Endoscopic score predicting recurrence after foam sclerotherapy in grade I internal hemorrhoids: Development and external validation

doi:10.3748/wjg.121904

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World Journal of Gastroenterology

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1007-9327

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Observational Study

Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Gastroenterol. Oct 21, 2026; 32(39): 121904
Published online Oct 21, 2026. doi: 10.3748/wjg.121904

Table 1 Baseline clinical characteristics of patients in recurrence and no recurrence groups, mean ± SD/n (%)

Variable	Recurrence (n = 115)	No recurrence (n = 368)	P value
Age, years, median (IQR)	55.0 (21.0)	55.0 (18.0)	0.82
Male sex	71 (61.7)	175 (47.6)	0.008^b
Observed follow-up, months	27.4 ± 9.3	61.0 ± 11.0	< 0.0001^d

^bP < 0.01.

^dP < 0.0001.

Median potential follow-up for the entire cohort (reverse Kaplan-Meier): 61.0 months (95% confidence interval: 58.9-63.1). IQR: Interquartile range.

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Table 2 Endoscopic characteristics of patients in recurrence and no recurrence groups (number of hemorrhoids and maximum hemorrhoid diameter), n (%)

Group	Number of hemorrhoids					Maximum hemorrhoid diameter
Group	1	2	3	4	5	< 0.8 cm	0.8 cm ≤ diameter < 1.2 cm	≥ 1.2 cm
Recurrence (n = 115)	0 (0.0)	16 (13.9)	72 (62.6)	26 (22.6)	1 (0.9)	4 (3.5)	71 (61.7)	40 (34.8)
No recurrence (n = 368)	31 (8.4)	143 (38.9)	183 (49.7)	11 (3.0)	0 (0.0)	126 (34.2)	202 (54.9)	40 (10.9)

Overall distribution P value: Number of hemorrhoids, < 0.0001; Maximum hemorrhoid diameter, < 0.0001.

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Table 3 Endoscopic characteristics of patients in recurrence and no recurrence groups (red color sign, mucosal erosion, and dentate line injury), n (%)

Group	Red color sign grade				Mucosal erosion		Dentate-line injury
Group	0	1	2	3	No	Yes	0	< 0.5 cm	≥ 0.5 cm
Recurrence (n = 115)	5 (4.3)	66 (57.4)	31 (27.0)	13 (11.3)	105 (91.3)	10 (8.7)	101 (87.8)	11 (9.6)	3 (2.6)
No recurrence (n = 368)	153 (41.6)	152 (41.3)	63 (17.1)	0 (0.0)	347 (94.3)	21 (5.7)	336 (91.3)	26 (7.1)	6 (1.6)

Overall distribution P value: Red color sign grade, P < 0.0001; Mucosal erosion, P = 0.25; Dentate-line injury, P = 0.26.

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Citation: Zhang FY, Xu LM, Gao FY, Wang W, Lin WL, Zhang H, Wang KZ, Wang QJ, Jin AJ, Yang RP, Qu CY, Zhang Y, Li ZH, Wang D, Shi CC, Shen TB, Shen F, Hu Y, Shen F. Endoscopic score predicting recurrence after foam sclerotherapy in grade I internal hemorrhoids: Development and external validation. World J Gastroenterol 2026; 32(39): 121904
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v32/i39/121904.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.121904

Zhang FY, Xu LM, Gao FY, Wang W, Lin WL, Zhang H, Wang KZ, Wang QJ, Jin AJ, Yang RP, Qu CY, Zhang Y, Li ZH, Wang D, Shi CC, Shen TB, Shen F, Hu Y, Shen F. Endoscopic score predicting recurrence after foam sclerotherapy in grade I internal hemorrhoids: Development and external validation. World J Gastroenterol 2026; 32(39): 121904 [DOI: 10.3748/wjg.121904]

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