Species differentiation and identification in the genus of Helicobacter

Table 1 Locations, key morphological features and growth characteristics of Helicobacter species colonizing either humans and/or animals

Charastistic	H. pylori	H. canis	H. cinaedi	H.felis	H. fennelliae	H. pullorum	H. westmeadii
Host	Human	Dog, human	Human	Cat,dog, human	Human	Poultry, human	Human
Location	Stomach	Intestine	Blood, rectum	Stomach	Intestine	Intestine	Blood
Cell size (µm)	0.5 × 3.0-5.0	4.0	0.3-0.5 × 1.5-5.0	0.4 × 5-7.5	0.3-0.5 × 1.5-5.0	3 × 4	0.5 × 1.5-2.0
Flagella
Number	4-8	2	1-2	14-20	1-2	1	1
Distribution	Polar	Biopolar	Polar	Biopolar	Polar	Monopolar	Monopolar
Sheath	+	+	+	+	+	-	+
Periplasmic fibers	-	-	-	+	-	-
Growth at:
25 °C	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
37 °C	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
42 °C	-	+	-	+	-	+	-
Growth on:
10 g/Lglycine	-		+	-	+
15 g/L NaCl	-		-	-	-
Tolerance to:
10 g/L bile	-	+	Vary	-	-	+
Safrain ‘O’	-	-	-	-	+	-
Methyl orange	-	-	+	-	Vary	+
Growth under:
Aerobic conditions	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Microaerobic conditions	+	+	+	+	+	+	Weak+
Anaerobic	Weak+	-	-	+	-	-	+
Susceptibility to:
Nalidixic acid	R	S	S	R	S	S	S
Cephalothin	S	S	I	S	S	R	R
Cefoperazone	S	S	S	S	S	R
Metronidazole	S	S		S

Table 2 Locations, key morphological features and growth characteristics of Helicobacter species colonizing animals

Charastistic	H. acinonyx	H. bilis	H. bizzozeronii	H. cholecystus	H. hepaticus	H. nuridarum	H. mustelae	H. nemestrinae	H. pametensis	H. rodentium	H. salomonis	H. trogontum
Host	Cheetah	Mice	Dog	Hamster	Mice	Rat, mice	Ferret	Macaque	Bird, swine	Mice	Dog	Rat
Location	Stomach	Bile,live, intestine	Stomach	Gallbladder	live, intestine	Intestine	Stomach	Stomach	Intestine	Intestine	Stomach	Intestine
Cell size (µm)	0.3 × 1.5 - 2.0	0.5 × 4.0 - 5.0	0.3 × 5 - 10	0.5 - 0.6 × 3.0 - 5.0	0.2-0.3× 1.5 - 5.0	0.5 × 3.5 - 5.0	0.5 - 2.5 × 5.0	0.2 × 2.0 - 5.0	0.4 - 1.5	0.3 × 1.5 - 5.0	0.8 - 1.2 × 5.0 - 7.0	0.6 - 0.7 × 4.0 - 6.0
Flagella
Number	2-5	3-14	10-20	1	2	10-14	4-8	4-8	2	2	10-23	3-7
Distribution	Monopolar Biopolar		Biopolar	Polar	Biopolar	Biopolar	Peritrich ous	Polar	Biopolar	Biopolar	Biopolar	Biopolar
Sheath	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	-	+	+
Periplasmic fibers	-	+	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	+
Growth at:
25 °C	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
37 °C	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
42 °C	-	+	+	+	-	-	+	+	+	+	-	+
Growth on:
10 g/L glycine	-	+	-	+	+	-	-	-	+	+		-
15 g/L NaCl	-	-		-	+	-	-	-	-	+		-
Toleranceto:
10 g/L bile		+	-	+		-	-	-			-
Safrain ‘O’						-	-	-
Methyl orange						-	-	-
Growth under:
Aerobic conditions				-	-	-	-	-	-	-		-
Microaerobic conditions	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
Anaerobic				+	+	-	+	Weak+	Weak+	+		-
Susceptibility to:
Nalidixic acid	R	R	R	I	R	R	S	R	S	R	R	R
Cephalothin	S	R	S	R	R	R	R	S	S	R	S	R
Cefoperazone			S			S	R	S			S
Metronidazole	S	S	S		S		S	S			S	S

Table 3 Key and differential biochemical characteristics of Helicobacter species colonizing either humans and/or animals

Characteristic	H. pylori	H. canis	H. cinaedi	H. felis	H. fennelliae	H. pullorum	H. westmeadii
Catalase activity	+	-	+	+	+	+	+
Urease activity	+	-	-	+	-	-	-
Oxidase activity	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
Alkaline phosphatase activity	+	+	-	+	+	-	+
γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase activity	+		-	+	-
H2S production	-		-	-	-		-
Indoxyl acetate hydrolysis	-	+	-	-	+	-	-
Hippurate hydrolysis	-	-	-	-	-	-	+
Nitrate reduction	-	-	+	+	-	+	+
C4 esterase	+		+		+		+
C8 esterase lipase	+		+		+		+
Leucine arylamidase	+		-	+	-		+
Acid phosphatase	+		+		+		+
Naphthol-AS-B1-phosphohydrolase	+		+		+		+
DNase activity	+			+
G + C content (mol%)	35-37	48	37-38	43	37-38	34-35

Table 4 Key and differential biochemical characteristics of Helicobacter species colonizing animalsCharacteristic

	H. acinonyx	H. bilis	H. bizzozeronii	H. cholecystus	H. hepaticus	H. muridarum	H. mustelae	H. nemestrinae	H. pametensis	H. rodentium	H. salomonis	H. trogontum
Catalase activity	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
Urease activity	+	+	+	-	+	+	+	+	-	-	+	+
Oxidase activity	+	+	+	+		+	+	+	+	Weak+	+	+
Alkaline phosphatase activity	+		+	+		+	+	+	+	-	+	-
γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase activity	+		+	-		+	+		-	-	+	+
H2Sproduction		+		-	+	-	-	-	-			-
Indoxyl acetate hydrolysis	-	-	+	-	+	+	+	-	-	-	+
Hippurate hydrolysis	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Nitrate reduction	-	+	+	+	+	-	+	-	+	+	+	+
DNase activity			+					-			+
G + C content (mol%)	30					35	36	24	38