Relationship among Parkinson’s disease, constipation, microbes, and microbiological therapy

Table 1 Correlation between Parkinson’s disease-related constipation and microorganisms and their metabolites

	Positive	Negative	Ref.
Microbial diversity	Alpha diversity		[93,100]
Gut microbiota	Dorea, Oscillospira, Ruminococcus, Lactobacillus plantarum subgroup, Bifidobacterium, Verrucomicrobiaceae, Bradyrhizobiaceae	Faecalibacterium, Roseburia, Enterobacteriaceae cluster, Atopobium cluster	[36,93,100,107,128]
Metabolites	p-cresol and its sulfated form, phenylacetylglutamine, xanthine, D-alanine, L-lactic acid, D-ribose, pantothenic acid. glycerolipids, sphingolipids, sterol lipids	Butyrate, acetic acid	[93,128,123,126]
Enterotype	Firmicutes	Prevotella	[100]

Table 2 Microbial alterations in Parkinson’s disease-related constipation after microbial treatments

Microbial treatments	Study design	Participant	Duration	Microbial alterations		Results	Ref.
				Increased	Decreased
Probiotics	Randomized controlled clinical trial	46	12 wk	g_Christensenella_sp._Marseille-P2437	g_Eubacterium_oxidoreducens_group, g_Eubacterium_hallii_group, s_Odoribacter_sp._N54.MGS-14 and Prevotellaceae	The probiotics group increased the average number of complete bowel movements per week as compared to the control group. The improvement rate of constipation in the probiotics group was significantly higher than that in the control group	[18]
FMT	Case report	1	3 d	Firmicutes	Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes	After FMT, patients successfully defecated within 5 min and maintained daily unobstructed defecation until the end of follow-up	[14]
FMT	A prospective, single-center study	11	1 d	Blautia, Prevotella	Bacteroidetes	The PAC-QOL and Wexner constipation scores both decreased significantly	[129]

FMT: Fecal microbiota transplantation; PAC-QOL: Patient assessment of constipation quality of life.