Retrieval-augmented generation models for predicting pathological upgrading in endoscopically resected gastric low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia: A dual-center evaluation

doi:10.3748/wjg.122422

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World Journal of Gastroenterology

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1007-9327

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Retrospective Study

Copyright: ©Author(s) 2027. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Gastroenterol. Jan 7, 2027; 33(1): 122422
Published online Jan 7, 2027. doi: 10.3748/wjg.122422

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients with positive and negative pathologic upgrade, n (%)

Group		Positive (n = 148)	Negative (n = 224)	P value
General characteristics	Age (year)	67.1 ± 9.3	66.9 ± 8.8	0.94
	Sex (male/female)	90/58	118/106	0.12
White light endoscopy characteristics	Lesion size (cm)	1.7 (0.8)	1.1 (0.4)	< 0.001
	Location			0.032
	Antrum	72 (49)	143 (64)
	Angularis	31 (21)	35 (16)
	Gastric body	38 (26)	37 (17)
	Cardia and others	7 (4.7)	9 (4.0)
	Paris classification			< 0.001
	0-IIa	41 (28)	111 (50)
	0-IIa + IIc	23 (16)	24 (11)
	0-IIb	37 (25)	62 (28)
	0-IIc	41 (28)	25 (11)
	0-IIc + IIa	6 (4.1)	2 (0.9)
	Background atrophy			0.003
	Mild	12 (8.1)	48 (21)
	Moderate	112 (76)	148 (66)
	Severe	24 (16)	28 (13)
	Surface nodularity			< 0.001
	Present	52 (35)	19 (8.5)
	Absent	96 (65)	205 (92)
	Surface ulceration			< 0.001
	Present	34 (23)	11 (4.9)
	Absent	114 (77)	213 (95)
	Erythema			< 0.001
	Present	96 (65)	60 (27)
	Absent	52 (35)	164 (73)
ME characteristics	MS pattern			< 0.001
	Irregular/absent	130 (88)	120 (54)
	Regular	18 (12)	104 (46)
	MV pattern			< 0.001
	Irregular/absent	119 (80)	87 (39)
	Regular	29 (20)	137 (61)
Biopsy pathology	Intestinal metaplasia			0.75
	Present	133 (90)	199 (89)
	Absent	15 (10)	25 (11)

ME: Magnifying endoscopy; MV: Microvascular; MS: Microsurface.

Full Size Table

Table 2 Subgroup analysis for predicting pathological upgrading

Stratification factors	Subgroups	Upgraded/non-upgraded (n)	AUC
Stratification factors	Subgroups	Upgraded/non-upgraded (n)	DeepSeek-V3	Qwen3-235b
Lesion size (cm)	< 1	19/94	0.790 (0.589-0.896)	0.785 (0.617-0.889)
	1-2	103/126	0.852 (0.793-0.892)	0.837 (0.776-0.878)
	≥ 2	26/4	0.594 (0.473-0.721)	0.605 (0.305-0.765)
Postoperative pathology	HGIN	105/224	0.851 (0.795-0.886)	0.846 (0.789-0.885)
Postoperative pathology	EGC	43/224	0.924 (0.875-0.952)	0.900 (0.849-0.934)

AUC: Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve; HGIN: High-grade intraepithelial neoplasia; EGC: Early gastric cancer.

Full Size Table

Citation: Zhuang Q, Cheng JN, Zheng YL, Wu S, Chu YM, Zhou L, Xia J, Ning M, Peng HX, Wan XJ, Dong ZX. Retrieval-augmented generation models for predicting pathological upgrading in endoscopically resected gastric low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia: A dual-center evaluation. World J Gastroenterol 2027; 33(1): 122422
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v33/i1/122422.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.122422

Zhuang Q, Cheng JN, Zheng YL, Wu S, Chu YM, Zhou L, Xia J, Ning M, Peng HX, Wan XJ, Dong ZX. Retrieval-augmented generation models for predicting pathological upgrading in endoscopically resected gastric low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia: A dual-center evaluation. World J Gastroenterol 2027; 33(1): 122422 [DOI: 10.3748/wjg.122422]

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