Early detection of gastroparesis with diabetic ketoacidosis as initial manifestation: A case-control study

Table 1 Comparison between diabetic ketoacidosis with gastroparesis and diabetic ketoacidosis alone

	DKA + gastroparesis (n = 15)	DKA alone (n = 60)	P value1
Age (mean, ± SD) (years)	35.47 ± 10.97	33.60 ± 17.1	0.474
Female patients, n (%)	6.0 (40.0)	26.0 (43.3)	0.818
Type 2 DM, n (%)	7.0 (46.7)	28.0 (46.7)	0.495
Course of disease (years)	9.0 (5.0-13.0)	7.0 (0-14.0)	0.265
BMI (kg/m2)	19.28 ± 3.16b	23.86 ± 5.90b	0.007
TC (mmol/L)	6.09 ± 2.64	5.26 ± 2.14	0.263
TG (mmol/L)	3.82 ± 4.39	2.85 ± 5.41	0.553
HDL-C (mmol/L)	2.34 ± 1.60a	1.05 ± 0.36a	0.019
LDL-C (mmol/L)	4.44 ± 2.61	3.08 ± 1.31	0.09
HbA1c (%)	7.07 ± 1.04a	11.51 ± 2.75a	0.01
SDBG (mmol/L)	2.69 ± 0.56a	5.83 ± 2.07a	0.01
LAGE (mmol/L)	5.86 ± 2.87a	17.41 ± 7.22a	0.01
MAGE (mmol/L)	4.50 ± 1.62	6.36 ± 3.41	0.125
CV (%)	0.31 ± 0.11a	0.55 ± 0.25a	0.014
Blood glucose variation before and after meals (mmol/L)	2.85 ± 1.79	3.44 ± 4.19	0.473
Fasting C-peptide (nmol/L)	0.44 ± 0.33	0.75 ± 0.75	0.353
Fasting insulin (μU/mL)	23.40 ± 27.86	20.40 ± 32.71	0.9
ACR (mg/g)	245.22 ± 320.06	125.12 ± 416.71	0.536

¹Mann-Whitney U test.

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

DKA: Diabetic ketoacidosis; BMI: Body mass index; TC: Total cholesterol; TG: Triglycerides; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HbA1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin; SDBG: Standard deviation of blood glucose; LAGE: Largest amplitude of glycemic excursions; MAGE: Mean amplitude of glucose excursions; CV: Coefficient of blood glucose variation; ACR: Urinary albumin-creatinine ratio.