequent graft choice for primary ACLR was bone-patellar tendon-bone (BTB) autograft, at nearly 90%. Hamstring tendon (HT) autografts have increased in popularity, currently over 50%, followed by just under 40% BTB autograft. Recently, quadriceps tendon (QT) autograft has increased in popularity since 2014. CONCLUSION Autograft (HT, BTB, QT) is an overwhelming favorite for primary ACLR over allograft. The preference for HT autograft increased over the study period relative to BTB autograft, with QT autograft gaining in popularity in recent years. Graft selection should be individualized for each patient and understanding the global trends in graft choice can help orthopaedic surgeons discuss graft options with their patients and determine the appropriate graft for each case. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, Expert Opinion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus P Arnold
- Practice LEONARDO, Hirslanden Clinic Birshof, Münchenstein, Switzerland
| | - Jacob G Calcei
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Nicole Vogel
- Practice LEONARDO, Hirslanden Clinic Birshof, Münchenstein, Switzerland
| | - Robert A Magnussen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mark Clatworthy
- Department of Orthopaedics, Middlemore Hospital, Otahuhu, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tim Spalding
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
| | - John D Campbell
- Bridger Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, PC, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - John A Bergfeld
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Seth L Sherman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
|
25
|
Chronological changes in cross-sectional area of the bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft after anatomic rectangular tunnel ACL reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2021; 29:3782-3792. [PMID: 33452577 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-020-06404-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the change in cross-sectional area (CSA) of bone-patellar tendon-bone (BTB) autografts up to 5 years after the anatomic rectangular tunnel (ART) anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). The changing pattern in CSA might be a potential indicator of the graft remodeling process. METHODS Ninety-six (62 males, 34 females, mean age 27.0 years) patients were enrolled in this study with a total of 220 MRI scans after ART BTB ACLR to evaluate the CSA of the ACL autografts. The patients with first time unilateral ACLR that consented to undergo MRI evaluations at postoperative periods were included in this study. Intraoperatively, the CSA of the graft was measured directly using a custom-made area micrometer at the midpoint of the graft. Postoperatively, using an oblique axial slice MRI that was perpendicular to the long axis of the graft, the CSA of the graft was measured with digital radiology viewing program "SYNAPSE" at the midpoint of the graft. The postoperative MRI scans were classified into seven groups according to the period from ACLR to MRI evaluation: Group 0-2 months (m.), Group 3-6 m., Group 7-12 m., Group 1-2 years (y.), Group 2-3 y., Group 3-4 y., and Group 4 y.-. The percent increase of the CSA was calculated by dividing the postoperative CSA by the intraoperative CSA. RESULTS The postoperative CSA was significantly larger than the intraoperative CSA in each group, with the exception of Group 0-2 m. The mean percent increase of the CSA in Group 0-2 m., 3-6 m., 7-12 m., 1-2 y., 2-3 y., 3-4 y., 4 y.- was 101.8 ± 18.2, 188.9 ± 27.4, 190.9 ± 43.7, 183.3 ± 28.9, 175.2 ± 27.9, 163.9 ± 19.8, 164.5 ± 25.4% respectively. The percent increase in Group 3-6 m., 7-12 m., 1-2 y., 2-3 y., 3-4 y., and 4 y.- was significantly greater than that in Group 0-2 m. CONCLUSIONS The CSA of the BTB autografts after the ART BTB ACLR increases rapidly by 3-6 months after ACLR, reached a maximum value of 190% at around 1 year, decreases gradually after that, and reaches a plateau at around 3 years. The current study might help clinicians to estimate an individual BTB autograft's remodeling stages when considering returning patients to sports. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV.
Collapse
|
|
26
|
Bennett K, Vincent T, Sakthi-Velavan S. The patellar ligament: A comprehensive review. Clin Anat 2021; 35:52-64. [PMID: 34554600 DOI: 10.1002/ca.23791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The patellar ligament (PL) is an epiphyseal ligament and is part of the extensor complex of the knee. The ligament has gained attention due to its clinical relevance to autograft and tendinopathy. A variety of anatomical variations of the PL such as aplasia, numerical variations, and vascularity are being reported recently by clinicians and anatomists. The aim of this literature was to review the available literature to provide a consensus regarding anatomic variations of the PL, neurovasculature surrounding the PL, histology of the PL, and various aspects of PL measurements with relevance to the surgical considerations and sex and age-related differences. A narrative review of the patellar ligament was performed by conducting a detailed literature search and review of relevant articles. A total of 90 articles on the patellar ligament were included and were categorized into studies based on anatomical variations, neurovasculature, morphometrics, microanatomy, sex and age-related difference, and ACL reconstruction. The anatomical variations and morphometrics of the PL were found to correlate with the frequency of strain injuries, tendinopathy, and efficacy of the PL autograft in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. The sex differences in PL measurements and the effect of estrogen on collagen synthesis explained a higher incidence of patellar tendinopathy in women. An awareness of its variations enables careful selection of surgical incisions, thereby avoiding complications related to nerve injury. Accurate knowledge of the PL microanatomy assists in understanding the mechanism of ligament degeneration, rupture, autograft harvesting, and ligamentization results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karis Bennett
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Tanner Vincent
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Sumathilatha Sakthi-Velavan
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
|
27
|
Panos JA, Devitt BM, Feller JA, Klemm HJ, Hewett TE, Webster KE. Effect of Time on MRI Appearance of Graft After ACL Reconstruction: A Comparison of Autologous Hamstring and Quadriceps Tendon Grafts. Orthop J Sports Med 2021; 9:23259671211023512. [PMID: 34541010 PMCID: PMC8442487 DOI: 10.1177/23259671211023512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: After anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (ACLR), changes in the
appearance of the ACL graft can be monitored using magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI). Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the MRI signal
intensity (SI) of hamstring and quadriceps tendon grafts during the first
postoperative year after ACLR. As a secondary aim, the relationship of SI to
clinical and anatomic measurements was analyzed. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: A total of 78 patients who underwent ACLR with an autologous graft were
reviewed; 55 received hamstring grafts and 23 received quadriceps tendon
grafts. At 3 and 9 months postoperatively, 3-T MRI was performed using a
dedicated knee coil, and the median SI of the intra-articular ACL graft was
measured on sagittal-plane images. Postoperative lateral radiographs were
analyzed to determine medial and lateral posterior tibial slope (PTS).
Side-to-side difference in anterior knee laxity between injured and
uninjured limbs was measured at 6 and 12 months postoperatively. Results: The median SI of quadriceps grafts was significantly greater than hamstring
grafts at 3 months after ACLR (P = .02). Between 3 and 9
months, the median SI of quadriceps grafts decreased (P
< .001), while that of hamstring grafts did not significantly change
(P = .55). The lateral PTS was significantly correlated
with median SI measurements at 3 and 9 months such that greater lateral PTS
values were associated with greater median SI. The side-to-side difference
in anterior knee laxity decreased for the quadriceps group
(P = .04) between 6 and 12 months but did not change
for the hamstring group (P = .88). Conclusion: The median SI of quadriceps grafts significantly decreased on MRI between 3
and 9 months after ACLR, while the median SI of hamstring grafts did not
significantly change. The change in MRI appearance of the quadriceps grafts
was paralleled by a reduction in anterior knee laxity between 6 and 12
months after surgery. In the absence of standardized imaging techniques and
imaging analysis methods, the role of MRI in determining graft
maturation, and the implications for progression through rehabilitation to
return to sport, remain uncertain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian M Devitt
- OrthoSport Victoria Research Unit, Epworth HealthCare, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julian A Feller
- OrthoSport Victoria Research Unit, Epworth HealthCare, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Haydn J Klemm
- OrthoSport Victoria Research Unit, Epworth HealthCare, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Timothy E Hewett
- The Rocky Mountain Consortium for Sports Research, Edwards, Colorado, USA
| | - Kate E Webster
- School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
|
28
|
Bouguennec N, Robinson J, Douiri A, Graveleau N, Colombet PD. Two-year postoperative MRI appearances of anterior cruciate ligament hamstrings autografts are not correlated with functional outcomes, anterior laxity, or patient age. Bone Jt Open 2021; 2:569-575. [PMID: 34325524 PMCID: PMC8384440 DOI: 10.1302/2633-1462.28.bjo-2021-0104.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims MRI has been suggested as an objective method of assessing anterior crucate ligament (ACL) graft “ligamentization” after reconstruction. It has been proposed that the MRI appearances could be used as an indicator of graft maturity and used as part of a return-to-sport assessment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between MRI graft signal and postoperative functional scores, anterior knee laxity, and patient age at operation. Methods A consecutive cohort of 149 patients who had undergone semitendinosus autograft ACL reconstruction, using femoral and tibial adjustable loop fixations, were evaluated retrospectively postoperatively at two years. All underwent MRI analysis of the ACL graft, performed using signal-to-noise quotient (SNQ) and the Howell score. Functional outcome scores (Lysholm, Tegner, International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) subjective, and IKDC objective) were obtained and all patients underwent instrumented side-to-side anterior laxity differential laxity testing. Results Two-year postoperative mean outcome scores were: Tegner 6.5 (2 to 10); Lysholm 89.8 (SD 10.4; 52 to 100); and IKDC subjective 86.8 (SD 11.8; 51 to 100). The objective IKDC score was 86% A (128 patients), 13% B (19 patients), and 1% C (two patients). Mean side-to-side anterior laxity difference (134 N force) was 0.6 mm (SD 1.8; -4.1 to 5.6). Mean graft SNQ was 2.0 (SD 3.5; -14 to 17). Graft Howell scores were I (61%, 91 patients), II (25%, 37 patients), III (13%, 19 patients), and IV (1%, two patients). There was no correlation between either Howell score or SNQ with instrumented anterior or Lysholm, Tegner, and IKDC scores, nor was any correlation found between patient age and ACL graft SNQ or Howell score. Conclusion The two-year postoperative MRI appearances of four-strand, semitendinosus ACL autografts (as measured by SNQ and Howell score) do not appear to have a relationship with postoperative functional scores, instrumented anterior laxity, or patient age at surgery. Other tools for analysis of graft maturity should be developed. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2021;2(8):569–575.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - James Robinson
- Avon Orthopaedic Centre, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - Adil Douiri
- Clinique du Sport de Bordeaux-Mérignac, Bordeaux, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
29
|
Xu Y, Zhang WX, Wang LN, Ming YQ, Li YL, Ni GX. Stem cell therapies in tendon-bone healing. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:753-775. [PMID: 34367476 PMCID: PMC8316867 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i7.753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tendon-bone insertion injuries such as rotator cuff and anterior cruciate ligament injuries are currently highly common and severe. The key method of treating this kind of injury is the reconstruction operation. The success of this reconstructive process depends on the ability of the graft to incorporate into the bone. Recently, there has been substantial discussion about how to enhance the integration of tendon and bone through biological methods. Stem cells like bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), tendon stem/progenitor cells, synovium-derived MSCs, adipose-derived stem cells, or periosteum-derived periosteal stem cells can self-regenerate and potentially differentiate into different cell types, which have been widely used in tissue repair and regeneration. Thus, we concentrate in this review on the current circumstances of tendon-bone healing using stem cell therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Xu
- School of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wan-Xia Zhang
- School of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Li-Na Wang
- School of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yue-Qing Ming
- School of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yu-Lin Li
- School of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guo-Xin Ni
- School of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China.
| |
Collapse
|
|
30
|
Shelton TJ, Delman C, McNary S, Taylor JR, Marder RA. Aging Decreases the Ultimate Tensile Strength of Bone-Patellar Tendon-Bone Allografts. Arthroscopy 2021; 37:2173-2180. [PMID: 33713755 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2021.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine whether aging imparts a clinically significant effect on the (1) mechanism of graft failure and (2) structural, material, and viscoelastic properties of patellar tendon allografts by evaluating these properties in younger donors (≤30 years of age) and older donors (>50 years of age). METHODS A total of 34 younger (≤30 years of age) and 34 older (>50 years of age) nonirradiated, whole bone-tendon-bone allografts were prepared for testing by isolating the central third of the patellar tendon using a double-bladed 10-mm width scalpel under a 10-N load to ensure uniformity of harvest. Bone blocks were potted in polymethylmethacrylate within custom molds. Tendon length and cross-sectional area were measured using an area micrometer. A mechanical loading system was used to precondition the grafts for 100 cycles with a load between 50 N and 250 N (1 Hz). A creep load (500 N) was then applied at a rate of 100 mm/min (10 minutes). Grafts were allowed to recover at 1 N (10 minutes), followed by pull-to-failure at a rate of 100% strain per second. Mechanisms of failure (midsubstance vs avulsion) were noted and the structural, material, and viscoelastic properties calculated and compared between groups. RESULTS There were 33 (97%) midsubstance tears in the younger group and 28 (82%) in the older group (P = .034). Younger grafts showed greater ultimate load to failure (1,782 N [1,533, 2,032] vs 1,319 N [1,103, 1,533]) (P = .006) and ultimate tensile stress (37.4 MPa [32.4, 42.4] vs 27.5 MPa [22.9, 32.0]) (P = .006). There were no significant differences in displacement (P = .595), stiffness (P = .950), strain (P = .783), elastic modulus (P = .114), creep displacement (P = .881), and creep strain (P = .614). CONCLUSIONS This in vitro study suggests that aging weakens the bone-tendon junction and decreases the ultimate tensile strength of patellar tendon allografts. However, aging did not affect the displacement, strain, stiffness, elastic modulus, creep displacement, or creep strain of patellar tendon allografts. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Surgeons should be aware that patellar tendon allografts from donors >50 years of age have a lower ultimate tensile stress than donors ≤30 years of age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trevor J Shelton
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Southern California Orthopedic Institute, Van Nuys, California, U.S.A..
| | - Connor Delman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, U.S.A
| | - Sean McNary
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, U.S.A
| | | | - Richard A Marder
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
|
31
|
Yao S, Fu BSC, Yung PSH. Graft healing after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). ASIA-PACIFIC JOURNAL OF SPORT MEDICINE ARTHROSCOPY REHABILITATION AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 25:8-15. [PMID: 34094881 PMCID: PMC8134949 DOI: 10.1016/j.asmart.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) is a commonly performed procedure in Orthopaedic sports medicine. With advances in surgical techniques providing better positioning and fixation of the graft, subsequent graft failure to certain extent should be accounted by poor graft healing. Although different biological modulations for enhancement of graft healing have been tried in different clinical and animal studies, complete graft incorporation into bone tunnels and the “ligamentization” of the intra-articular part have not been fully achieved yet. Based on the understanding of graft healing process and its failure mechanism, the purpose of this review is to combine both the known basic science & clinical evidence, to provide a much clearer picture of the obstacle encountered in graft healing, so as to facilitate researchers on subsequent work on the enhancement of ACL graft healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiyi Yao
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Bruma Sai-Chuen Fu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Patrick Shu-Hang Yung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
|
32
|
DeFroda SF, ODonnell RM, Fadale PD, Owens BD, Fleming BC. The role of magnetic resonance imaging in evaluating postoperative ACL reconstruction healing and graft mechanical properties: a new criterion for return to play? PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2021; 49:123-129. [PMID: 32897799 PMCID: PMC8007665 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2020.1820846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Background: Disruption of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a common injury. In active patients, it is routinely treated with ACL reconstruction surgery. Following reconstruction, one of the critical decisions that must be made is the optimal timing of return to sport. While many biomechanical, biological, and functional criteria have been proposed to determine return to play, these methods are limited at best.Reasoning: As criteria for return to play are multifactorial, there is a growing need for noninvasive technologies, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), to objectively track graft healing, to better assess the graft itself. Measuring the changes in the strength of the healing ligament has been shown to be a reliable means of objectively documenting graft healing in preclinical studies. While the initial studies of MR-based modeling of ACL graft healing are promising, this technology is still in its infancy and requires optimization.Purpose: The goals of this review are: 1) to outline the shortcomings of current return to play criteria, 2) to highlight the ability of MRI to determine the status of ACL graft healing, and 3) to discuss the future of imaging technology to determine return to play and its potential role in the clinical evaluation of patientsConclusion: There continues to be a wide variabiltiy regarding adequate return to play criteria, most of which are subjective in nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven F DeFroda
- Department of Orthopaedics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, US
| | - Ryan M ODonnell
- Department of Orthopaedics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, US
| | - Paul D Fadale
- Department of Orthopaedics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, US
| | - Brett D Owens
- Department of Orthopaedics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, US
| | - Braden C Fleming
- Department of Orthopaedics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, US
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, US
| |
Collapse
|
|
33
|
Cardona-Ramirez S, Stoker AM, Cook JL, Ma R. Fibroblasts From Common Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tendon Grafts Exhibit Different Biologic Responses to Mechanical Strain. Am J Sports Med 2021; 49:215-225. [PMID: 33259232 DOI: 10.1177/0363546520971852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different tendons are chosen for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction based on perceived advantages and disadvantages, yet there is a relative paucity of information regarding biologic responsiveness of commonly used tendon grafts to mechanical strain. PURPOSE To evaluate the in vitro responses of graft fibroblasts derived from tendons used for ACL reconstruction to clinically relevant strain levels. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Twelve quadriceps tendons (QTs), 12 patellar tendons (PTs), and 9 hamstring tendons (HTs) were harvested from skeletally mature dogs (n = 16). Tendon fibroblasts were isolated and seeded onto BioFlex plates (1 × 105 cells/well). Cells were subjected to 3 strain conditions (stress deprivation, 0%; physiologic, 4%; high, 10%) for 5 days. Media were collected for proinflammatory and metabolic assays. RNA was extracted for gene expression analysis using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Stress deprivation elicited significantly higher metabolic activity from HT and PT cells than from QT cells (P < .001 and P = .001, respectively). There were no differences in metabolic activity among all 3 graft fibroblasts at physiologic and high strain. COL-1 expression was significantly higher in PT versus HT during physiologic strain (P = .007). No significant differences with COL-3 expression were seen. TIMP-1 (P = .01) expression was higher in PT versus HT under physiologic strain. Scleraxis expression was higher in PT versus HT (P = .007) under physiologic strain. A strain-dependent increase in PGE2 levels occurred for all grafts. At physiologic strain conditions, HT produced significantly higher levels of PGE2 versus QT (P < .001) and PT (P = .005). CONCLUSION Fibroblasts from common ACL graft tissues exhibited different metabolic responses to mechanical strain. On the basis of these data, we conclude that early production of extracellular matrix and proinflammatory responses from ACL grafts are dependent on mechanical loading and graft source. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Graft-specific differences in ACL reconstruction outcomes are known to exist. Our results suggest that there are differences in the biologic responsiveness of cells from the tendon grafts used in ACL reconstruction, which are dependent on strain levels and graft source. The biologic properties of the tissue used for ACL reconstruction should be considered when selecting graft source.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Cardona-Ramirez
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative Orthopaedics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Aaron M Stoker
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative Orthopaedics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - James L Cook
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative Orthopaedics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Richard Ma
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative Orthopaedics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| |
Collapse
|
|
34
|
Lai VJ, Reynolds AW, Kindya M, Konicek J, Akhavan S. The Use of Suture Augmentation for Graft Protection in ACL Reconstruction: A Biomechanical Study in Porcine Knees. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil 2020; 3:e57-e63. [PMID: 33615248 PMCID: PMC7879175 DOI: 10.1016/j.asmr.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To biomechanically evaluate the use of the suture augmentation construct at time 0 of ACL reconstruction. Methods Eighty porcine knees underwent ACL reconstruction using 2 techniques for graft fixation: a single suspensory construct (SSC), performed with a femoral button and tibial interference screw; and a double suspensory construct (DSC), with a femoral and tibial button. Each fixation technique was performed on 40 porcine knees divided into 4 subgroups. The first group had a nonaugmented ACL reconstruction, the second group had an ACL reconstruction with suture augmentation, and the third and fourth groups were the same as the first and second groups, with the graft resected 80% to simulate graft weakening. Ultimate load, yield load, stiffness, cyclic displacement values, and mode of failure were recorded for each graft. Results In a weakened graft model with 80% graft resection, there was a significant increase in ultimate strength (P < .001), yield strength (P < .001), and cyclic displacement (P < .001) with suture augmentation. There was no significant increase in stiffness with suture augmentation with either construct (P = .278). In the setting of an intact graft, there were no differences in either SSC or DCS groups with or without suture augmentation. Conclusions The addition of a suture to ACL reconstruction techniques resulted in minimal changes in baseline biomechanical characteristics while improving ultimate load, yield load, and cyclic displacement in a weakened graft model. Clinical Relevance Suture augmentation of ACL reconstruction may confer improved integrity of the graft and is worth consideration and future clinical study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vince J Lai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Alan W Reynolds
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Michael Kindya
- Orthopaedic Associates of Osceola, Kissimmee, Florida, U.S.A
| | | | - Sam Akhavan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
|
35
|
Mayr HO, Stoehr A, Herberger KT, Haasters F, Bernstein A, Schmal H, Prall WC. Histomorphological Alterations of Human Anterior Cruciate Ligament Grafts During Mid-Term and Long-Term Remodeling. Orthop Surg 2020; 13:314-320. [PMID: 33295125 PMCID: PMC7862156 DOI: 10.1111/os.12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of the present paper is to analyze mid‐term and long‐term alterations of human anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) grafts during the remodeling process with special regards to cellularity, α‐smooth muscle protein (αSMP) expression, and crimp length in comparison to the native ACL. Methods A total of 34 patients were included (23 male and 11 female). Biopsies of 13 semitendinosus tendon and 14 patellar tendon autografts were obtained during surgical revision secondary to an ACL reconstruction. According to the interval between the index procedure and sample collection, the patients were divided into four groups: 4–12 months, 13–60 months, 61–108 months, and >108 months. Seven samples of native ruptured ACL tissue obtained during surgical intervention served as control. All biopsies were taken from the intraligamentous part of the ACL or the graft. Histomorphological and immunohistochemical analyses were conducted after samples were stained using hematoxylin–eosin, Giemsa, and αSMP enzyme‐labeled antibodies. The total cell density, the numbers of fibroblasts and fibrocytes, the fibroblast/fibrocyte ratio, the number of αSMP+ cell nuclei, and the percentage of αSMP+ cells per fibroblast as well as the crimp lengths were determined using light microscopy. Results In the early phase of remodeling, the grafts featured extensively high total cell counts (1021.2 ± 327.8, P = 0.001), with high numbers of fibroblasts (841.4 ± 245.2, P = 0.002), fibrocytes (174.5 ± 113.0, P = 0.04), and αSMP+ cells (78.3 ± 95.0, P = 0.02) compared to controls (390.1 ± 141.7, 304.5 ± 160.8, 65.6 ± 31.4 and 2.3 ± 2.6, respectively). Thereafter, the numbers of all cell entities decreased. After more than 108 months, the percentage of αSMP+ cells per fibroblast reached physiological values (ratio 1.3 ± 1.0, P = 0.41; control 0.8 ± 0.8), while the total cell count (834.3 ± 183.7, P = 0.001) as well as the numbers of fibroblasts (663.5 ± 192.6, P = 0.006) and fibrocytes (134.1 ± 73.0, P = 0.049) remained significantly high. The fibroblast/fibrocyte ratio showed no significant alterations over the course of time compared to the controls. The collagen crimp lengths were elongated by tendency in the early phase (28.8 ± 12.9 mm, P = 0.15; control 20.7 ± 2.2 mm) and significantly shortened over time, with the lowest values in the long term (14.8 ± 2.0 mm, P = 0.001). The comparison of biopsies from semitendinosus tendon and patellar tendon autografts revealed no significant differences for any of the histomorphological parameters investigated. Conclusion This study reveals distinctive mid‐term and long‐term immunomorphological alterations during human ACL graft remodeling. These data clearly indicate that the remodeling is a process that continues for 9 years or more. Furthermore, it seems to be a process of adaptation rather than full restoration. Even in the long run, several biological properties of the native ACL are not completely reestablished.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hermann O Mayr
- FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Division of Knee, Hip and Shoulder Surgery, Schoen Clinic Munich Harlaching, Academic Teaching Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Freiburg University Hospital, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Katrin T Herberger
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Freiburg University Hospital, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florian Haasters
- FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Division of Knee, Hip and Shoulder Surgery, Schoen Clinic Munich Harlaching, Academic Teaching Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,Department of General, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Munich University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Anke Bernstein
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Freiburg University Hospital, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hagen Schmal
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Freiburg University Hospital, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Wolf C Prall
- FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Division of Knee, Hip and Shoulder Surgery, Schoen Clinic Munich Harlaching, Academic Teaching Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,Department of General, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Munich University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
|
36
|
Cavaignac E, Mesnier T, Marot V, Fernandez A, Faruch M, Berard E, Sonnery-Cottet B. Effect of Lateral Extra-articular Tenodesis on Anterior Cruciate Ligament Graft Incorporation. Orthop J Sports Med 2020; 8:2325967120960097. [PMID: 33299900 PMCID: PMC7711232 DOI: 10.1177/2325967120960097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: It has been shown that adding lateral extra-articular tenodesis (LET) to
standard anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction significantly
decreases the loads on the ACL composite graft. To date, the possible effect
of LET on ACL graft incorporation is not known. Purpose: To compare the incorporation in tibial bone tunnels of a standard quadrupled
semitendinosus (ST4) graft to an ST4 graft plus LET at 1 year
postoperatively using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A total of 62 patients who underwent ACL reconstruction were enrolled
prospectively: 31 received an ST4 graft, and 31 received an ST4 graft plus
LET. Graft incorporation was evaluated with MRI at the 1-year follow-up
visit. The following parameters were evaluated: signal-to-noise quotient
(SNQ), tibial tunnel widening, graft healing, and graft maturity according
to the Howell scale. The primary endpoint was the SNQ of the ST4 graft at 1
year postoperatively; this parameter was adjusted because of unequal
baseline characteristics between groups. Clinical and functional outcomes as
well as incorporation of the graft were analyzed as secondary endpoints. Results: The mean adjusted SNQ was 0.5 ± 2.1 (95% CI, 0.4-4.6) in the ST4 + LET group
and 5.9 ± 3.7 (95% CI, 4.7-7.0) in the ST4 group (P =
.0297). The mean tibial tunnel widening was 73.7% ± 42.2% in the ST4 + LET
group versus 77.5% ± 46.7% in the ST4 group (P = .5685).
Howell grade I, indicative of better graft maturity, was statistically more
frequent in the ST4 + LET group (P = .0379). No
statistically significant difference was seen between groups in terms of
graft healing (P = .1663). The Lysholm score was
statistically higher in the ST4 + LET group (P = .0058). No
significant differences were found between groups in terms of the
International Knee Documentation Committee subjective score
(P = .2683) or Tegner score (P =
.7428). The mean SNQ of the LET graft at the 1-year follow-up visit was 2.6
± 4.9. Conclusion: At 1 year postoperatively, the MRI appearance of ACL grafts showed generally
better incorporation and maturation when combined with LET.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Cavaignac
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Trauma, Hôpital Pierre-Paul Riquet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,I2R, Institut de Recherche Riquet, Toulouse, France
| | - Timothée Mesnier
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Trauma, Hôpital Pierre-Paul Riquet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Vincent Marot
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Trauma, Hôpital Pierre-Paul Riquet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Andrea Fernandez
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Trauma, Hôpital Pierre-Paul Riquet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie Faruch
- Department of Radiology, Hôpital Pierre-Paul Riquet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Emilie Berard
- Department of Epidemiology, Health Economics and Public Health, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, University of Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
|
37
|
Warth RJ, Zandiyeh P, Rao M, Gabr RE, Tashman S, Kumaravel M, Narayana PA, Lowe WR, Harner CD. Quantitative Assessment of In Vivo Human Anterior Cruciate Ligament Autograft Remodeling: A 3-Dimensional UTE-T2* Imaging Study. Am J Sports Med 2020; 48:2939-2947. [PMID: 32915640 DOI: 10.1177/0363546520949855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The timing of return to play after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is still controversial due to uncertainty of true ACL graft state at the time of RTP. Recent work utilizing ultra-short echo T2* (UTE-T2*) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a scanner-independent method to objectively and non-invasively assess the status of in vivo ACL graft remodeling has produced promising results. PURPOSE/HYPOTHESIS The purpose of this study was to prospectively and noninvasively investigate longitudinal changes in T2* within ACL autografts at incremental time points up to 12 months after primary ACL reconstruction in human patients. We hypothesized that (1) T2* would increase from baseline and initially exceed that of the intact contralateral ACL, followed by a gradual decline as the graft undergoes remodeling, and (2) remodeling would occur in a region-dependent manner. STUDY DESIGN Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS Twelve patients (age range, 14-45 years) who underwent primary ACL reconstruction with semitendinosus tendon or bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft (with or without meniscal repair) were enrolled. Patients with a history of previous injury or surgery to either knee were excluded. Patients returned for UTE MRI at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after ACL reconstruction. Imaging at 1 month included the contralateral knee. MRI pulse sequences included high-resolution 3-dimensional gradient echo sequence and a 4-echo T2-UTE sequence (slice thickness, 1 mm; repetition time, 20 ms; echo time, 0.3, 3.3, 6.3, and 9.3 ms). All slices containing the intra-articular ACL were segmented from high-resolution sequences to generate volumetric regions of interest (ROIs). ROIs were divided into proximal/distal and core/peripheral sub-ROIs using standardized methods, followed by voxel-to-voxel registration to generate T2* maps at each time point. This process was repeated by a second reviewer for interobserver reliability. Statistical differences in mean T2* values and mean ratios of T2*inj/T2*intact (ie, injured knee to intact knee) among the ROIs and sub-ROIs were assessed using repeated measures and one-way analyses of variance. P < .05 represented statistical significance. RESULTS Twelve patients enrolled in this prospective study, 2 withdrew, and ultimately 10 patients were included in the analysis (n = 7, semitendinosus tendon; n = 3, bone-patellar tendon-bone). Interobserver reliability for T2* values was good to excellent (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.59-0.94; P < .001). T2* values increased from 5.5 ± 2.1 ms (mean ± SD) at 1 month to 10.0 ± 2.9 ms at 6 months (P = .001), followed by a decline to 8.1 ± 2.0 ms at 12 months (P = .129, vs 1 month; P = .094, vs 6 months). Similarly, mean T2*inj/T2*intact ratios increased from 62.8% ± 22.9% at 1 month to 111.1% ± 23.9% at 6 months (P = .001), followed by a decline to 92.8% ± 29.8% at 12 months (P = .110, vs 1 month; P = .086, vs 6 months). Sub-ROIs exhibited similar increases in T2* until reaching a peak at 6 months, followed by a gradual decline until the 12-month time point. There were no statistically significant differences among the sub-ROIs (P > .05). CONCLUSION In this preliminary study, T2* values for ACL autografts exhibited a statistically significant increase of 82% between 1 and 6 months, followed by an approximate 19% decline in T2* values between 6 and 12 months. In the future, UTE-T2* MRI may provide unique insights into the condition of remodeling ACL grafts and may improve our ability to noninvasively assess graft maturity before return to play.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Warth
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Payam Zandiyeh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mayank Rao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Refaat E Gabr
- Department of Diagnostic & Interventional Imaging, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Scott Tashman
- Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA
| | - Manickam Kumaravel
- Department of Diagnostic & Interventional Imaging, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ponnada A Narayana
- Department of Diagnostic & Interventional Imaging, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Walter R Lowe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Christopher D Harner
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
|
38
|
van Groningen B, van der Steen M, Janssen DM, van Rhijn LW, van der Linden AN, Janssen RP. Assessment of Graft Maturity After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using Autografts: A Systematic Review of Biopsy and Magnetic Resonance Imaging studies. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil 2020; 2:e377-e388. [PMID: 32875303 PMCID: PMC7451875 DOI: 10.1016/j.asmr.2020.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate systematically the literature concerning biopsy, MRI signal to noise quotient (SNQ) and clinical outcomes in graft-maturity assessment after autograft anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) and their possible relationships. Methods The systematic review was reported and conducted according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Studies through May 2019 evaluating methods of intra-articular ACL autograft maturity assessment were considered for inclusion. Eligible methods were histologic studies of biopsy specimens and conventional MRI studies reporting serial SNQ and/or correlation with clinical parameters. Results Ten biopsy studies and 13 imaging studies, with a total of 706 patients, met the inclusion criteria. Biopsy studies show that graft remodeling undergoes an early healing phase, a phase of remodeling or proliferation and a ligamentization phase as an ongoing process even 1 year after surgery. Imaging studies showed an initial increase in SNQ, peaking at approximately 6 months, followed by a gradual decrease over time. There is no evident correlation between graft SNQ and knee stability outcome scores at the short- and long-term follow-up after ACLR. Conclusions The remodeling of the graft is an ongoing process even 1 year after ACLR, based on human biopsy studies. MRI SNQ peaked at approximately 6 months, followed by a gradual decrease over time. Heterogeneity of the MRI methods and technical restrictions used in the current literature limit prediction of graft maturity and clinical and functional outcome measures by means of MRI graft SNQ after ACLR. Level of evidence Level IV, systematic review, including level III and IV studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bart van Groningen
- Orthopaedic Center Máxima, Máxima Medical Center, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
- Address correspondence to Bart van Groningen, M.D., Orthopaedic Center Máxima, Máxima Medical Center, PO Box 90052, 5600 PD Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
| | - M.C. van der Steen
- Orthopaedic Center Máxima, Máxima Medical Center, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Catharina Hospital Eindhoven, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Daan M. Janssen
- Orthopaedic Center Máxima, Máxima Medical Center, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Lodewijk W. van Rhijn
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Rob P.A. Janssen
- Orthopaedic Center Máxima, Máxima Medical Center, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
- Fontys University of Applied Sciences, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
|
39
|
Anterior cruciate ligament grafts display differential maturation patterns on magnetic resonance imaging following reconstruction: a systematic review. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2020; 28:2124-2138. [PMID: 31520146 PMCID: PMC7067650 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-019-05685-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The appearance of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) grafts on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is related to graft maturity and mechanical strength after ACL reconstruction (ACLR). Accordingly, the purpose of this review was to quantitatively analyze reports of serial MRI of the ACL graft during the first year following ACLR; the hypothesis tested was that normalized MRI signal intensity would differ significantly by ACL graft type, graft source, and postoperative time. METHODS PubMed, Scopus, and CINAHL were searched for all studies published prior to June 2018 reporting MRI signal intensity of the ACL graft at multiple time points during the first postoperative year after ACLR. Signal intensity values at 6 and 12 months post-ACLR were normalized to initial measurements and analyzed using a least-squares regression model to study the independent variables of postoperative time, graft type, and graft source on the normalized MRI signal intensity. RESULTS An effect of graft type (P = 0.001) with interactions of graft type * time (P = 0.012) and graft source * time (P = 0.001) were observed. Post hoc analyses revealed greater predicted normalized MRI signal intensity of patellar tendon autografts than both hamstring (P = 0.008) and hamstring with remnant preservation (P = 0.001) autografts at postoperative month 12. CONCLUSION MRI signal varies with graft type, graft source, and time after ACLR. Enhanced graft maturity during the first postoperative year was associated with hamstring autografts, with and without remnant preservation. Serial MRI imaging during the first postoperative year may be clinically useful to identify biologically or mechanically deficient ACL grafts at risk for failure. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV.
Collapse
|
|
40
|
Looney AM, Leider JD, Horn AR, Bodendorfer BM. Bioaugmentation in the surgical treatment of anterior cruciate ligament injuries: A review of current concepts and emerging techniques. SAGE Open Med 2020; 8:2050312120921057. [PMID: 32435488 PMCID: PMC7222656 DOI: 10.1177/2050312120921057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Injuries involving the anterior cruciate ligament are among the most common athletic injuries, and are the most common involving the knee. The anterior cruciate ligament is a key translational and rotational stabilizer of the knee joint during pivoting and cutting activities. Traditionally, surgical intervention in the form of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction has been recommended for those who sustain an anterior cruciate ligament rupture and wish to remain active and return to sport. The intra-articular environment of the anterior cruciate ligament makes achieving successful healing following repair challenging. Historically, results following repair were poor, and anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction emerged as the gold-standard for treatment. While earlier literature reported high rates of return to play, the results of more recent studies with longer follow-up have suggested that anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction may not be as successful as once thought: fewer athletes are able to return to sport at their preinjury level, and many still go on to develop osteoarthritis of the knee at a relatively younger age. The four principles of tissue engineering (cells, growth factors, scaffolds, and mechanical stimuli) combined in various methods of bioaugmentation have been increasingly explored in an effort to improve outcomes following surgical treatment of anterior cruciate ligament injuries. Newer technologies have also led to the re-emergence of anterior cruciate ligament repair as an option for select patients. The different biological challenges associated with anterior cruciate ligament repair and reconstruction each present unique opportunities for targeted bioaugmentation strategies that may eventually lead to better outcomes with better return-to-play rates and fewer revisions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph Daniel Leider
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Andrew Ryan Horn
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
|
41
|
Gupta R, Malhotra A, Sood M, Masih GD. Is anterior cruciate ligament graft rupture (after successful anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and return to sports) actually a graft failure or a re-injury? J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong) 2020; 27:2309499019829625. [PMID: 30782075 DOI: 10.1177/2309499019829625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study is to discuss the fact that whether graft rupture after successful anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction surgery is due to graft failure or re-injury to the reconstructed ACL. METHODS In total, 340 sportspersons, meeting our inclusion criteria, were assessed for rupture of ipsilateral ACL graft and ACL injury of the contralateral knee. Patients with ipsilateral ACL graft rupture were labelled as group 1, while those with contralateral ACL injury were labelled as group 2. Both groups were compared for potential risk factors for ACL injury, and statistical analysis was performed to study whether the graft acted as an additional risk factor. RESULTS Of the 340 sportspersons, 25 patients suffered a total of 26 injuries. Ipsilateral graft rupture rate was 2.4% (8 of 340) at a mean follow-up of 25.5 ± 40.57 months, and the contralateral ACL injury rate was 5.3% (18 of 340) at a mean follow-up of 18.11 ± 19.97 months, with an overall re-injury rate of 7.6%. Both groups were comparable for risk factors for ACL injury: age ( p = 0.255), gender ( p = 0.534), mode of re-injury ( p = 0.523), level of sports activity, type of graft used ( p = 0. 918), graft diameter ( p = 0.607), duration from injury to index surgery ( p = 0.492), duration from index surgery to re-injury ( p = 0.638), timing of return to sports after index surgery ( p = 0.303), duration of sporting activity before second injury ( p = 0.657), and Tegner's level of sports activity ( p = 0.486). CONCLUSION Because the rate of contralateral ACL injury is higher than the ipsilateral graft rupture and the risk factors for ACL injury are comparable in both groups at a follow-up period, which is suggestive of ligamentization of the graft, we suggest that it might be an ACL re-injury rather than graft failure. Level of Evidence: Level III (Retrospective cohort study).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Gupta
- 1 Sports Injury Centre, Department of Orthopaedics, Government Medical College Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anubhav Malhotra
- 1 Sports Injury Centre, Department of Orthopaedics, Government Medical College Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - Munish Sood
- 2 Arthroscopy Command Hospital, Panchkula, Haryana, India
| | - Gladson David Masih
- 1 Sports Injury Centre, Department of Orthopaedics, Government Medical College Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| |
Collapse
|
|
42
|
Zhang S, Liu S, Yang L, Chen S, Chen S, Chen J. Morphological Changes of the Femoral Tunnel and Their Correlation With Hamstring Tendon Autograft Maturation up to 2 Years After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using Femoral Cortical Suspension. Am J Sports Med 2020; 48:554-564. [PMID: 31967861 DOI: 10.1177/0363546519898136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Graft healing within the femoral tunnel after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) using suspensory fixation could be reflected in graft maturation and tunnel morphological changes. However, the correlation between graft maturation and femoral tunnel changes remains unclear. PURPOSE To quantitatively evaluate femoral tunnel morphological changes and graft maturation and to analyze their correlation after ACLR using femoral cortical suspension. STUDY DESIGN Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS Patients who underwent single-bundle ACLR with a hamstring tendon autograft using femoral cortical suspension were included. Preoperative and postoperative (at 6, 12, and 24 months) knee function were evaluated using KT-1000 arthrometer testing, the Lysholm knee scoring scale, and the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) questionnaire. At 1 day, 6 months, 12 months, and 24 months after ACLR, 3-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging was performed to observe the morphology of the femoral tunnel and to evaluate graft maturation using the graft signal/noise quotient (SNQ). The Pearson product moment correlation coefficients (r) of femoral tunnel radii versus clinical outcomes and graft SNQs at last follow-up were analyzed. RESULTS A total of 22 patients completed full follow-up. KT-1000 arthrometer, Lysholm, and IKDC scores improved over time postoperatively, but no significant improvement was seen after 12 months (P < .05). The radius of the tunnel containing the graft and the SNQs of the femoral intraosseous graft and intra-articular graft were the highest at 6 months, and they decreased by 24 months but remained higher than their 1-day postoperative values (P < .05). Expansion mainly occurred at the anteroinferior wall of the femoral tunnel. The tunnel aperture radius was positively correlated with SNQs of the intraosseous graft (r = 0.591; P < .05) and intra-articular graft (r = 0.359; P < .05) but not with clinical outcomes. CONCLUSION After ACLR using suspensory fixation, morphological changes of the femoral tunnel were mainly observed in the part of the tunnel containing the graft, which expanded at 6 months and reduced by 24 months. Expansion mainly occurred at the anteroinferior wall of the femoral tunnel. Femoral tunnel expansion was correlated with inferior graft maturation but not with clinical outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shurong Zhang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Sports Medicine Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaohua Liu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Sports Medicine Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liqin Yang
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Functional and Molecular Medical Imaging, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Functional and Molecular Medical Imaging, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiyi Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Sports Medicine Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiwu Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Sports Medicine Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
|
43
|
Hagiwara Y, Dyrna F, Kuntz AF, Adams DJ, Dyment NA. Cells from a GDF5 origin produce zonal tendon-to-bone attachments following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1460:57-67. [PMID: 31596513 PMCID: PMC6992521 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction surgery, a staged repair response occurs where cells from outside the tendon graft participate in tunnel integration. The mechanisms that regulate this process, including the specific cellular origin, are poorly understood. Embryonic cells expressing growth and differentiation factor 5 (GDF5) give rise to several mesenchymal tissues in the joint and epiphyses. We hypothesized that cells from a GDF5 origin, even in the adult tissue, would give rise to cells that contribute to the stages of repair. ACLs were reconstructed in Gdf5-Cre;R26R-tdTomato lineage tracing mice to monitor the contribution of Gdf5-Cre;tdTom+ cells to the tunnel integration process. Anterior-posterior drawer tests demonstrated 58% restoration in anterior-posterior stability. Gdf5-Cre;tdTom+ cells within the epiphyseal bone marrow adjacent to tunnels expanded in response to the injury by 135-fold compared with intact controls to initiate tendon-to-bone attachments. They continued to mature the attachments yielding zonal insertion sites at 4 weeks with collagen fibers spanning across unmineralized and mineralized fibrocartilage and anchored to the adjacent bone. The zonal attachments possessed tidemarks with concentrated alkaline phosphatase activity similar to native entheses. This study established that mesenchymal cells from a GDF5 origin can contribute to zonal tendon-to-bone attachments within bone tunnels following ACL reconstruction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Hagiwara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Inada Hospital, Nara Prefecture, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Nara Prefecture, Japan
| | - Felix Dyrna
- Department of Trauma, Hand, and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Andrew F Kuntz
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Douglas J Adams
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Nathaniel A Dyment
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
|
44
|
Lee RJ, Margalit A, Nduaguba A, Gunderson MA, Wells L. Obesity and recovery of muscle strength after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in pediatric patients. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong) 2019; 26:2309499018806631. [PMID: 30352544 DOI: 10.1177/2309499018806631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE: To explore factors influencing muscle strength after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (ACLR) in pediatric patients. We hypothesized that obesity/overweight, autograft hamstring tendon, and concomitant injuries would be associated with slower muscle recovery. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the records of pediatric ACLR patients during a 3-year period. Muscle recovery was defined as ≥85% of peak torque compared with the contralateral side. We categorized patients as either obese/overweight or normal weight. Statistical analysis was performed using Mann-Whitney U, analysis of variance, and χ2 tests ( α level < 0.05). RESULTS: The study group consisted of 330 patients, of whom 198 (60%) and 231 (70%) met quadriceps and hamstring recovery criteria, respectively, at final testing (mean: 7.0 ± 3.2 months). Patients recovered hamstring and quadriceps strength at a mean of 5.3 ± 2.2 months and 6.1 ± 2.3 months, respectively. Hamstring muscle recovery took significantly longer in obese/overweight patients (mean: 5.7 ± 2.2 months) versus normal-weight patients (mean: 5.1 ± 2.1 months; p = 0.025), but quadriceps recovery did not (obese/overweight mean: 6.5 ± 2.6 months; normal-weight mean: 5.9 ± 2.1 months; p = 0.173). CONCLUSION: Concomitant injuries and graft type were not associated with length of time to recovery of muscle strength. Obesity/overweight was associated with delay in recovery of hamstring but not quadriceps strength.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Jay Lee
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Adam Margalit
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Afam Nduaguba
- 2 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Melissa A Gunderson
- 2 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lawrence Wells
- 2 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
|
45
|
Li Y, Wu B, Qiu Z, Liang D, Liu H, Zhong M, Xu J, Chen K, Feng W, Li H, Peng L, Ouyang K, Zhu W, Lu W, Wang D. [A correlation study between the Mohawk expression level and the collagen fiber diameter of hamstring tendon graft after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction]. ZHONGGUO XIU FU CHONG JIAN WAI KE ZA ZHI = ZHONGGUO XIUFU CHONGJIAN WAIKE ZAZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF REPARATIVE AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY 2019; 33:1095-1101. [PMID: 31512449 PMCID: PMC8355854 DOI: 10.7507/1002-1892.201902040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the correlation between the Mohawk (MKX) expression level and the collagen fiber diameter of autologous hamstring tendon graft during the stable graft remodeling phase after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. METHODS Between January 2018 and August 2018, patients who underwent arth-roscopic single-bundle anatomical ACL reconstruction with autologous hamstring tendons for at least 48 months and also underwent second-look arthroscopy were enrolled in study. During the second-look arthroscopic procedures, ACL graft biopsies were performed from the surface of central part of the ligament. MKX expressions of ACL grafts were analysed by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). The ultrastructure of collagen fibers of grafts were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy, which included average diameter of collagen fibers (D c), average diameter of large-diameter collagen fibers (D L), average diameter of small-diameter collagen fibers (D S), and large-small collagen fibers ratio (R L/S). The correlation between MKX expression level and graft collagen fiber diameter was calculated. RESULTS Twenty-six patients met the selection criteria and their ACL graft specimens were enrolled in the study. The interval between ACL reconstruction and second-look arthroscopy was 52-128 months, with an average of 78.6 months. Arthroscopic graft remodeling score was 3-6 (mean, 4.8). There were 17 cases of excellent remodeling and 9 cases of fair remodeling. All ACL grafts showed typical bimodal distributions of both large-diameter collagen fibers and small-diameter collagen fibers, but the ultrastructural characteristics of the graft collagen fibers were different according to different remodeling status under arthroscopy. The D C, D L, D S, and R L/S of the graft specimens were (65.2±9.3) nm, (91.6±10.5) nm, (45.7±8.6) nm, and 0.73±0.12, respectively. The relative expression level of MKX was 1.42±0.11, which was positively linearly correlated with D C, D L, and R L/S, and the correlation coefficient was statistically significant ( r=0.809, P=0.000; r=0.861, P=0.000; r=0.942, P=0.000), while there was no significant correlation between D S and relative expression level of MKX ( r=0.147, P=0.238). Regression analysis showed that the relative expression level of MKX could predict the D C, D L, and R L/S results of the ACL graft specimens ( P<0.05). CONCLUSION After autologous hamstring tendon grafts stepped into stabilized remodeling phase, MKX expression level could predict the diameter measurement results of collagen fibers and be used as an important evaluation basis for graft collagen anabolic metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of Sports Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University (Shenzhen Second People's Hospital), Shenzhen Guangdong, 518000, P.R.China;Sports Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, Shenzhen Guangdong, 518000, P.R.China
| | - Bing Wu
- Department of Sports Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University (Shenzhen Second People's Hospital), Shenzhen Guangdong, 518000, P.R.China;Sports Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, Shenzhen Guangdong, 518000, P.R.China
| | - Zhihe Qiu
- Department of Sports Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University (Shenzhen Second People's Hospital), Shenzhen Guangdong, 518000, P.R.China
| | - Daqiang Liang
- Department of Sports Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University (Shenzhen Second People's Hospital), Shenzhen Guangdong, 518000, P.R.China;Sports Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, Shenzhen Guangdong, 518000, P.R.China
| | - Haifeng Liu
- Department of Sports Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University (Shenzhen Second People's Hospital), Shenzhen Guangdong, 518000, P.R.China;Sports Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, Shenzhen Guangdong, 518000, P.R.China
| | - Mingjin Zhong
- Department of Sports Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University (Shenzhen Second People's Hospital), Shenzhen Guangdong, 518000, P.R.China;Sports Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, Shenzhen Guangdong, 518000, P.R.China
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Sports Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University (Shenzhen Second People's Hospital), Shenzhen Guangdong, 518000, P.R.China;Sports Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, Shenzhen Guangdong, 518000, P.R.China
| | - Kang Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University (Shenzhen Second People's Hospital), Shenzhen Guangdong, 518000, P.R.China;Sports Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, Shenzhen Guangdong, 518000, P.R.China
| | - Wenzhe Feng
- Department of Sports Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University (Shenzhen Second People's Hospital), Shenzhen Guangdong, 518000, P.R.China;Sports Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, Shenzhen Guangdong, 518000, P.R.China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Sports Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University (Shenzhen Second People's Hospital), Shenzhen Guangdong, 518000, P.R.China;Sports Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, Shenzhen Guangdong, 518000, P.R.China
| | - Liangquan Peng
- Department of Sports Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University (Shenzhen Second People's Hospital), Shenzhen Guangdong, 518000, P.R.China;Sports Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, Shenzhen Guangdong, 518000, P.R.China
| | - Kan Ouyang
- Department of Sports Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University (Shenzhen Second People's Hospital), Shenzhen Guangdong, 518000, P.R.China;Sports Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, Shenzhen Guangdong, 518000, P.R.China
| | - Weimin Zhu
- Department of Sports Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University (Shenzhen Second People's Hospital), Shenzhen Guangdong, 518000, P.R.China;Sports Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, Shenzhen Guangdong, 518000, P.R.China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Sports Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University (Shenzhen Second People's Hospital), Shenzhen Guangdong, 518000, P.R.China;Sports Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, Shenzhen Guangdong, 518000,
| | - Daping Wang
- Department of Sports Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University (Shenzhen Second People's Hospital), Shenzhen Guangdong, 518000, P.R.China;Sports Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, Shenzhen Guangdong, 518000,
| |
Collapse
|
|
46
|
Abbreviated quantitative UTE imaging in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2019; 20:426. [PMID: 31521135 PMCID: PMC6745079 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-019-2811-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Existing ultrashort echo time magnetic resonance imaging (UTE MRI) methods require prohibitively long acquisition times (~ 20-40 min) to quantitatively assess the clinically relevant fast decay T2* component in ligaments and tendons. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and clinical translatability of a novel abbreviated quantitative UTE MRI paradigm for monitoring graft remodeling after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. METHODS Eight patients who had Graftlink™ hamstring autograft reconstruction were recruited for this prospective study. A 3D double-echo UTE sequence at 3.0 Tesla was performed at 3- and 6-months post-surgery. An abbreviated UTE MRI paradigm was established based on numerical simulations and in vivo validation from healthy knees. This proposed approach was used to assess the T2* for fast decay component ([Formula: see text]) and bound water signal fraction (fbw) of ACL graft in regions of interest drawn by a radiologist. RESULTS Compared to the conventional bi-exponential model, the abbreviated UTE MRI paradigm achieved low relative estimation bias for [Formula: see text] and fbw over a range of clinically relevant values for ACL grafts. A decrease in [Formula: see text] of the intra-articular graft was observed in 7 of the 8 ACL reconstruction patients from 3- to 6-months (- 0.11 ± 0.16 ms, P = 0.10). Increases in [Formula: see text] and fbw from 3- to 6-months were observed in the tibial intra-bone graft ([Formula: see text]: 0.19 ± 0.18 ms, P < 0.05; Δfbw: 4% ± 4%, P < 0.05). Lower [Formula: see text] (- 0.09 ± 0.11 ms, P < 0.05) was observed at 3-months when comparing the intra-bone graft to the graft/bone interface in the femoral tunnel. The same comparisons at the 6-months also yielded relatively lower [Formula: see text] (- 0.09 ± 0.12 ms, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The proposed abbreviated 3D UTE MRI paradigm is capable of assessing the ACL graft remodeling process in a clinically translatable acquisition time. Longitudinal changes in [Formula: see text] and fbw of the ACL graft were observed.
Collapse
|
|
47
|
Ithurburn MP, Paterno MV, Thomas S, Pennell ML, Evans KD, Magnussen RA, Schmitt LC. Change in Drop-Landing Mechanics Over 2 Years in Young Athletes After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 2019; 47:2608-2616. [PMID: 31373856 DOI: 10.1177/0363546519864688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While between-limb landing asymmetries after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) are linked with poor function and risk of additional injury, it is not currently understood how landing symmetry changes over time after ACLR. PURPOSE/HYPOTHESIS The purpose was to investigate how double-legged drop vertical jump (DVJ) landing and single-legged drop-landing symmetry changed from the time of return-to-sport (RTS) clearance to 2 years later in a prospective cohort of young athletes after ACLR. It was hypothesized that double-legged DVJ landing and single-legged drop-landing symmetry would improve from the time of RTS to 2 years later. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive laboratory study. METHODS The authors followed 64 young athletes with primary, unilateral ACLR for 2 years after RTS clearance. At the time of RTS and 2 years later, between-limb symmetry values for biomechanical variables of interest (VOIs) were calculated with 3-dimensional motion analysis during double-legged DVJ and single-legged drop-landing tasks. VOIs included knee flexion excursion, peak internal knee extension moment, peak vertical ground-reaction force, and peak trunk flexion (for single-legged task only). Symmetry values and proportions of participants meeting 90% symmetry cutoffs were compared between time points. RESULTS For double-legged DVJ landing, symmetry values for all VOIs and the proportions meeting 90% cutoffs for peak internal knee extension moment and peak vertical ground-reaction force were higher at 2 years after RTS as compared with RTS. For single-legged drop-landing, symmetry values were higher for knee flexion excursion and lower for peak trunk flexion at 2 years after RTS as compared with RTS, but the proportions meeting 90% cutoffs for all VOIs did not differ between time points. CONCLUSION Double-legged DVJ landing symmetry improved across VOIs over the 2 years after RTS following ACLR, while single-legged drop-landing did not improve as consistently. The implications of longitudinal landing asymmetry after ACLR should be further studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Ithurburn
- Department of Physical Therapy and Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Sports Medicine Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Mark V Paterno
- Division of Sports Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Division of Occupational Therapy and Physical Therapy, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Staci Thomas
- Division of Sports Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Michael L Pennell
- Division of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Kevin D Evans
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Robert A Magnussen
- Sports Medicine Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Department of Orthopaedics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Laura C Schmitt
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Sports Medicine Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Division of Physical Therapy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
|
48
|
Chu CR, Williams AA. Quantitative MRI UTE-T2* and T2* Show Progressive and Continued Graft Maturation Over 2 Years in Human Patients After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Orthop J Sports Med 2019; 7:2325967119863056. [PMID: 31448301 PMCID: PMC6693027 DOI: 10.1177/2325967119863056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Noninvasive quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures to assess
anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) graft maturity are needed to help inform
return to high-demand activities and to evaluate the effectiveness of new
treatments to accelerate ACL graft maturation. Quantitative MRI ultrashort
echo time T2* (UTE-T2*) and T2* mapping captures short T2 signals arising
from collagen-associated water in dense regular connective tissues, such as
tendon, ligament, and maturing grafts, which are invisible to conventional
MRI. Hypothesis: Quantitative MRI UTE-T2* and T2* mapping is sensitive to ACL graft changes
over the first 2 years after ACL reconstruction (ACLR). Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: A total of 32 patients (18 men; mean ± SD age, 30 ± 9 years) undergoing
unilateral ACLR and 30 uninjured age-matched controls (18 men; age, 30 ± 9
years) underwent 3-T MRI examination. Patients who underwent ACLR were
imaged at 6 weeks, 6 months, and 1 and 2 years postoperatively. Two separate
ACLR cohorts were scanned with 2 MRI platforms at 2 institutions. Twelve
ACLR knees were scanned with a 3-dimensional acquisition-weighted stack of
spirals UTE sequence on a Siemens scanner, and 20 ACLR knees were scanned
with a 3-dimensional Cones UTE sequence on a GE scanner. UTE-T2* or T2* maps
were calculated for the intra-articular portion of the ACL graft. Results: Mean ACL graft UTE-T2* and T2* decreased from 1 to 2 years after ACLR. ACL
graft T2* increased 25% to 30% during the first 6 months (P
< .013) to a level not different from that of uninjured native ACL
(P > .4), stabilized between 6 months and 1 year
(P ≥ .999), and then decreased 19% between 1 and 2
years after ACLR (P = .027). At 6-month follow-up, ACL
graft UTE-T2* differed from that of tendon (P < .02) but
not uninjured native ACL (P > .7) and showed the
greatest variability among patients. Conclusion: UTE-T2* mapping suggested substantial changes within the graft during the
first 6 months postsurgery. T2* and UTE-T2* mapping showed relatively stable
graft composition from 6 months to 1 year, consistent with remodeling,
followed by decreases from 1 to 2 years, suggestive of continuing
maturation. MRI UTE-T2* and T2* mapping demonstrated potential clinical
utility as noninvasive quantitative imaging metrics for evaluation of human
ACL grafts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Constance R Chu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Redwood City, California, USA
| | - Ashley A Williams
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Redwood City, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
|
49
|
Kim SG, Jung JH, Song JH, Bae JH. Evaluation parameters of graft maturation on second-look arthroscopy following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a systematic review. Knee Surg Relat Res 2019; 31:2. [PMID: 32660558 PMCID: PMC7219533 DOI: 10.1186/s43019-019-0005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this systematic review was to investigate and summarize the evaluation methods of graft maturation on second-look arthroscopy following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Methods A literature search was performed on articles before December 2017 to identify the literature that has evaluated graft maturation on second-look arthroscopy following ACL reconstruction. Only studies using human grafts, evaluating graft maturation with two or more gross findings were included. Study design, grafts, surgical techniques, follow-up period, evaluation parameters, and categories were compiled. Results Twenty-eight studies were included in this study. All studies evaluated graft maturation with two or more of the following three findings: graft integrity, tension, and synovial coverage. Two to four categories were used for evaluating each parameter, but the criteria for classification were slightly different for each study. Several studies reported neo-vascularization of grafts and the total maturation score by summing up the scores assigned to each evaluation parameter. Three studies reported that there was no correlation between second-look findings and patient-reported outcomes. Conclusions Graft integrity, tension, and synovial coverage were the most frequently evaluated for graft maturation on second-look arthroscopy. However, there is no uniform criterion for evaluation. Therefore, development of a valid, uinform criterion is required. Level of evidence Level IV, systematic review of level I–IV investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Gyun Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 148 Gurodong-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul, 08308, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Jung
- Department of Rheumatology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyub Song
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 148 Gurodong-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul, 08308, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Bae
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 148 Gurodong-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul, 08308, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
|
50
|
Ithurburn MP, Paterno MV, Thomas S, Pennell ML, Evans KD, Magnussen RA, Schmitt LC. Clinical measures associated with knee function over two years in young athletes after ACL reconstruction. Knee 2019; 26:355-363. [PMID: 30772182 PMCID: PMC6486436 DOI: 10.1016/j.knee.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate how patient-reported knee function changed over a two-year period in young athletes after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) and return-to-sport (RTS), and to determine the impact of clinical measures, after controlling for demographic and surgical covariates. METHODS At the time of RTS after primary, unilateral ACLR, the following data were collected in 67 young athletes: Quadriceps (QF), hamstring (HS), and hip abduction (HA) strength; knee range-of-motion, effusion, and anterior laxity; and patient-reported function using the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS). At two years post-RTS, patient-reported function was reevaluated using the KOOS. Absolute KOOS scores and proportions of participants meeting functional recovery cutoffs were compared between time-points. Multivariable linear regression was used to determine clinical measures at RTS associated with two-year post-RTS KOOS scores. RESULTS KOOS scores for all subscales were higher at two years post-RTS (all p < 0.003), and the proportions of participants demonstrating functional recovery were higher at two years post-RTS for the KOOS-Symptoms, KOOS-Sport, KOOS-QOL, and all KOOS subscales combined (all p < 0.03). After controlling for graft type, clinical measures at RTS associated with higher two-year post-RTS KOOS scores were: KOOS-Pain (lower HA peak torque); KOOS-Symptoms (higher QF strength symmetry and higher QF peak torque); and KOOS-ADL (lower HA peak torque). CONCLUSIONS In this cohort, after controlling for graft type, higher QF strength symmetry, higher involved-limb QF peak torque, and lower involved-limb HA peak torque from the time of RTS were associated with higher function at two years post-RTS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P. Ithurburn
- Department of Physical Therapy and Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA,School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA,Sports Medicine Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mark V. Paterno
- Division of Sports Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA,Division of Occupational Therapy and Physical Therapy, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Staci Thomas
- Division of Sports Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Michael L. Pennell
- Division of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kevin D. Evans
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Robert A. Magnussen
- Sports Medicine Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA,Department of Orthopaedics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Laura C. Schmitt
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA,Sports Medicine Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA,Division of Physical Therapy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|