Eiamkulbutr S, Tubjareon C, Sanpavat A, Phewplung T, Srisan N, Sintusek P. Diseases of bile duct in children. World J Gastroenterol 2024; 30(9): 1043-1072 [PMID: 38577180 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i9.1043]
Corresponding Author of This Article
Palittiya Sintusek, MD, PhD, Associate Professor, Center of Excellence in Thai Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Immunology, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Chulalongkorn University, 1873 Rama IV, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. palittiya.s@chula.ac.th
Research Domain of This Article
Gastroenterology & Hepatology
Article-Type of This Article
Review
Open-Access Policy of This Article
This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Easy to use; improve the ability to analyze near-normal stool color; automated reminder every 1-2 wk until 8 wk of life; current contact with a pediatrician if abnormal
Measuring conjugated bilirubin levels in all infants aged 4-28 d infants with conjugated bilirubin > 18 μmol or % conjugated bilirubin > 20% were followed up and further evaluated immediately
Table 7 Characteristics of cholesterol and pigmented gallstones in children[150,152]
Cholesterol stones
Pigmented stones
Brown
Black
Mechanism
Hypersecretion of cholesterol. Increased mucin production. Decreased gallbladder motility
Biliary tract infected with bacteria producing β-glucuronidase. Excess bilirubin glucuronides in bile to unconjugated bilirubin or phospholipase A1 hydrolysis of biliary phosphatidylcholines that creates calcium salts
Increased bilirubin production. Decreased enterohepatic circulation (ileal disease) of the endogenous bile salt pool
Content
Cholesterol (50%), glycoprotein and minimal calcium salts
Calcium bilirubinate (60%), calcium palmitate and stearate (15%), cholesterol (15%), and mucin glycoprotein (10%)
Bile-pigmented polymer (40%), calcium carbonate or phosphate salts (15%), and cholesterol (5%)
Risk factor
Obesity, adolescence, Hispanic ethnicity, female, and family history
Bacterial (E.coli) or parasitic infection, bile duct anomaly, and birth control pills
Hemolytic anemia, cirrhosis, TPN, ceftriaxone, and ileal resection
Citation: Eiamkulbutr S, Tubjareon C, Sanpavat A, Phewplung T, Srisan N, Sintusek P. Diseases of bile duct in children. World J Gastroenterol 2024; 30(9): 1043-1072