Declining eradication rates of Helicobacter pylori with standard triple therapy in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics of study subjects

Variables		Helicobacter pylori stool antigen test after treatment
		Negative	Positive
		Negative	Positive
Sex	Male	60	12
	Female	70	10
Age	18-30	41	12
	31-40	39	2
	41-51	25	5
	51-60	16	2
	Above 61	9	1
Body mass index	Less than 18.5	4	1
	18.5-24.9	85	15
	25-29.9	33	5
	30-34.9	6	1
	35-39.9	2	0
	Above 40	0	0
Educational level	Unable to read and write	14	2
	Grade 1-8	23	1
	Grade 9-12	34	11
	Diploma	28	3
	Degree and above	31	5
Residency	Rural	20	7
	Urban	110	15
Average monthly family income in Ethiopian Birr	Less than 1000 birr	5	2
	1000-5000 birr	21	4
	5000-10000 birr	38	7
	Above 10000 birr	66	9

Table 2 Clinical information and Helicobacter pylori eradication rate of standard triple therapy

Variables		Frequency	Percent (%)
Previous diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori		45	29.6
Previous treatment with standard triple therapy		23	15.1
Duration of gastrointestinal symptoms	One week	3	2.0
	Two weeks	15	9.9
	One month	26	17.1
	Three months	22	14.5
	3-6 months	25	16.4
	Six months to 1 year	39	25.7
	One to Two years	8	5.3
	≥ 3 years	14	9.2
Pain worsens	After meal	73	48.0
	Before meal	31	20.4
	During night	15	9.9
	Always present	33	21.7
Intake of PPI in the past 2 weeks to control symptoms		27	17.8
History of chronic medical illness	Liver disease	5	3.3
	Kidney disease	7	4.6
	Diabetes mellitus	8	5.3
	Hypertension	14	9.2
	Cardiac	7	4.6
	Pulmonary disease	2	1.3
	Neurologic	3	2.0
Alcohol consumption	Local beverage (Tella, Tej, Areke)	25	16.4
	Beer	38	25.0
	Wine	5	3.3
	Whisky	2	1.3
	Other	2	1.3
Smoking		18	11.8
Use of homemade remedy during triple therapy		16	10.5
Use of traditional homemade remedy	Telba	29	19.1
	Abesh	21	13.8
	Milk	29	19.1
	Hot water	0	0.0
	Other	4	2.6
Adherence to treatment	Good adherence	131	86.2
	Medium adherence	21	13.8
	Poor adherence	0	0.0
Adverse side effects of triple therapy		23	15.1
Outcome of treatment	Helicobacter pylori eradication achieved	130	85.5
	Helicobacter pylori eradication failed	22	14.5

PPI: Proton pump inhibitor.

Table 3 Factors affecting Helicobacter pylori eradication in selected healthcare institutions Addis Ababa, n (%)

Variable	Post-treatment Helicobacter pylori stool antigen test		Odds ratio (95%CI)		P value
	Successful eradication	Failed eradication	Crude	Adjusted
Prior diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori					< 0.001
Yes	30 (23.1)	15(68.2)	0.140 (0.052-0.375)	0.159 (0.050-0.511)
No	100 (76.9)	7 (31.8)		1
Alcohol intake					0.001
Local	13 (10.0)	12 (5.5)	0.164 (0.048-0.559)	0.228 (0.052-0.997)
Beer	33 (25.4)	5 (22.7)	0.271 (0.026-2.777)	0.122 (0.007-2.224)
Wine	4 (3.1)	1 (4.5)	0	0
Whisky	2 (1.5)	0	1.083 (0.061-19.313)	0.666 (0.27-16.692)
Other	1 (0.8)	1 (4.5)	0.042 (0.010-0.170)	0.065 (0.013-0.317)
No	77 (59.2)	3 (13.6)		1
Smoking					0.01
Yes	10 (7.7)	8 (36.4)	0.146 (0.049-0.43)	0.206 (0.052-0.822)
No	120 (92.3)	14 (63.6)		1
Symptom resolution					0.006
Feeling better	81 (62.3)	5 (22.7)	5.786 (1.968-17.012)	5.383 (1.374-21.089)
Improved, but still had a Feeling	42 (32.3)	15 (68.2)	6.629 (0.756-28.354)	1.885 (0.185-19.242)
No improvement	7 (5.4)	2 (9.1)		1

CI: Confidence interval