Integrating metabolomics, clinical factors, and genetic risk for colorectal cancer risk prediction: Model development and internal-external cross-validation

doi:10.3748/wjg.124207

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World Journal of Gastroenterology

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1007-9327

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Gastroenterol. Dec 21, 2026; 32(47): 124207
Published online Dec 21, 2026. doi: 10.3748/wjg.124207

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants, n (%)

Characteristic	All participants	Incident CRC cases
Number of participants	468095	7150
Follow-up (years), median (IQR)	14.7 (13.89, 15.42)	7.43 (3.98, 10.6)
Sex
Female	256073 (54.7)	3199 (44.7)
Male	212022 (45.3)	3951 (55.3)
Age (years), median (IQR)	58 (50, 63)	62 (57, 66)
Geographical region
East Midlands	32180 (6.9)	471 (6.6)
London	63101 (13.5)	850 (11.9)
North East	54810 (11.7)	886 (12.4)
North West	70869 (15.1)	1130 (15.8)
Scotland	33488 (7.2)	671 (9.4)
South East	41559 (8.9)	710 (9.9)
South West	40899 (8.7)	575 (8.0)
Wales	19633 (4.2)	180 (2.5)
West Midlands	41594 (8.9)	630 (8.8)
Yorkshire and Humber	69962 (14.9)	1047 (14.6)
Ethnic group
Indian	5257 (1.1)	33 (0.5)
Pakistani	1608 (0.3)	10 (0.1)
Bangladeshi	202 (0.0)	1 (0.0)
Other Asian	1669 (0.4)	10 (0.1)
Black African	2952 (0.6)	17 (0.2)
Caribbean	4046 (0.9)	38 (0.5)
Chinese	1438 (0.3)	14 (0.2)
White/not recorded	443995 (94.9)	6963 (97.4)
Other	6928 (1.5)	64 (0.9)
Townsend deprivation index, median (IQR)	-2.17 (-3.66, 0.48)	-2.35 (-3.72, 0.26)
Body mass index (kg/m²), median (IQR)	26.7 (24.1, 29.9)	27.3 (24.7, 30.4)
Smoking status
Non-smoker	258176 (55.2)	3311 (46.3)
Ex-smoker	163422 (34.9)	3178 (44.4)
Light smoker	19670 (4.2)	280 (3.9)
Moderate smoker	14346 (3.1)	203 (2.8)
Heavy smoker	12481 (2.7)	178 (2.5)
Alcohol intake
Non-drinker	37082 (7.9)	508 (7.1)
Trivial drinker	149364 (31.9)	2010 (28.1)
Light drinker	142660 (30.5)	2048 (28.6)
Moderate drinker	107153 (22.9)	1840 (25.7)
Heavy drinker	20759 (4.4)	465 (6.5)
Very heavy drinker	11077 (2.4)	279 (3.9)
Medical history
Ulcerative colitis	2431 (0.5)	57 (0.8)
Colorectal polyps	1347 (0.3)	39 (0.5)
Diabetes	22696 (4.8)	527 (7.4)
Breast cancer	10184 (2.2)	151 (2.1)
Uterine cancer	1130 (0.2)	27 (0.4)
Ovarian cancer	772 (0.2)	19 (0.3)
Cervical cancer	1873 (0.4)	16 (0.2)
Lung cancer	237 (0.1)	7 (0.1)
Blood cancers	2204 (0.5)	40 (0.6)
Oral cancer	777 (0.2)	24 (0.3)
Family history of CRC
No	417109 (89.1)	6054 (84.7)
Yes	50986 (10.9)	1096 (15.3)

CRC: Colorectal cancer; IQR: Interquartile range.

Full Size Table

Citation: Zeng LT, Hu JN, Pang MH, Cao QX, Hou NY, Liu F. Integrating metabolomics, clinical factors, and genetic risk for colorectal cancer risk prediction: Model development and internal-external cross-validation. World J Gastroenterol 2026; 32(47): 124207
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v32/i47/124207.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.124207

Zeng LT, Hu JN, Pang MH, Cao QX, Hou NY, Liu F. Integrating metabolomics, clinical factors, and genetic risk for colorectal cancer risk prediction: Model development and internal-external cross-validation. World J Gastroenterol 2026; 32(47): 124207 [DOI: 10.3748/wjg.124207]

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