Chitin-glucan improves important pathophysiological features of irritable bowel syndrome

Table 1 Disease activity index (0-5)

Parameters	Scores
Weight loss	0: No; 1: < 10%; 2: ≥ 10%
Stool consistency	0: Regular; 1: Soft; 2: Diarrhea
Blood occurrence	0: Absence; 1: Presence

Table 2 Histological score (0-18)

Parameters	Score	Description
Severity of inflammation	0	None
	1	Slight
	2	Moderate
	3	Severe
Extent	0	None
	1	Mucosa
	2	Mucosa and submucosa
	3	Transmural
Regeneration	4	No tissue repair
	3	Surface epithelium not intact
	2	Regeneration with crypt depletion
	1	Almost complete regeneration
	0	Complete regeneration or normal tissue
Crypt damage	0	None
	1	Basal 1/3 damaged
	2	Basal 2/3 damaged
	3	Only surface epithelium intact
	4	Entire crypt and epithelium lost
Involvement	1	1%-25%
	2	26%-50%
	3	51%-75%
	4	76%-100%

Table 3 Sequences of the primers

Human genes	Primer sequences (5’-3’)
GAPDH	F: 5’-GAC ACC CAC TCC TCC ACC TTT-3’
	R: 5’-TTG CTG TAG CCA AAT TCG TTG T- 3
IL-1b	F: 5’-GAT GCA CCT GTA CGA TCA CT-3’
	R: 5’-GAT GCA CCT GTA CGA TCA CT-3’
IL-8	F: 5’-AAA TCA GGA AGG CTG CCA AGA-3’
	R: 5’-AAG GAA CCA TCT CAC TGT GTG TAA AC-3’
IL-10	F: 5’-ACTTTAAGGGTTACCTGGGTTGC-3’
	R: 5’-TCACATGCGCCTTGATGTCTG-3’
PPARa	F: 5’-CCA GTA TTT AGG AAG CTG TCC-3’
	R: 5’-AAG TTC TTC AAG TAG CCC TCG-3’
MOR	F: 5’-GAT CAT GGC CCT CTA CTC CA-3’
	R: 5’-TGG TGG CAG TCT TCA TCT TG-3’
CB2	F: 5’-GCT AAG TGC CCT GGA GAA CGT-3’
	R: 5’- TCA GCC CCA GCC AAG CT-3’
ZO-1	F: 5’-AGA GCA ATG GAG GAA ACA GC-3’
	R: 5’-CCC CAC TCT GAA AAT GAG GA-3’
ZO-2	F: 5’-GGA GCT GTC AGG TTG GCT C-3’
	R: 5’-GTC TCT GCC TCC GGA CAC T-3’
Claudin2	F: 5’-AAG GCT CTG CAA AGA ACT GC-3’
	R: 5’-CTG CCA GGC TGA CTT CTC TC-3’
MUC2	F: 5’-CTT CGA CGG ACT CTA CTA CAG C-3’
	R: 5’-CTT TGG TGT TGT TGC CAA AC-3’
MUC5AC	F: 5’-AGAGTGGGAGCTGGGAGAGAG-3’
	R: 5’-AGCTCA-GAGGACATATGGGAGGT-3’