Network pharmacology and in vivo study: Unraveling the therapeutic mechanisms of Panax ginseng in potentially treating ulcerative colitis

Table 1 Scoring criteria for inflammation-associated histological changes

Score	Inflammation	Crypt damage	Ulceration	Edema
0	No infiltrate	None	None	Absent
1	Occasional cells limited to submucosa	Some crypt damage, spaces between crypts	Small, focal ulcers	Present
2	Significant presence of inflammatory cells in submucosa limited to focal areas	Larger spaces between crypts, loss of goblet cells, some shortening of crypts	Frequent small ulcers	-
3	Infiltrate is present in both submucosa and lamina propria, limited to focal areas	Large areas without crypts, surrounded by normal crypts	Large areas lacking surface epithelium	-
4	A large amount of infiltrate in the submucosa, lamina propria, and surrounding blood vessels, covering large areas of mucosa	No crypts	-	-
5	Transmural inflammation (mucosa to muscularis)	-	-	-

Table 2 Primers for real time-quantitative PCR

Gene	Forward	Reverse
TNF-α	5′-CCCCAAAGGGATGAGAAGTTC-3′	5′-CCTCCACTTGGTGGTTTGCT-3′
IL-1β	5′-GTTCCCATTAGACAACTGCACTACAG-3′	5′-GTCGTTGCTTGGTTCTCCTTGTA-3′
IL-6	5′-CCAGAAACCGCTATGAAGTTCC-3′	5′-GTTGGGAGTGGTATCCTCTGTGA-3′
COX2	5′-CAGTTTATGTTGTCTGTCCAGAGTTTC-3′	5′-CCAGCACTTCACCCATCAGTT-3
iNOS	5′-GAACTGTAGCACAGCACAGGAAAT-3′	5′-CGTACCGGATGAGCTGTGAAT-3′
β-Actin	5′-GTCAGGTCATCACTATCGGCAAT-3′	5′-AGAGGTCTTTACGGATGTCAACGT-3′

Table 3 Parameters of active ingredients of Panax ginseng

Active ingredient	Degree	Betweenness	Closeness
Gomisin B	35.0	1180.6964	0.46575344
Ginsenoside-Rh4_qt	32.0	1050.481	0.4573991
Deoxyharringtonine	31.0	1032.064	0.45333335
Ginsenoside Rg5_qt	30.0	872.32416	0.4493392
Panaxadiol	29.0	995.441	0.44541484
Girinimbin	28.0	1012.3926	0.44155845
Celabenzine	26.0	677.8078	0.43404254
Alexandrin_qt	25.0	728.7032	0.43037975
Aposiopolamine	24.0	684.26025	0.42677826
Suchilactone	24.0	540.3291	0.42323652
Arachidonate	23.0	651.64233	0.42323652
Kaempferol	19.0	426.3942	0.40963855
Beta-sitosterol	18.0	342.33905	0.4063745
Stigmasterol	18.0	352.47723	0.4063745
Inermin	17.0	323.1763	0.40316206
Fumarine	15.0	223.88904	0.39688715
Frutinone A	11.0	144.62103	0.38490567
Ginsenoside rh2	6.0	32.973564	0.3709091
Dianthramine	4.0	21.07494	0.3655914
Diop	2.0	2.9129128	0.36042404