• Adult intensive & critical care
• Brain Injuries
• Clinical Trial
• Mesenchymal Stem Cells
• NUCLEAR MEDICINE
• Neuroradiology

• Humans
• Brain Injuries, Traumatic/therapy
• Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation/methods
• Wharton Jelly/cytology
• Adult
• Double-Blind Method
• Neuroinflammatory Diseases/etiology
• Neuroinflammatory Diseases/therapy
• Prospective Studies
• Mesenchymal Stem Cells
• Immunomodulation
• Male
• Female
• Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
• Umbilical Cord/cytology
• Multicenter Studies as Topic
• Middle Aged
• Young Adult
• Adolescent
• Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic

• Keep Fighting Foundation
• Direction Générale de l’offre de Soins
• Agence Nationale de la Recherche

• Mesenchymal stem cells
• Neurological injury
• Peripheral nerve injury
• Spinal cord injury
• Traumatic brain injury

• Humans
• Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation
• Mesenchymal Stem Cells/cytology
• Animals
• Clinical Trials as Topic
• Spinal Cord Injuries/therapy
• Brain Injuries, Traumatic/therapy
• Trauma, Nervous System/therapy

• 2019YFA0112100 National Key Research and Development Project of Stem Cell and Transformation Research
• 202305002 Nanjing Science and Technology Foundation
• 2023YFC2506100 National Key R&D Program of China
• L234016 Changping Key Research Project of the Beijing Natural Science Foundation Program
• National Key R&D Program of China

• Brain Injuries, Traumatic/therapy
• Humans
• Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation/methods
• Mesenchymal Stem Cells
• Animals
• Cell Differentiation
• Exosomes/transplantation
• Exosomes/metabolism

• ZR2021MH051 Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province
• 81570945 National Natural Science Foundation of China
• SDYAL21150 Postgraduate Education Quality Improvement Plan of Shandong Province

• Mesenchymal stem cell
• Stem cell therapy
• Transplantation
• Traumatic brain injury
• Wharton Jelly

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is characterized by a disruption in the normal function of the brain due to an injury following a trauma, which can potentially cause severe physical, cognitive, and emotional impairment. Stem cell transplantation has evolved as a novel treatment modality in the management of TBI, as it has the potential to arrest the degeneration and promote regeneration of new cells in the brain. Wharton’s Jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs) have recently shown beneficial effects in the functional recovery of neurological deficits.

To evaluate the safety and efficiency of MSC therapy in TBI.

We present 6 patients, 4 male and 2 female aged between 21 and 27 years who suffered a TBI. These 6 patients underwent 6 doses of intrathecal, intramuscular (i.m.) and intravenous transplantation of WJ-MSCs at a target dose of 1 × 10⁶/kg for each application route. Spasticity was assessed using the Modified Ashworth scale (MAS), motor function according to the Medical Research Council Muscle Strength Scale, quality of life was assessed by the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) scale and Karnofsky Performance Status scale.

Our patients showed only early, transient complications, such as subfebrile fever, mild headache, and muscle pain due to i.m. injection, which resolved within 24 h. During the one year follow-up, no other safety issues or adverse events were reported. These 6 patients showed improvements in their cognitive abilities, muscle spasticity, muscle strength, performance scores and fine motor skills when compared before and after the intervention. MAS values, which we used to assess spasticity, were observed to statistically significantly decrease for both left and right sides (P < 0.001). The FIM scale includes both motor scores (P < 0.05) and cognitive scores (P < 0.001) and showed a significant increase in pretest posttest analyses. The difference observed in the participants’ Karnofsky Performance Scale values pre and post the intervention was statistically significant (P < 0.001).

This study showed that cell transplantation has a safe, effective and promising future in the management of TBI.

• Traumatic brain injury
• Wharton Jelly
• Stem cell therapy
• Transplantation
• Mesenchymal stem cell

• autologous
• bone marrow mononuclear cells
• children
• magnetic resonance imaging
• stem cells
• traumatic brain injury

• Humans
• Child
• Brain Injuries, Traumatic/therapy
• Male
• Female
• Adolescent
• Double-Blind Method
• Child, Preschool
• Bone Marrow Transplantation/methods
• Transplantation, Autologous/methods
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• Treatment Outcome
• Leukocytes, Mononuclear/transplantation
• Bayes Theorem

• R01 NS077963 NINDS NIH HHS
• T32 GM008792 NIGMS NIH HHS
• R01NS077963 NIH HHS
• National Institutes of Health
• Glassell Family Foundation
• Lloyd Bentsen Stroke Center
• Brown Foundation
• Evelyn Griffin Stem Cell Research Laboratory

• Caloric restriction
• functional recovery
• hypothermia
• neuroprotection
• neurotrauma
• physical therapies

• Brain Injuries, Traumatic/therapy
• Humans
• Animals
• Hyperbaric Oxygenation/methods
• Genetic Therapy/methods
• Deep Brain Stimulation/methods
• Hypothermia, Induced/methods

• R35 NS132184 NINDS NIH HHS
• IK6 BX005690 BLRD VA
• R01 NS109459 NINDS NIH HHS
• I01 BX004344 BLRD VA
• R01 NS130763 NINDS NIH HHS
• I01 BX005127 BLRD VA

• Cell transplantation
• Head injury
• Stem cell
• TBI
• Traumatic brain injury

• Humans
• Brain Injuries, Traumatic/therapy
• Stem Cell Transplantation/methods
• Stem Cell Transplantation/trends
• Clinical Trials as Topic

• Administration route
• Bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells
• Cell therapy
• Mechanism of action
• Neurological diseases

• Humans
• Autism Spectrum Disorder
• Bone Marrow
• Stroke/therapy
• Bone Marrow Cells

• bone marrow mononuclear cells
• children
• mesenchymal stem cells
• stem cell therapy
• traumatic brain injury

• Humans
• Child
• Brain Injuries, Traumatic/therapy
• Stem Cell Transplantation
• Cognition
• Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation

• blood-brain barrier
• neurological disorders
• preclinical research

• Humans
• Blood-Brain Barrier
• Endothelial Cells
• Brain
• Brain Injuries, Traumatic
• Astrocytes

• T32 GM008792 NIGMS NIH HHS
• National Institute of General Medical Sciences

• Exosomes
• Mesenchymal stromal cells
• Traumatic brain injury

• Humans
• Exosomes
• Brain Injuries, Traumatic/therapy
• Brain Injuries
• Mesenchymal Stem Cells
• Neurogenesis

• 1001/CIPPT/8012303 Universiti Sains Malaysia
• RUI 304/CIPPT/6501002) Universiti Sains Malaysia
• FRGS/1/2018/STG05/USM/03/3 Kementerian Pengajian Tinggi Malaysia

• Acute
• cell therapies
• chronic
• long-term disabilities
• stem cells
• traumatic brain injury

• Humans
• Brain Injuries, Traumatic/therapy

• Animals
• Male
• Rats
• Bone Marrow
• Bone Marrow Cells
• Hypoxia
• Neovascularization, Physiologic
• Prospective Studies
• Rats, Inbred Lew
• Tissue Engineering/methods

• Foundation: Stiftung Tumorforschung Kopf-Hals, Wiesbaden

For public health professionals, traumatic brain injury (TBI) and its possible protracted repercussions are a significant source of worry. In opposed to patient neurorehabilitation with developed brain abnormalities of different etiologies, neurorehabilitation of affected persons has several distinct features. The clinical repercussions of the various types of TBI injuries will be discussed in detail in this paper. During severe TBI, the medical course frequently follows a familiar first sequence of coma, accompanied by disordered awareness, followed by agitation and forgetfulness, followed by return of function. Clinicians must be aware of common medical issues that might occur throughout the various stages of neurorehabilitation, for example, posttraumatic hydrocephalus, paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity and posttraumatic neuroendocrine disorders, at each step of the process. Furthermore, we address problems about the scheduling of various rehabilitation programs as well as the availability of current data for comprehensive rehabilitative neuropsychology techniques.

• Asperger’s syndrome
• Autism
• Rett’s disorder
• childhood disintegrate disorder
• stem cells

• clinical trial
• concussion
• mild traumatic brain injury
• mitigate symptom
• pharmacotherapy
• secondary injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) represents physical damage to the brain tissue that induces transitory or permanent neurological disabilities. TBI contributes to 50% of all trauma deaths, with many enduring long-term consequences and significant medical and rehabilitation costs. There is currently no therapy to reverse the effects associated with TBI. An increasing amount of research has been undertaken regarding the use of different stem cells (SCs) to treat the consequences of brain damage. Neural stem cells (NSCs) (adult and embryonic) and mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have shown efficacy in pre-clinical models of TBI and in their introduction to clinical research. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of TBI and the state of clinical trials aimed at evaluating the use of stem cell-based therapies in TBI. The primary aim of these studies is to investigate the safety and efficacy of the use of SCs to treat this disease. Although an increasing number of studies are being carried out, few results are currently available. In addition, we present our research regarding the use of cell therapy in TBI. There is still a significant lack of understanding regarding the cell therapy mechanisms for the treatment of TBI. Thus, future studies are needed to evaluate the feasibility of the transplantation of SCs in TBI.

• clinical studies
• clinical trials
• stem cell transplantation
• stem cells
• traumatic brain injury

• Acute emergency care
• Extracellular vesicle therapy
• Stem cell therapy
• Trauma and critical care medicine

Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a major cause of acute neonatal brain injury and can lead to disabling long-term neurological complications. Treatment for HIE is limited to supportive care and hypothermia within 6 h injury which is reserved for full-term infants. Preclinical studies suggest the potential for cell-based therapies as effective treatments for HIE. Some clinical trials using umbilical cord blood cells, placenta-derived stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and others have yielded promising results though more studies are needed to optimize protocols and multi-center trials are needed to prove safety and efficacy. To date, the therapeutic effects of most cell-based therapies are hypothesized to stem from the bystander effect of donor cells. Transplantation of stem cells attenuate the aberrant inflammation cascade following HIE and provide a more ideal environment for endogenous neurogenesis and repair. Recently, a subset of MSCs, the multilineage-differentiating stress-enduring (Muse) cells have shown to treat HIE and other models of neurologic diseases by replacing dead or ischemic cells and have reached clinical trials. In this review, we examine the different cell sources used in clinical trials and evaluate the underlying mechanism behind their therapeutic effects. Three databases–PubMed, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov–were used to review preclinical and clinical experimental treatments for HIE.

• Cell therapy
• cerebral palsy
• hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy
• inflammation
• regenerative medicine
• stem cells

• Animals
• Brain
• Brain Injuries, Traumatic/therapy
• Neural Stem Cells
• Rats
• Regeneration

• P2C HD086843 NICHD NIH HHS
• R01 NS099596 NINDS NIH HHS
• R24 GM137782 NIGMS NIH HHS
• National Institutes of Health
• Alliance for Regenerative Rehabilitation Research and Training

• autologous stem cell transplantation
• bone marrow
• clinical translation
• progenitor cells
• umbilical cord blood

• Brain Injuries, Traumatic/therapy
• Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy
• Child
• Hearing Loss, Sensorineural/therapy
• Humans
• Stem Cell Transplantation

• clinical trial design
• combination therapy
• consortium
• neuroprotection
• pharmacodynamics/response biomarker
• phenotyping
• quantitative systems pharmacology
• rehabilitation
• target engagement
• traumatic brain injury (TBI)

• Animals
• Brain Injuries, Traumatic/drug therapy
• Humans
• Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology
• Translational Research, Biomedical

• R21 NS115173 NINDS NIH HHS
• I01 RX001778 RRD VA
• P30 CA047904 NCI NIH HHS
• I01 RX001127 RRD VA
• R01 NS087978 NINDS NIH HHS
• K23 NS104133 NINDS NIH HHS
• R01 NS102195 NINDS NIH HHS
• R01 NS091062 NINDS NIH HHS
• K23 NS101036 NINDS NIH HHS
• K23 NS097629 NINDS NIH HHS
• T32 HD040686 NICHD NIH HHS

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of disability and mortality in children and young adults and has a profound impact on the socio-economic wellbeing of patients and their families. Initially, brain damage is caused by mechanical stress-induced axonal injury and vascular dysfunction, which can include hemorrhage, blood-brain barrier disruption, and ischemia. Subsequent neuronal degeneration, chronic inflammation, demyelination, oxidative stress, and the spread of excitotoxicity can further aggravate disease pathology. Thus, TBI treatment requires prompt intervention to protect against neuronal and vascular degeneration. Rapid advances in the field of stem cells (SCs) have revolutionized the prospect of repairing brain function following TBI. However, more than that, SCs can contribute substantially to our knowledge of this multifaced pathology. Research, based on human induced pluripotent SCs (hiPSCs) can help decode the molecular pathways of degeneration and recovery of neuronal and glial function, which makes these cells valuable tools for drug screening. Additionally, experimental approaches that include hiPSC-derived engineered tissues (brain organoids and bio-printed constructs) and biomaterials represent a step forward for the field of regenerative medicine since they provide a more suitable microenvironment that enhances cell survival and grafting success. In this review, we highlight the important role of hiPSCs in better understanding the molecular pathways of TBI-related pathology and in developing novel therapeutic approaches, building on where we are at present. We summarize some of the most relevant findings for regenerative therapies using biomaterials and outline key challenges for TBI treatments that remain to be addressed.

• biomateriais
• hiPSC
• regenerative therapies
• stem cells
• traumatic brain injury

• clinical trials
• combined therapy
• inflammatory cascade
• neuroinflammation
• neuroprotection
• neurotrauma
• pharmacotherapy
• preclinical studies
• secondary cell death
• stem cells

• R21 NS094087 NINDS NIH HHS
• R01 NS071956 NINDS NIH HHS
• R21 NS089851 NINDS NIH HHS
• I01 BX001407 BLRD VA
• R01 NS090962 NINDS NIH HHS

Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is one of the common causes of longterm disability worldwide. Cell transplantation has gained attention as a prospective therapeutic option for neurotraumatic disorders like TBI. The postulated mechanism of cell transplantation which includes angiogenesis, axonal regeneration, neurogenesis and synaptic remodeling, may tackle the pathology of chronic TBI and improve overall functioning.

To study the effects of cell transplantation, 50 patients with chronic TBI were enrolled in an open label non-randomized study. The intervention included intrathecal transplantation of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells and neurorehabilitation. Mean follow up duration was 22 months. Fifteen patients underwent second dose of cell transplantation, 6 months after their first intervention. Percentage analysis was performed to analyze the symptomatic improvements in the patients. Functional independence measure (FIM) was used as an outcome measure to evaluate the functional changes in the patients. Statistical tests were applied on the pre-intervention and post-intervention scores for determining the significance. Comparative Positron Emission Tomography- computed tomography (PET CT) scans were performed in 10 patients to monitor the effect of intervention on brain function. Factors such as age, multiple doses, time since injury and severity of injury were also analyzed to determine their effect on the outcome of cell transplantation. Adverse events were monitored throughout the follow up period.

Overall 92% patients showed improvements in symptoms such as sitting and standing balance, voluntary control, memory, oromotor skills lower limb activities, ambulation, trunk & upper limb activity, speech, posture, communication, psychological status, cognition, attention and concentration, muscle tone, coordination, activities of daily living. A statistically significant (at p ≤ 0.05 with p-value 0) improvement was observed in the scores of FIM after intervention on the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Better outcome of the intervention was found in patients with mild TBI, age less than 18 years and time since injury less than 5 years. Ten patients who underwent a repeat PET CT scan brain showed improved brain metabolism in areas which correlated to the symptomatic changes. Two patients had an episode of seizures which was managed with medication. They both had an abnormal EEG before the intervention and 1 of them had previous history and was on antiepileptics. No other major adverse events were recorded.

This study demonstrates the safety and efficacy of cell transplantation in chronic TBI on long term follow up. Early intervention in younger age group of patients with mild TBI showed the best outcome in this study. In combination with neurorehabilitation, cell transplantation can enhance functional recovery and improve quality of life of patients with chronic TBI. PET CT scan brain should be explored as a monitoring tool to study the efficacy of intervention.

• Autologous
• Bone marrow
• Chronic
• Mononuclear cells
• Neurorehabilitation
• PET CT scan
• Traumatic brain injury

Background: Although many therapeutic approaches have been attempted to treat spinal cord injury, cellular transplantation offers the greatest promise in reconstituting the architecture of the damaged cord. Methods: A literature review was conducted to search for clinical trials investigating stem cells as treatment for spinal cord injury in the United States. Results: Overall, eight studies met inclusion criteria. Of the included studies, four were identified as being terminated, suspended, or not yet recruiting. Two studies were identified as currently recruiting, including one phase one trial evaluating stereotactic injections of human spinal cord-derived neural stem cells in patients with chronic spinal cord injuries, and one trial of transplantation of autologous bone marrow derived stem cells via paraspinal injections, intravenous injections, and intranasal placement. One study was identified as an active study, a phase one trial of intrathecal injection of 100 million autologous, ex-vivo expanded, adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. One trial that was listed as completed is a phase 1/2a, dose escalation study, investigating stereotactic injection of human embryonic stem cell derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. Conclusions: Although few significant publications have emerged to this point, current trial results are promising.

• clinical trial
• spinal cord injury
• stem cell transplant

TBI (traumatic brain injury) is a major cause of death among youth in industrialized societies. Brain damage following traumatic injury is a result of direct and indirect mechanisms; indirect or secondary injury involves the initiation of an acute inflammatory response, including the breakdown of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), brain edema, infiltration of peripheral blood cells, and activation of resident immunocompetent cells, as well as the release of numerous immune mediators such as interleukins and chemotactic factors. TBI can cause changes in molecular signaling and cellular functions and structures, in addition to tissue damage, such as hemorrhage, diffuse axonal damages, and contusions. TBI typically disturbs brain functions such as executive actions, cognitive grade, attention, memory data processing, and language abilities. Animal models have been developed to reproduce the different features of human TBI, better understand its pathophysiology, and discover potential new treatments. For many years, the first approach to manage TBI has been treatment of the injured tissue with interventions designed to reduce the complex secondary-injury cascade. Several studies in the literature have stressed the importance of more closely examining injuries, including endothelial, microglia, astroglia, oligodendroglia, and precursor cells. Significant effort has been invested in developing neuroprotective agents. The aim of this work is to review TBI pathophysiology and existing and potential new therapeutic strategies in the management of inflammatory events and behavioral deficits associated with TBI.

• neuroinflammation
• oxidative stress.
• palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)
• therapeutic strategies
• traumatic brain injury

Traumatic brain injury represents physical damage to the brain tissue that induces transitory or permanent neurological disabilities. The traumatic injury activates an important inflammatory response, followed by a cascade of events that lead to neuronal loss and further brain damage. Maintaining proper ventilation, a normal level of oxygenation, and adequate blood pressure are the main therapeutic strategies performed after injury. Surgery is often necessary for patients with more serious injuries. However, to date, there are no therapies that completely resolve the brain damage suffered following the trauma. Stem cells, due to their capacity to differentiate into neuronal cells and through releasing neurotrophic factors, seem to be a valid strategy to use in the treatment of traumatic brain injury. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of clinical trials, aimed to evaluate the use of stem cell-based therapy in traumatic brain injury. These studies aim to assess the safety and efficacy of stem cells in this disease. The results available so far are few; therefore, future studies need in order to evaluate the safety and efficacy of stem cell transplantation in traumatic brain injury.

• clinical studies
• inflammation
• stem cell transplantation
• stem cells
• traumatic brain injury

• Adolescent
• Adult
• Aged
• Brain Damage, Chronic/metabolism
• Brain Damage, Chronic/physiopathology
• Brain Damage, Chronic/therapy
• Brain Injuries, Traumatic/complications
• Brain Injuries, Traumatic/metabolism
• Brain Injuries, Traumatic/physiopathology
• Brain Injuries, Traumatic/therapy
• Child
• Child, Preschool
• Clinical Trials as Topic
• Female
• Humans
• Inflammation/etiology
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Nerve Growth Factors/metabolism
• Neurons/pathology
• Safety
• Stem Cell Transplantation/methods
• Treatment Outcome
• Young Adult

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes death and disability in the United States and around the world. The traumatic insult causes the mechanical injury of the brain and primary cellular death. While a comprehensive pathological mechanism of TBI is still lacking, the focus of the TBI research is concentrated on understanding the pathophysiology and developing suitable therapeutic approaches. Given the complexities in pathophysiology involving interconnected immunologic, inflammatory, and neurological cascades occurring after TBI, the therapies directed to a single mechanism fail in the clinical trials. This has led to the development of the paradigm of a combination therapeutic approach against TBI. While there are no drugs available for the treatment of TBI, stem cell therapy has shown promising results in preclinical studies. But, the success of the therapy depends on the survival of the stem cells, which are limited by several factors including route of administration, health of the administered cells, and inflammatory microenvironment of the injured brain. Reducing the inflammation prior to cell administration may provide a better outcome of cell therapy following TBI. This review is focused on different therapeutic approaches of TBI and the present status of the clinical trials.

• clinical trials
• combination treatment
• stem cells
• traumatic brain injury

• Cell therapy
• Clinical application guideline
• Good Manufacturing Practice
• Neurorestoration
• Quality control

• autologous
• bone marrow mononuclear cells
• cell therapy
• drowning
• persistent vegetative state

Clinical cell therapies (CTs) for neurological diseases and cellular damage have been explored for more than 2 decades. According to the United States Food and Drug Administration, there are 2 types of cell categories for therapy, namely stem cell-derived CT products and mature/functionally differentiated cell-derived CT products. However, regardless of the type of CT used, the majority of reports of clinical CTs from either small sample sizes based on single-center phase 1 or 2 unblinded trials or retrospective clinical studies showed effects on neurological improvement and the ability to either partially or temporarily thwart the deteriorating cellular processes of the neurodegenerative diseases. There have been only a few prospective, multicenter, randomized, double- blind placebo-control clinical trials of CTs so far in this developing novel area that have shown negative results, and more clinical trials are needed. This will expand our knowledge in exploring the type of cells that yield promising results and restore damaged neurological structure and functions of the central nervous system based on higher level evidence-based medical data. In this review, we briefly introduce the developmental process, current state, and future prospective for clinical neurorestorative CT.

• Cell biology
• Cell therapy
• Immunology
• Inflammation
• Medicine
• Regenerative medicine
• Stem cell research
• Stem cells research
• Translational medicine
• Traumatic brain injury

• Lund Concept
• cerebral perfusion pressure
• intracranial hypertension
• intracranial pressure
• secondary brain injury
• traumatic brain injury

• T32 GM008792 NIGMS NIH HHS

• Age-related brain disorders
• Cell-therapy
• Neurodegenerative diseases
• Stroke
• Traumatic brain injury

• Aging
• Animals
• Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy/methods
• Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy/trends
• Humans
• Nervous System Diseases/therapy
• Stem Cells

• R01 NS071956 NINDS NIH HHS
• R01 NS090962 NINDS NIH HHS
• R21 NS089851 NINDS NIH HHS
• R21 NS094087 NINDS NIH HHS

• blood–brain barrier
• cell therapy
• cord blood
• immunomodulation
• inflammation

• blood-brain barrier
• brain trauma
• microglia
• neuroinflammation
• preclinical
• teriflunomide

• Animals
• Blood-Brain Barrier/drug effects
• Blood-Brain Barrier/metabolism
• Brain Injuries, Traumatic/drug therapy
• Brain Injuries, Traumatic/metabolism
• Capillary Permeability/drug effects
• Crotonates/therapeutic use
• Disease Models, Animal
• Hydroxybutyrates
• Immunohistochemistry
• Inflammation/drug therapy
• Inflammation/metabolism
• Male
• Microglia/drug effects
• Microglia/metabolism
• Neurogenesis/drug effects
• Nitriles
• Rats
• Rats, Sprague-Dawley
• Thalamus/drug effects
• Thalamus/metabolism
• Toluidines/therapeutic use

• Huntington’s disease
• Parkinson’s disease
• Stem cells
• amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
• multi-system atrophy
• multiple sclerosis
• neuroprotection
• stroke
• traumatic brain injury

• Adoptive immune therapy
• Autologous wbc infusion
• Brain trauma
• Immune suppression
• Stroke
• Trauma
• Trauma and infection naïve wbcs

• cell therapy
• clinical application guideline neurorestoratology
• neurorestoration

• Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy/methods
• Humans
• Nerve Regeneration/physiology
• Quality Control