Histopathological impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the liver: Cellular damage and long-term complications

Table 1 Liver injury in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 infection, n (%)

Ref.	Condition	Present
Lagana et al[28]	Lobular necroinflammation	20/40 (50)
Sonzogni et al[45]	Inflammation and fibrosis	24/48 (50)
Chu et al[32]	Inflammation and necrosis	24/24 (100)
Schmit et al[43]	Centrilobular necrosis	11/13 (85)
	Lobular inflammation	8/13 (62)
Duarte-Neto et al[51]	Centrilobular/midzonal necrosis	49/75 (65)
Sweed et al[33]	Inflammation and necrosis	1/1 (100)
Vishwajeet et al[44]	Lobular inflammation	13/20 (65)
	Kupffer cell hypertrophy	17/20 (85)
Yurdaisik et al[48]	Extensive necrosis	2/7 (29)
	Patchy necrosis	4/7 (57)
Canillas et al[52]	Fibrosis	8/14 (57)
Ramos-Rincon et al[47]	Necrosis	5/39 (13)
Santana et al[49]	Necrosis	26/27 (96)
	Lobular inflammation	2/27 (7)
Pesti et al[29]	Fibrosis	78/150 (52)
	Necrosis	103/145 (71)
	Chronic inflammation	63/146 (43)

Inflammation cell types varied between neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes.

Table 2 Liver steatosis in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 infection, n (%)

Ref.	Histological findings	Present
Lagana et al[28]	Macrovesicular steatosis	30/40 (75)
Sonzogni et al[45]	Steatosis	26/48 (54)
Chu et al[32]	Microvesicular steatosis	20/24 (83)
	Macrovesicular steatosis	5/24 (21)
Vishwajeet et al[44]	Macrovesicular steatosis	18/20 (90)
Duarte-Neto et al[51]	Steatohepatitis	3/75 (4)
	Steatosis	42/75 (56)
Schmit et al[43]	Steatosis	9/13 (69)
Sweed et al[33]	Macrovesicular steatosis	1/1 (100)
Santana et al[49]	Steatosis	17/27 (63)
Yurdaisik et al[48]	Macrovesicular steatosis	4/7 (57)
Canillas et al[52]	Steatohepatitis	10/14 (71)
	Steatosis	1/14 (7)
Ramos-Rincon et al[47]	Steatosis	12/39 (31)
Pesti et al[29]	Steatosis	93/147 (63)

Some authors refer to the severity of steatosis as mild < 10% or severe > 10%, and others as macrovesicular or microvesicular steatosis.

Table 3 Vascular thrombosis and endothelial inflammation in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 infection, n (%)

Ref.	Histological findings	Present
Pesti et al[29]	Endothelial cell damage	119/119 (100)
	Sinus dilatation	119/119 (100)
	Fibrin	119/119 (100)
Duarte-Neto et al[51]	Centrilobular congestion	75/75 (100)
	Sinusoidal thrombosis	5/75 (7)
Chu et al[32]	Portal inflammation	23/24 (96)
Schmit et al[43]	Portal inflammation	12/13 (92)
Santana et al[49]	Centrilobular congestion	23/27 (85)
	Portal inflammation	14/27 (52)
Fassan et al[31]	Sinusoidal ectasia	21/25 (84)
	Sinusoidal microthrombi	5/25 (20)
	Portal vein thrombosis	3/25 (12)
Sonzogni et al[45]	Portal inflammation	32/48 (66)
Kondo et al[56]	Sinusoidal thrombosis	23/43 (53)
	SEA	19/43 (44)
	PMT	14/43 (32)
Lagana et al[28]	Portal inflammation	20/40 (50)
Vishwajeet et al[44]	Portal inflammation	10/20 (50)

PMT: Platelet microthrombi; SEA: Sinusoidal erythrocyte aggregation.