New treatments for inflammatory bowel disease

Table 1 New formulations and applications of existing therapies for IBD

Treatment	References
Corticosteroids
Budesonide	14-18
Aminosalicylates
Mesalazine (enteric-coated pH-released & slow-release),
olsalazine, balsalazide	4,5,19-22
Immunomodulatory agents
Azathioprine & 6-mercaptopurine	23-29
Cyclosporine	30,31
Methotrexate	32,33
Mycophenolate mofetil	34
Antibiotics
Metronidazole	35-37
Other	38
Liquid formula diet	39,40

Table 2 Potential new treatments for IBD aimed at specific pathophysiological targets

Target	Agent	References
Colonic bacterial flora	Non-pathogenic E coli	41,42
Epithelium	Short chain fatty acids1	43-46
Leucocytes
Reduce numbers	Apheresis, anti-CD4 antibodies,	47-50
	bone marrow transplant
Reduce migration	Adhesion molecule antibodies or	51
	antisense oligonuleotide
Cytokines
Reduce pro-inflammatory	NFkB antisense oligonucleotide	10
cytokines
Antagonise inflammatory	Anti-TNF antibodies1, IL-1	52-55
cytokines	receptor antagonist
Increase	anti-inflammatory IL-101, interferon alpha or	56
cytokines	beta, IL-11, TGF beta
Mediators	Cytoprotective prostaglandins	11
	COX2 inhibition
	Synthesis inhibitors and receptor
	antagonists of leucotrienes,	11,57-60,67
	thromboxanes, PAF
	Antioxidants	12,61
	Inducible NOS inhibition	62
	Fish oil (EPA)	63-66
Vasculature	Heparin1	67,68
Enteric nerves	Local anaesthetics1	69-71
Unknown targets	Nicotine (UC)1, stopping	72-75
	smoking (CD)1

¹Denotes current or imminent option