Helicobacter pylori in solid organ transplantation: Challenges and treatment strategies

Table 1 Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in solid organ transplant recipients

Ref.	Study type	Year	Transplantation	Number of patients studied	Subjects					Controls				Study quality
					Age (years)	Gender (male/female)	Follow-up time (years)	Diagnostic test for H. pylori	Prevalence of H. pylori positive	Number	Age	Gender (male/female)	Prevalence of H. pylori positive
Rao et al[12]	Cohort study	2021	Liver	102	56.0 ± 9.7	74.5%/25.5%	2.75	Endoscopy, histology	11.8% (12/102)	306	54.6 ± 10.5	21.2%/78.8%	32.0% (98/306)	S3
														C1
														O2
Kakizoe et al[40]	Cross-sectional study	2023	Liver	117	63 (25-84)	49.6%/50.4%	8.45	Endoscopy, histology	13% (15/117)	-	-	-	-	S3
														C2
														O3
Amal Mohammed et al[44]	Cross-sectional study	2025	Liver	40	44 (20-60)	90.0%/10.0%	-	Endoscopy, histology	85%	-	-	-	-	S2
														C0
														O1
Mahmoud et al[64]	Cross-sectional study	2023	Liver	40	44 (20-60)	90.0%/10.0%	-	Endoscopy, histology	85%	-	-	-	-	S1
														C0
														O1
Xie et al[10]	Cross-sectional study	2021	Liver	153	51.7 ± 9.5	80.4%/19.6%	2.66	Urease test	19.6% (30/153)	459	52.3 ± 10.2	21.1%/78.9%	43.6% (200/459)	S3
														C1
														O2
Hosotani et al[37]	Cohort study	2003	Liver	40	40.4 ± 5.1	70.0%/30.0%	2	Urease test	62.5% (25/40)	-	-	-	-	S3
														C1
														O3
Akatsu et al[17]	Single-arm before-after study	2006	Liver	29	50	55.2%/44.8%	0.2	Endoscopy, histology	5.60%	-	-	-	-	S1
														C0
														O2
Rudi et al[19]	Cohort study	1997	Liver	118	42.3 ± 13.3	62.7%/37.3%	2.5 ± 1.9	Serology	16.1% (19/118)	-	-	-	-	S2
														C1
														O2
Khameneh et al[65]	Cross-sectional study	2011	Kidney	91	36.5 ± 14.4	-	-	Serology	47.3% (43/91)	-	-	-	-	S3
														C0
														O2
Hafizi et al[66]	Cross-sectional study	2014	Kidney	50	47.4 ± 10.4	56.0%/44.0%	3.6	Serology	39.0% (19/50)	-	-	-	-	S2
														C0
														O2
Telkes et al[14]	Cross-sectional study	2011	Kidney	481	49.5	56.9%/43.1%	3.39	Endoscopy, histology	20.9% (101/481)	-	-	-	-	S3
														C0
														O2
Sarkio et al[47]	Cohort study	2001	Kidney	500	47.9 (47.1-69.1)	57.2%/42.8%	6.3	Serology	31.00%					S3
														C0
														O2
Hussein et al[13]	Cross-sectional study	2016	Kidney	109	34.8 ± 12.2	57.8%/42.2%	-	Serology	43.04% (48/109)	161	41.6 ± 14.9	54.6%/45.4%	68.9% (111/161)	S3
														C0
														O2
Niknam et al[67]	Cross-sectional study	2019	Kidney	293	47.37 (18-81)	62.5%/37.5%	-	Endoscopy, histology	50.2% (147/293)	-	-	-	-	S2
														C1
														O2
Park et al[32]	Cross-sectional study	2012	Kidney	253	48.1 ± 10.7	56.8%/43.2%	11.4 ± 5.6	Endoscopy, histology	48.6% (123/253)	10080	49.4 ± 11.5	58.2%/41.8%	61.0% (6150/10080)	S2
														C1
														O2
Bennett et al[68]	Cross-sectional study	2019	Lung	67	46.58 ± 13.80	47.8%/52.2%	1.21	Serology	49.25% (33/67)	-	-	-	-	S2
														C2
														O2
Dummer et al[18]	Cohort study	1995	Heart	100	52.2 ± 4.8	86.0%/14.0%	5.3	Serology	22.0% (22/100)	-	-	-	-	S3
														C1
														O2
Sarkio et al[69]	Cohort study	2003	Kidney	181	39 (14.3-69.1)	57.4%/42.6%	6.8	Serology	37.6% (67/181)	-	-	-	-	S3
														C1
														O2
Nazeer et al[70]	Cross-sectional study	2017	Kidney	90	35.82 ± 10.04	71.1%/28.9%	-	Endoscopy/histology	32.2% (29/90)	-	-	-	-	S3
														C1
														O3
Khedmat et al[71]	Cross-sectional study	2007	Kidney	25	39.1 ± 3.9	68.0%/32.0%	-	Endoscopy/histology	40% (10/25)	305	45.0 ± 2.3	61.6%/38.4%	34.8% (106/305)	S3
														C0
														O2
Ishaque et al[72]	Cross-sectional study	2015	Kidney	119	32.0 ± 10.0	85.5%/14.5%	2.3	Endoscopy/histology	9.2% (11/119)	-	-	-	-	S3
														C1
														O2
Yildiz et al[73]	Cross-sectional study	1999	Kidney	57	36.8 ± 10.0	68.4%/31.6%	-	Serology	38.6% (22/57)	55	33.4 ± 9.6	61.8%/38.2%	72.5% (39/55)	S3
														C1
														O2
Hruby et al[16]	Cross-sectional study	1997	Kidney	29	38.9 ± 9.8	75.9%/24.1%	3.4 ± 3.0	Endoscopy, histology	62.1% (18/29)	16	38.4 ± 12.4	37.5%/62.5%	43.6% (7/16)	S3
														C0
														O2
Teenan et al[39]	Cross-sectional study	1993	Kidney	33	-	-	0.2-0.3	Endoscopy, histology	48.5% (16/33)	-	-	-	-	S3
														C0
														O2
Ozgür et al[74]	Cross-sectional study	1997	Kidney	54	37.7 ± 10.1	-	4.2 ± 3.3	Endoscopy, histology,	70.4% (38/54)	100	40.5 ± 13.9	-	64.0% (64/100)	S3
														C0
														O2
Fujiwara et al[11]	Cross-sectional study	2000	Kidney	9	41.6 (28-56)	55.6%/44.4%	8.4	Endoscopy, histology	33.3% (3/9)	-	-	-	-	S2
														C0
														O1
Abdulrahman and Al-Quorain[75]	Cross-sectional study	2008	Kidney	36	51.8 ± 12.0	58.3%/41.7%	3.0 ± 1.3	Endoscopy, histology	36.1% (13/36)	44	48.6 ± 12.3	59.1%/40.9%	75.0% (33/44)	S3
														C1
														O2
Davenport et al[76]	Cross-sectional study	1991	Kidney	202	43 (6-74)	61.9%/38.1%	3.8 (0.5-18.3)	Serology	28.7% (58/202)	-	-	-	-	S3
														C1
														O2
Wadhwa et al[77]	Cross-sectional study	2018	Kidney	774	33.4 ± 10.1	85.7%/14.3%	-	Endoscopy, histology	15.4% (119/774)	-	-	-	-	S2
														C0
														O2
Hosseini et al[78]	Randomized controlled trial	2014	Kidney	55	45 ± 12	-	3.6 ± 1.6	Urease test	70.9% (39/55)	-	-	-	-	-
Yousefi et al[79]	Cross-sectional study	2025	Kidney	65	5-18	41.5%/58.5%	1-8	Urease test	3.1% (2/65)	-	-	-	-	S2
														C0
														O3

H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori; S: Selection; C: Comparability; O: Outcome.