Extracellular vesicles as biomarkers for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease staging using explainable artificial intelligence

Table 1 Patient characteristics

Feature	Count	Missing (%)	Mean	SD
Age	74	2.63	55.34	13.20
Height	75	1.32	1.68	0.09
Weight	75	1.32	80.81	14.30
Mean size	74	2.63	138.16	19.76
50-150 nm	74	2.63	8.27 × 1010	4.37 × 1010
> 150 nm	74	2.63	5.84 × 1010	4.85 × 1010
Sum (50-1000 nm)	74	2.63	1.41 × 1011	7.04 × 1010

Table 2 Summary of categorical features

Feature	Count	Missing (%)	Percentage
Sex	75	1.32	58.67 (males)
Diabetes	76	0	19.74
S0	21	0	27.63
S1	20	0	26.32
S2	14	0	18.42
S3	21	0	27.63
F0-F1	40	0	52.63
F2	23	0	30.26
F2-F3	5	0	6.58
F3-F4	2	0	2.63
F4	6	0	7.89

Table 3 Performance on the CatBoost-C1a (a) and CatBoost-C2h-21 (b)

Model		spec_cv_m	sens_cv_m	roc_cv_m	f1_cv_m
CB-C1a	Mean	0.76	0.66	0.71	0.72
	SD	0.05	0.06	0.03	0.05
	Min	0.65	0.53	0.67	0.64
	25%	0.73	0.63	0.68	0.68
	50%	0.76	0.66	0.71	0.73
	75%	0.79	0.70	0.73	0.75
	Max	0.83	0.74	0.77	0.78
CB-C2h-21	Mean	0.80	0.81	0.81	0.71
	SD	0.06	0.06	0.04	0.05
	Min	0.68	0.74	0.77	0.64
	25%	0.78	0.76	0.78	0.67
	50%	0.81	0.80	0.79	0.69
	75%	0.85	0.85	0.82	0.73
	Max	0.89	0.92	0.89	0.81

Using ten times iterative 5CV and 3CV for Case 1 and Case 2, respectively. Here x_cv_m for x in {spec, sens, roc, f1} corresponds to {specificity, sensitivity, receiver operating characteristic-area under the curve, F1}. roc: Receiver operating characteristic; spec: Specificity; sens: Sensitivity; CB-C2h-21: CatBoost C2h-21; CB-C1a: The CatBoost C1a; C1: Case 1; C2: Case 2; Min: Minimum; Max: Maximum.

Table 4 Advanced fibrosis and diabetes

Group	Total patients	Advanced fibrosis	Diabetes	Advanced fibrosis and diabetes
S0	21	0/21 (0.0)	0/21 (0.0)	0/21 (0.0)
S1-S3	53	6/53 (11.3)	13/53 (24.5)	5/53 (9.4)
S3	19	3/19 (15.8)	9/19 (47.4)	3/19 (15.8)
S0-S2	55	3/55 (5.5)	4/55 (7.3)	2/55 (3.6)
S1-S2	34	3/34 (8.8)	4/34 (11.8)	2/34 (5.9)

Data are presented as n (%).