Urinary N1, N12-diacetylspermine as a potential tumor biomarker for gastric and colorectal cancer

doi:10.3748/wjg.118185

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World Journal of Gastroenterology

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1007-9327

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Observational Study

Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Gastroenterol. Sep 7, 2026; 32(33): 118185
Published online Sep 7, 2026. doi: 10.3748/wjg.118185

Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the study participants

Characteristics	Healthy control (n = 47)	BGD (n = 57)	GC (n = 42)	CRC (n = 63)
Age (median, range)	48.0 (36.5-61.0)	55.0 (44.0-65.0)	58.5 (49.5-65.8)^a	63.0 (55.0-68.0)^a
Gender (female/male)	28/19	27/30	14/28^a	25/38
TNM stage
I + II	-	-	14	30
III + IV	-	-	28	33
CEA (ng/mL)	1.16 (0.92-1.64)	1.85 (1.30-2.90)	2.49 (1.42-7.82)^a	5.04 (2.60-11.80)^a
CA199 (U/mL)	2.04 (0.81-6.31)	12.11 (7.73-18.47)	14.28 (8.97-24.65)^a	14.64 (6.48-99.55)^a
Creatinine (μmol/L)	4314 (2647-8531)	9611 (5299-14520)	6672 (3691-11540)^a	6042 (3257-12250)^a
DiAcSpm (μmol/g· Cre)	0.58 (0.47-0.79)	0.56 (0.41-0.85)	0.82 (0.61-1.25)^a	0.83 (0.56-1.35)^a

^aP < 0.05 vs healthy controls and benign gastrointestinal diseases group.

BGD: Benign gastrointestinal diseases; GC: Gastric cancer; CRC: Colorectal cancer; TNM: Tumor-node-metastasis; CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen; CA199: Carbohydrate antigen 199; DiAcSpm: N1, N12-diacetylspermine.

Full Size Table

Table 2 The relationship between urinary N1, N12-diacetylspermine and clinical features in patients with gastric cancer and those with colorectal cancer, n (%)

Clinical features	GC			CRC
Clinical features	Low (n = 21)¹	High (n = 21)¹	P value	Low (n = 32)¹	High (n = 31)¹	P value
Age			0.756	-		0.799
≤ 60	13 (61.9)	11 (52.4)		12 (37.5)	13 (41.9)
> 60	8 (38.1)	10 (47.6)		20 (62.5)	18 (58.1)
Gender			0.744	-		0.074
Male	15 (71.4)	13 (61.9)		23 (71.9)	15 (48.4)
Female	6 (28.6)	8 (38.1)		9 (28.1)	16 (51.6)
CEA (ng/mL)			1.000	-		0.133
≤ 5	13 (61.9)	13 (61.9)		19 (59.4)	12 (38.7)
> 5	8 (38.1)	8 (38.1)		13 (40.6)	19 (61.3)
CA199 (U/mL)			0.663	-		0.788
≤ 43	17 (81.0)	19 (90.5)		23 (71.9)	21 (67.7)
> 43	4 (19.0)	2 (9.5)		9 (28.1)	10 (32.3)
TNM stage			0.326	-		0.453
I + II	9 (42.9)	5 (23.8)		17 (53.1)	13 (41.9)
III + IV	12 (57.1)	16 (76.2)		15 (46.9)	18 (58.1)
Lymph node metastasis			0.505	-		0.617
Yes	13 (61.9)	16 (76.2)		15 (46.9)	17 (54.8)
No	8 (38.1)	5 (23.8)		17 (53.1)	14 (45.2)
Distant metastasis			0.028	-		0.064
Yes	5 (23.8)	13 (61.9)		7 (21.9)	14 (45.2)
No	16 (76.2)	8 (38.1)		25 (78.1)	17 (54.8)
Differentiation degrees			0.136	-		0.185
Well	2 (9.5)	1 (4.8)		4 (12.5)	2 (6.5)
Moderate	8 (38.1)	3 (14.3)		25 (78.1)	21 (67.7)
Poor	11 (52.4)	17 (80.9)		3 (9.4)	8 (25.8)

¹Urinary DiAcSpm.

GC: Gastric cancer; CRC: Colorectal cancer; DiAcSpm: N1, N12-diacetylspermine; CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen; CA199: Carbohydrate antigen 199; TNM: Tumor-node-metastasis.

Full Size Table

Citation: Zheng HZ, Wang P, Zheng HJ, Wang ZQ, Li QX, Chen HW, Chen HQ, Lei QC. Urinary N1, N12-diacetylspermine as a potential tumor biomarker for gastric and colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2026; 32(33): 118185
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v32/i33/118185.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.118185

Zheng HZ, Wang P, Zheng HJ, Wang ZQ, Li QX, Chen HW, Chen HQ, Lei QC. Urinary N1, N12-diacetylspermine as a potential tumor biomarker for gastric and colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2026; 32(33): 118185 [DOI: 10.3748/wjg.118185]

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