Endoscopic appearance of esophageal hematomas

Table 1 Stages of esophageal hematomas

I: Hematoma without surrounding tissue edema

II: Hematoma with surrounding tissue edema

III: Hematoma with edema plus compression of esophageal lumen

IV: Complete obliteration of the lumen with hematoma, edema, and organized clot formation

Table 2 Causes of esophageal hematomas

Spontaneous	Associated with coughing, retching, protracted vomiting
	Esophageal barotrauma
	Pill-induced esophageal injury
	Use of anticoagulants or aspirin
	Esophageal diverticulum A-V malformation
Traumatic	Endoscopic intubation, biopsy, dilation
	Variceal sclerotherapy
	Transesophageal echocardiography
	Foreign body ingestion