Helicobacter pylori infection, dining habits, and cohabitation in health examination and household cohorts

doi:10.3748/wjg.122808

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World Journal of Gastroenterology

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1007-9327

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Retrospective Study

Copyright: ©Author(s) 2027. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Gastroenterol. Jan 7, 2027; 33(1): 122808
Published online Jan 7, 2027. doi: 10.3748/wjg.122808

Table 1 Association between Helicobacter pylori infection and demographic/behavioral factors in health examination populations

Variable	Category	Model 1	P value	Model 2	P value
Age	-	1.00 (1.00-1.00)	< 0.001^c
Gender	Female	Ref
Gender	Male	0.98 (0.97-0.99)	< 0.001^c
Marital	Unmarried	Ref
Marital	Married or cohabitated	1.01 (1.00-1.03)	0.058
Education	Junior high school or below	Ref
	Senior high school	0.99 (0.98-1.01)	0.386
	College or above	0.98 (0.97-0.99)	< 0.001^c
Occupation	Unfixed	Ref
Occupation	Fixed	0.99 (0.98-1.00)	0.003^b
Drinking	Never drank	Ref
	Current drinker	1.00 (1.00-1.01)	0.327
	Former drinker (no alcohol in past year)	1.00 (0.97-1.03)	0.994
Structured three meal patterning	Consistent	Ref		Ref
	Inconsistent	1.02 (1.00-1.04)	0.033	1.03 (1.01-1.04)	< 0.001^c
	Partially consistent	1.01 (1.00-1.02)	0.017	1.01 (1.00-1.02)	0.019
Late night snacks	No late-night snacks	Ref		Ref
	≤ 1 time/week	0.99 (0.98-1.00)	0.127	0.97 (0.96-0.98)	< 0.001^c
	> 1 time/week	0.96 (0.94-0.99)	0.002^b	0.95 (0.93-0.96)	< 0.001^c
Social dining	≤ 1 time/week	Ref		Ref
	2-3 times/week	1.02 (1.01-1.03)	0.002^b	1.01 (1.00-1.02)	0.006^b
	4-5 times/week	1.03 (1.01-1.05)	0.014	1.02 (1.01-1.04)	0.010
	≥ 6 times/week	1.02 (0.98-1.07)	0.324	1.03 (1.00-1.07)	0.050
Dietary taste	Light	Ref		Ref
	Salty	1.00 (0.99-1.01)	0.434	1.00 (0.99-1.01)	0.601
	No specific preference	1.00 (0.99-1.01)	0.548	1.00 (0.99-1.00)	0.381
Smoked or cured foods	No	Ref		Ref
Smoked or cured foods	Yes	1.00 (0.99-1.02)	0.613	1.01 (1.00-1.02)	0.137
Spicy food	No	Ref		Ref
Spicy food	Yes	1.02 (1.01-1.03)	< 0.001^c	1.01 (1.01-1.02)	< 0.001^c
Fast food	No	Ref		Ref
Fast food	Yes	0.99 (0.97-1.01)	0.326	0.99 (0.97-1.00)	0.061
No aforementioned habits	No	Ref		Ref
No aforementioned habits	Yes	1.00 (0.99-1.01)	0.904	1.00 (-0.99 to -1.00)	0.416
Food structure	Mainly whole grains	Ref		Ref
	Mainly refined grains	1.01 (1.00-1.03)	0.123	1.00 (0.99-1.01)	0.842
	Mix of refined and whole grains	1.01 (0.99-1.03)	0.206	1.00 (0.99-1.01)	0.829
	Not sure	1.00 (0.98-1.02)	0.748	0.99 (0.97-1.00)	0.124
Milk	Never	Ref		Ref
	1-2 times/week	1.00 (0.99-1.01)	0.700	0.99 (0.99-1.00)	0.132
	3-5 times/week	1.00 (0.99-1.02)	0.720	0.99 (0.98-1.00)	0.129
	≥ 6 times/week	0.99 (0.96-1.01)	0.279	0.98 (0.96-1.00)	0.034
Beans or bean products	Never	Ref		Ref
	1-2 times/week	0.99 (0.98-1.01)	0.342	0.98 (0.97-1.00)	0.015
	3-5 times/week	1.00 (0.98-1.01)	0.649	0.99 (0.97-1.00)	0.042
	≥ 6 times/week	1.01 (0.97-1.04)	0.691	0.99 (0.96-1.01)	0.369
Fruit	Never	Ref		Ref
	1-2 times/week	0.98 (0.97-1.01)	0.146	0.99 (0.97-1.00)	0.116
	3-5 times/week	0.98 (0.96-1.00)	0.024	0.98 (0.96-1.00)	0.013
	≥ 6 times/week	0.97 (0.95-1.00)	0.020	0.98 (0.96-1.00)	0.026
Daily vegetable consumption	≤ 100 g	Ref		Ref
	100-200 g	0.99 (0.98-1.00)	0.153	1.00 (0.99-1.01)	0.745
	200-500 g	0.97 (0.96-0.99)	< 0.001^c	0.99 (0.98-1.00)	0.013
	≥ 500 g	0.98 (0.95-1.01)	0.180	0.98 (0.96-1.01)	0.158
Fat meat	Never	Ref		Ref
	1-2 times/week	1.00 (0.99-1.01)	0.405	1.00 (0.99-1.00)	0.449
	3-5 times/week	1.00 (0.99-1.02)	0.765	1.01 (1.00-1.03)	0.074
	≥ 6 times/week	0.94 (0.88-1.00)	0.044	0.96 (0.91-1.01)	0.115
Animal offal	Never	Ref		Ref
	1-2 times/week	1.01 (1.00-1.02)	0.003^b	1.02 (1.01-1.02)	< 0.001^c
	3-5 times/week	1.04 (1.01-1.06)	0.002^b	1.03 (1.01-1.05)	0.004^b
	≥ 6 times/week	1.06 (0.94-1.20)	0.367	1.05 (0.94-1.17)	0.369
Suga sweetened beverages	Never	Ref		Ref
	1-2 times/week	1.01 (1.00-1.01)	0.200	1.00 (0.99-1.00)	0.445
	3-5 times/week	1.01 (0.99-1.03)	0.245	0.99 (0.98-1.01)	0.426
	≥ 6 times/week	1.02 (0.96-1.08)	0.506	0.99 (0.94-1.03)	0.605

^bP < 0.01.

^cP < 0.001.

Model 1 was adjusted for demographic and behavioral factors. Model 2 was adjusted for living and eating habits. Ref: Reference.

Full Size Table

Table 2 Dining habits and Helicobacter pylori infection risk factors in the health examination population, n (%)

Categories	H. pylori uninfected, n = 313	H. pylori infected, n = 117	P value
Age			0.499
< 45	213 (68.1)	79 (67.5)
45-60	88 (28.1)	36 (30.8)
≥ 60	12 (3.8)	2 (1.7)
Gender			0.954
Female	166 (53.0)	61 (52.1)
Male	147 (47.0)	56 (47.9)
Dish sharing			1.000
No	244 (78.0)	91 (77.8)
Yes	69 (22.0)	26 (22.2)
Individual dining			0.749
No	172 (55.0)	67 (57.3)
Yes	141 (45.0)	50 (42.7)
Tableware sterilization			1.000
No	46 (14.7)	17 (14.5)
Yes	267 (85.3)	100 (85.5)
Chopsticks change			0.710
Within 3 months	102 (32.6)	34 (29.1)
Between	194 (62.0)	75 (64.1)
Over 1 year	17 (5.4)	8 (6.8)
Serving chopsticks			0.995
No	188 (60.1)	71 (60.7)
Yes	125 (39.9)	46 (39.3)

H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori.

Full Size Table

Table 3 Association between Helicobacter pylori infection and demographic/behavioral factors in the enrolled households

Variable	Category	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3
Variable	Category	B (SE)	β	B (SE)	β	B (SE)	β
Family structure	Couple without children	Ref		Ref
	Couple with children	0.01 (0.32)	0.00	0.00 (0.31)	0.00
	Single-parent or one-parent-out-migrant family	0.17 (0.32)	0.06	0.15 (0.31)	0.05
	Sibling-only household	0.00 (0.20)	0.00	0.02 (0.20)	0.01
	Three-generation household	-0.39 (0.63)	-0.11	-0.36 (0.61)	-0.10
	Other	-0.21 (0.32)	-0.05	-0.23 (0.32)	-0.05
Family size (n)	-	0.55 (0.05)^c	0.78	0.55 (0.05)^c	0.77
Generations in household	-	-0.27 (0.28)	-0.16	-0.27 (0.28)	-0.16
Annual household income (thousand yuan)	< 100	Ref		Ref
	100-300	-0.14 (0.13)	-0.06	-0.12 (0.12)	-0.05
	> 300	-0.22 (0.21)	-0.06	-0.19 (0.20)	-0.05
Household living area (m²)	< 60	Ref		Ref
	60-120	-0.07 (0.23)	-0.03	-0.06 (0.22)	-0.03
	> 120	-0.11 (0.23)	-0.05	-0.10 (0.22)	-0.04
Pets in household	No	Ref		Ref
Pets in household	Yes	-0.01 (0.17)	-0.00	0.01 (0.16)	0.00
Living together time (year)	< 1	Ref		Ref
	1-5	0.45 (0.27)	0.13	0.46 (0.27)	0.13
	6-10	0.55 (0.27)^a	0.18	0.52 (0.27)	0.17
	> 10	0.54 (0.24)^a	0.23	0.52 (0.23)^a	0.22
Children	None	Ref		Ref
	Children under 5 years old	0.52 (0.25)^a	0.13	0.51 (0.25)^a	0.13
	Children aged 6-18	-0.37 (0.18)^a	-0.12	-0.35 (0.17)^a	-0.12
Sources of drinking water	Bottled water	Ref				Ref
	Purified water	-0.08 (0.33)	-0.01			0.03 (0.42)	0.00
	Tap water	-0.14 (0.15)	-0.05			-0.04 (0.19)	-0.01
	Well water	-0.60 (0.39)	-0.08			-0.23 (0.50)	-0.03
Dishwashing	In a basin	Ref				Ref
Dishwashing	Tap water	0.10 (0.16)	0.03			0.16 (0.19)	0.05
Tableware sterilization	No	Ref				Ref
Tableware sterilization	Yes	-0.03 (0.12)	-0.01			0.06 (0.15)	0.03
Individual dining	No	Ref				Ref
Individual dining	Yes	0.06 (0.19)	0.02			0.08 (0.24)	0.02
Serving chopsticks	No	Ref				Ref
Serving chopsticks	Yes	-0.07 (0.15)	-0.03			-0.24 (0.18)	-0.09

^aP < 0.05.

^cP < 0.001.

Model 1 was adjusted for demographic and behavioral factors. Model 2 was adjusted for demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Model 3 was adjusted for eating habits. Ref: Reference; B: Unstandardized regression coefficient; β: Standardized regression coefficient.

Full Size Table

Table 4 Association between Helicobacter pylori infection and demographic/behavioral factors in couples

Variable	Category	Model 1	P value	Model 2	P value	Model 3	P value
Annual household income (thousand yuan)	< 100	Ref		Ref
	100-300	0.94 (0.73-1.21)	0.636	0.88 (0.70-1.12)	0.308
	> 300	1.00 (0.58-1.72)	0.993	1.11 (0.66-1.87)	0.686
Household living area (m²)	< 60	Ref		Ref
	60-120	0.74 (0.44-1.26)	0.270	0.87 (0.54-1.40)	0.573
	> 120	0.69 (0.40-1.18)	0.176	0.79 (0.49-1.26)	0.322
Pets in household	No	Ref		Ref
Pets in household	Yes	1.03 (0.76-1.40)	0.835	1.01 (0.74-1.36)	0.974
Living together time (year)	1-5	Ref		Ref
	6-10	0.73 (0.39-1.37)	0.324	0.73 (0.41-1.29)	0.280
	> 10	0.93 (0.62-1.40)	0.744	0.88 (0.61-1.28)	0.513
Sources of drinking water	Bottled water	Ref				Ref
	Purified water	0.49 (0.22-1.08)	0.081			0.45 (0.22-0.94)	0.037^a
	Boiled tap water	0.79 (0.59-1.05)	0.110			0.78 (0.60-1.01)	0.061
	Well water	0.54 (0.28-1.03)	0.068			0.60 (0.33-1.11)	0.110
Dishwashing	In a basin	Ref				Ref
Dishwashing	Tap water	1.05 (0.67-1.63)	0.842			1.03 (0.70-1.52)	0.886
Tableware sterilization	No	Ref				Ref
Tableware sterilization	Yes	1.09 (0.85-1.39)	0.494			1.06 (0.84-1.32)	0.636
Individual dining	No	Ref				Ref
Individual dining	Yes	1.16 (0.73-1.84)	0.532			1.06 (0.69-1.64)	0.784
Serving chopsticks	No	Ref				Ref
Serving chopsticks	Yes	0.94 (0.69-1.30)	0.722			0.99 (0.74-1.33)	0.938

^aP < 0.05.

Model 1 was adjusted for demographic and behavioral factors. Model 2 was adjusted for demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Model 3 was adjusted for eating habits. Ref: Reference.

Full Size Table

Table 5 Association between Helicobacter pylori infection and demographic/behavioral factors in the enrolled households

Variable	Category	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3
Variable	Category	B (SE)	β	B (SE)	β	B (SE)	β
Family structure	Couple with children	Ref		Ref
	Single-parent or one-parent-out-migrant family	-0.99 (0.48)^a	-0.34	-0.78 (0.42)	-0.27
	Sibling-only household	-0.03 (1.23)	-0.00	-0.11 (1.19)	-0.02
	Three-generation household	-0.30 (1.57)	-0.13	0.13 (1.52)	0.06
	Other	-0.21 (0.46)	-0.06	-0.38 (0.47)	-0.11
Family size (n)	-	0.15 (0.16)	0.19	0.14 (0.15)	0.18
Generations in household	-	-0.08 (1.55)	-0.03	-0.39 (1.49)	-0.18
Annual household income (thousand yuan)	< 100	Ref		Ref
	100-300	-0.52 (0.32)	-0.23	-0.38 (0.30)	-0.17
	> 300	-0.29 (0.45)	-0.10	-0.22 (0.42)	-0.07
Household living area (m²)	< 60	Ref		Ref
	60-120	-0.39 (0.87)	-0.17	-0.62 (0.83)	-0.27
	> 120	-0.35 (0.86)	-0.16	-0.55 (0.84)	-0.25
Pets in household	No	Ref		Ref
Pets in household	Yes	0.44 (0.50)	0.12	0.24 (0.48)	0.07
Living together time (year)	< 1	Ref		Ref
	1-5	-0.35 (0.93)	-0.06	0.18 (0.80)	0.03
	6-10	0.20 (0.64)	0.08	0.05 (0.59)	0.02
	> 10	0.28 (0.62)	0.12	0.10 (0.58)	0.05
Children	Children under 5 years old	Ref		Ref
Children	Children aged 6-18	-1.04 (0.32)^b	-0.44	-1.02 (0.32)^b	-0.43
Sources of drinking water	Bottled water	Ref				Ref
	Purified water	1.75 (0.93)	0.27			1.02 (0.90)	0.16
	Tap water	0.34 (0.42)	0.11			0.12 (0.42)	0.04
Dishwashing	In a basin	Ref				Ref
Dishwashing	Tap water	0.19 (0.34)	0.08			0.12 (0.31)	0.05
Tableware sterilization	No	Ref				Ref
Tableware sterilization	Yes	-0.19 (0.30)	-0.08			-0.31 (0.30)	-0.14
Individual dining	No	Ref				Ref
Individual dining	Yes	0.76 (0.53)	0.24			0.55 (0.50)	0.17
Serving chopsticks	No	Ref				Ref
Serving chopsticks	Yes	-0.58 (0.45)	-0.21			-0.58 (0.44)	-0.21

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

Full Size Table

Citation: Deng AJ, Tang C, Zhou B, Cai T, Chen B, Zhang SX, Yang XE, Li Y, Wang F. Helicobacter pylori infection, dining habits, and cohabitation in health examination and household cohorts. World J Gastroenterol 2027; 33(1): 122808
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v33/i1/122808.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.122808

Deng AJ, Tang C, Zhou B, Cai T, Chen B, Zhang SX, Yang XE, Li Y, Wang F. Helicobacter pylori infection, dining habits, and cohabitation in health examination and household cohorts. World J Gastroenterol 2027; 33(1): 122808 [DOI: 10.3748/wjg.122808]

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