Mitochondrial dysfunction affects hepatic immune and metabolic remodeling in patients with hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the included patients

Variable	HD (n = 16)	ACLF (n = 17)	P value
Age (yr)	47.24 ± 2.01	52.18 ± 4.16	0.2964
Gender [male, n (%)]	14 (87.5)	17 (100)	0.227
Other liver disorders, n (%)
Cirrhosis	0 (0)	17 (100)	< 0.0001
MAFLD	5 (31.25)	0 (0)	0.044
None	11 (68.75)	0 (0)	< 0.0001
Laboratory measurements
WBC (× 109)	14.01 (7.69)	7.86 ± 1.07	< 0.0001
NEUT (%)	78.20 (19.50)	71.90 (14.95)	0.1705
PLT (× 109)	199.44 ± 26.26	70.00 ± 8.80	0.0002
TBIL (μmol/L)	10.16 ± 1.01	332.05 ± 51.60	< 0.0001
AST (IU/L)	36.00 (35.55)	94.50 (83.15)	0.0106
ALT (IU/L)	24.00 (41.05)	67.50 (67.8)	0.0281
ALB (g/L)	42.98 ± 0.86	37.25 ± 1.26	0.0007
Sodium (mmol/L)	142.32 ± 1.43	135.40 ± 1.48	0.0023
CREA (μmol/L)	71.00 (28.40)	64.00 (39.50)	0.8717
BUN (mmol/L)	5.69 (3.24)	5.40 (6.30)	0.8094
PT (S)	12.29 ± 0.36	27.36 ± 2.28	< 0.0001
INR	1.02 ± 0.04	2.56 ± 0.26	< 0.0001
PTA (%)	ND	28.00 (31.00)	ND
hs-CRP (mg/L)	ND	8.41 (8.73)	ND
PCT (ng/mL)	ND	0.51 (0.37)	ND
LAC (mmol/L)	ND	2.78 ± 0.21	ND
NH3 (μmol/L)	ND	84.9 ± 10.19	ND
ESR (mm/h)	ND	10.00 (9.5)	ND
ACLF risk scores
MELD score	ND	28.65 ± 1.42	ND
MELD category, n (%)
1: ≥ 40	ND	1 (5.9)	ND
2: 30-39	ND	8 (47.1)	ND
3: 20-29	ND	7 (41.1)	ND
4: 15-19	ND	1 (5.9)	ND
MELD-Na (score)	ND	32.83 ± 2.42	ND
COSSH-ACLF II score	ND	7.69 ± 0.30	ND

All values are expressed as mean ± SEM, median (IQR), or number (percentages). Data with normal distribution were compared using unpaired student’s t-test, and the Mann-Whitney test was used for data without non-normal. Categorical variables were compared using chi-squared tests.

MAFLD: Metabolic associated fatty liver disease; NEUT: Neutrophilic granulocyte; PLT: Platelet; TBIL: Total bilirubin; AST: Aspartate transaminase; ALT: Alanine transaminase; ALB: Albumin; CREA: Creatinine; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; PT: Prothrombin time; INR: International normalized ratio; PTA: Prothrombin time activity; hs-CRP: Hypersensitive C-reactive protein; PCT: Procalcitonin; LAC: Lactate; ESR: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate; MELD: Model for end-stage liver disease; MELD-Na: Model for end-stage liver disease includes serum sodium; COSSH-ACLF II: Chinese group on the study of severe hepatitis B- acute-on-chronic liver failure II; HD: Healthy donor; ACLF: Acute-on-chronic liver failure; ND: Not determined.