Deep learning-based localization and lesion detection in capsule endoscopy for patients with suspected small-bowel bleeding

Table 1 Diagnostic performance of artificial intelligence model for localization and lesion detection methods on the test dataset

	Diagnostic performance (%) (95%CI)
	Accuracy	Sensitivity	Specificity	PPV	NPV	AUC
Localization
Stomach	99.4 (99.4-99.4)	98.7 (98.6-98.7)	99.6 (99.6-99.6)	98.6 (98.6-98.6)	99.6 (99.6-99.7)	100 (100.0-100.0)
Small-bowel	97.4 (97.4-97.4)	96.1 (96.1-96.1)	97.9 (97.9-97.9)	94.7 (94.7-94.7)	98.5 (98.5-98.5)	99.5 (99.5-99.5)
Colon	97.5 (97.4-97.5)	97.1 (97.1-97.1)	97.8 (97.8-97.8)	97.9 (97.9-97.9)	97.0 (97.0-97.0)	99.6 (99.6-99.6)
Detection of small-bowel abnormalities
Normal	99.3 (99.3-99.3)	99.5 (99.5-99.5)	95.3 (95.2-95.5)	99.8 (99.8-99.8)	86.4 (86.5-86.9)	99.1 (99.0-99.1)
Abnormal
Erosions/ulcers	99.4 (99.4-99.4)	90.1 (89.8-90.2)	99.7 (99.7-99.7)	89.1 (88.8-89.3)	99.7 (99.7-99.7)	98.9 (98.8-98.9)
Angiodysplasia	99.8 (99.8-99.8)	100 (100.0-100.0)	99.8 (99.8-99.8)	58.8 (64.0-65.3)	100 (100.0-100.0)	99.7 (99.7-99.7)
Bleeding	99.9 (99.9-99.9)	100 (100.0-100.0)	99.9 (99.9-99.9)	66.7 (71.9-73.6)	100 (100.0-100.0)	99.9 (99.9-99.9)

PPV: Positive predictive value; NPV: Negative predictive value; AUC: Area under receiver-operating characteristic curve.

Table 2 Comparison of small-bowel capsule endoscopy reading performance of conventional reading and artificial intelligence-assisted reading, n (%)/mean ± SD

	Conventional reading (n = 32)	AI-assisted reading (n = 32)	P value
Reading time	57.19 ± 20.30	9.03 ± 4.25	< 0.001
Small-bowel localization
First small-bowel localization	31 (96.9)	28 (87.5)	0.18
First colon localization	26 (81.2)	20 (62.5)	0.08
Detection of small-bowel abnormalities
Detection score	0.73 ± 0.40	0.75 ± 0.42	0.88

AI: Artificial intelligence.

Table 3 Comparison of diagnostic performance for small-bowel abnormality detection between conventional and artificial intelligence-assisted reading

	Diagnostic performance (%) (95%CI)					P value
	Accuracy	Sensitivity	Specificity	PPV	NPV
Erosions/ulcers
Conventional reading	81 (80.5-81.3)	64 (63.4-64.8)	100 (100-100)	100 (100-100)	71 (70.4-71.6)	0.746
AI-assisted reading	84 (84.1-84.9)	71 (70.0-71.4)	100 (100-100)	100 (100-100)	75 (74.7-75.9)
Angiodysplasia
Conventional reading	87 (87.0-87.7)	56 (54.5-56.6)	100 (100-100)	100 (99.1-99.9)	85 (84.5-85.4)	0.719
AI-assisted reading	91 (90.3-90.9)	67 (65.1-67.0)	100 (100-100)	100 (99.5-100)	88 (88.0-88.8)
Bleeding
Conventional reading	94 (93.6-94.2)	67 (65.8-68.4)	100 (100-100)	98 (97.6-99.2)	93 (92.7-93.3)	0.071
AI-assisted reading	84 (83.8-84.6)	67 (65.6-68.2)	88 (87.9-88.6)	57 (55.8-58.2)	92 (91.7-92.4)

AI: Artificial intelligence; PPV: Positive predictive value; NPV: Negative predictive value.