Large language models with supervised fine-tuning for inflammatory bowel disease diagnosis and prognosis

Table 1 The distribution of disease types in the training set

Disease name	Disease category	Number (n = 97)
Ulcerative colitis	IBD	22
Crohn’s disease	IBD	39
IBD-unclassified	IBD	2
Chronic diarrhea	Differential diagnosis	6
Functional diarrhea	Differential diagnosis	5
Food intolerance-associated diarrhea	Differential diagnosis	1
Infectious diarrhea	Differential diagnosis	2
Diarrhea, unspecified	Differential diagnosis	4
Functional abdominal pain	Differential diagnosis	6
Constipation	Differential diagnosis	8
Familial adenomatous polyposis	Differential diagnosis	2

IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease.

Table 2 Clinical characteristics of inflammatory bowel disease patients in the validation set

Clinical information	Total number of cases (n = 30)	Number of CD patients (n = 15)	Number of UC patients (n = 15)
Gender
Male	16	8	8
Female	14	7	7
BMI
< 18.5 kg/m2	8	5	3
≥ 18.5 kg/m2	22	10	12
Age
17-25 years	7	5	2
25-40 years	8	4	4
> 40 years	15	6	9
Disease duration
< 5 years	19	12	7
≥ 5 years	11	3	8
Disease activity
Remission	14	7	7
Active	16	8	8
Surgical history
Yes	9	9	0
No	21	6	15
Smoking and alcohol history
Yes	6	3	3
No	24	12	12
Comorbidities with other diseases
Yes	13	7	6
No	17	8	9
Number of treatment regimens
0	1	0	1
1	11	9	2
2 or more	18	6	12

CD: Crohn’s disease; UC: Ulcerative colitis; BMI: Body mass index.