Wenyang Jiedu Huayu Formula targets succinate metabolism to alleviate acute-on-chronic liver failure

Table 1 Wenyang Jiedu Huayu Formula composition

Chinese name	Scientific name	Common name	Weight (g)	Part used
Fu Pian	Aconitum carmichaelii Debeaux	Processed aconite lateral root	10	Processed lateral root
Bai Zhu	Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz	Largehead atractylodes rhizome	30	Rhizome
Yin Chen	Artemisia capillaris Thunb	Capillary wormwood herb	30	Aerial part
Dan Shen	Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge	Salvia root	30	Root and rhizome
Chi Shao	Paeonia lactiflora Pall	Red peony root	60	Root
Yi Yi Ren	Coix lacryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen (Roman.) Stapf	Coix seed	30	Seed

Table 2 Flameng scoring criteria for mitochondrial damage

Score	Description
0	Normal mitochondrial morphology
1	Mild swelling, decreased matrix density, and separated cristae
2	Moderate swelling, translucent matrix, and intact cristae
3	Severe swelling, condensed matrix, and ruptured cristae
4	Severe swelling with ruptured cristae, complete loss of inner and outer membranes, and vacuolation

Table 3 Primer sequences for reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction

Gene	Forward sequence (5′-3′)	Reverse sequence (5′-3′)	Size (bp)
SDHA	CTGTTGCCAAGGACCTAGCAT	AGCCTCTTCCTTCACGGAT	70
SDHB	CAAAACCTTCGCCATTTACCG	ATTAGAGCATCCAGCACCATCG	32
HIF-1α	ACGATTGTGAAGTTAATGCTCCC	AACCAACAGAAACGAAACCCC	120
β-actin	ACATCCGTAAAGACCTCTATGCC	TACTCCTGCTTGCTGATCCAC	42

SDHA/B: Succinate dehydrogenase A/B; HIF-1α: Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α.