First large-scale prospective evaluation of serum S100A6 as a complementary biomarker for early pancreatic cancer detection

Table 1 Baseline demographic and laboratory characteristics, n (%)/medians (interquartile range)

	Early PC	Late PC	CP	H	P value1
n	149	152	52	61
Age (years)	62 (53-69)	60 (51-68)	62 (52-70)	61 (53-67)	0.646
Sex					0.907
Male	86 (57.7)	86 (56.6)	27 (51.9)	35 (57.4)
Female	63 (42.3)	66 (43.4)	25 (48.1)	26 (42.6)
Cancer histology type					0.999
Ductal adenocarcinoma	136 (91.3)	139 (91.4)
Neuroendocrine carcinoma	4 (2.7)	4 (2.6)
Others2	9 (4.0)	9 (5.9)
TNM classification
Stage I	9
Stage II	140
Stage III		53
Stage IV		99
Underlying DM	60 (40.3)	53 (34.9)	17 (32.7)	0 (0.0)	< 0.001
Smoking status					0.181
Ex-smoker	9 (6.0)	14 (9.2)	6 (11.5)	7 (11.5)
Non-smoker	102 (68.5)	89 (58.6)	27 (51.9)	42 (68.9)
Smoker	38 (25.5)	49 (32.2)	19 (36.5)	12 (19.7)
Presence of other malignancy	6 (4.0)	6 (3.9)	6 (11.5)	1 (1.6)	0.066
Serum markers
S100A6 (ng/mL)	61.4 (18.8-114.2)	43.6 (19.7-101.3)	22.9 (11.9-41.9)	21.2 (13.3-37.0)	< 0.001
CA19-9 (U/mL)	100.6 (23.0-493.7)	282.6 (25.9-3118.7)	14.5 (6.8-30.4)	7.9 (4.0-12.5)	< 0.001
CEA (ng/mL)	2.1 (1.3-3.4)	3.0 (1.4-10.0)	2.2 (1.6-3.6)	1.2 (0.9-1.6)	< 0.001

¹Age was compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test; diabetes mellitus using Fisher’s exact test; other categorical variables using the χ² test.

²Histologic types other than pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and neuroendocrine tumor included acinar cell carcinoma, solid pseudopapillary neoplasm and others.

PC: Pancreatic cancer; CP: Chronic pancreatitis; H: Healthy control; TNM: Tumor-node-metastasis; DM: Diabetes mellitus; CA19-9: Carbohydrate antigen 19-9; CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen.

Table 2 Univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression analysis for distinguishing pancreatic cancer from chronic pancreatitis and healthy controls

	Univariate binary logistic regression		Multivariate binary logistic regression
	OR (95%CI)	P value	OR (95%CI)	P value
Age	1.00 (0.98-1.02)	0.972
Sex	0.91 (0.59-1.41)	0.677
Underlying DM	3.39 (1.93-5.98)	< 0.001	1.85 (0.94-3.63)	0.075
Smoking status
Ex-smoker vs non-smoker	0.64 (0.31-1.33)	0.232
Smoker vs non-smoker	1.01 (0.62-1.66)	0.957
Other malignancy	0.63 (0.24-1.64)	0.342
Serum markers
S100A6	1.82 (1.46-2.26)	< 0.001	1.82 (1.40-2.37)	< 0.001a
CA19-9	2.25 (1.85-2.72)	< 0.001	2.21 (1.80-2.72)	< 0.001a
CEA	6.51 (2.82-15.06)	< 0.001	1.52 (0.51-4.55)	0.454

^aP < 0.05.

CI: Confidence interval; OR: Odds ratio; DM: Diabetes mellitus; CA19-9: Carbohydrate antigen 19-9; CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen.