Treatment patterns and survival outcomes in patients with non-metastatic early-onset pancreatic cancer

Table 1 Clinical characteristics in patients with non-metastatic early-onset pancreatic cancer

Characteristics	n (%)
Age (yr)
Median (range)	46 (20-50)
< 45	115 (41.5)
≥ 45	162 (58.5)
Sex
Male	190 (68.6)
Female	87 (31.4)
Tumor site
Body and tail	85 (30.6)
Head	193 (69.4)
Clinical manifestation
Abdominal pain	136 (49.1)
Jaundice	83 (30.0)
New-onset diabetes	12 (4.3)
Back pain	9 (3.2)
No symptoms	28 (10.1)
Others	9 (3.2)
History of tobacco	102 (36.8)
History of alcohol	72 (26.0)
Obesity	19 (6.9)
Pre-existing diabetes	10 (3.6)
History of chronic pancreatitis	6 (2.2)
Baseline CA19-9 (U/mL)
≥ 150	126 (51.2)
< 150	120 (48.8)
Unknown	31
Pathological grade
Well	12 (5.4)
Moderate	110 (49.5)
Poor	100 (45.0)
Unknown	55
T-stage
1	33 (11.9)
2	124 (44.8)
3	56 (20.2)
4	62 (22.4)
X	2 (0.7)
N-stage
0	172 (62.1)
1	95 (34.3)
2	10 (3.6)
Clinical stage
Localized	215 (77.6)
Locally advanced	62 (22.4)
Resection	218 (78.7)
Chemotherapy	207 (74.7)
Radiotherapy	75 (27.1)
Immunotherapy	86 (31.0)
Targeted therapy	55 (19.9)

CA19-9: Carbohydrate antigen 19-9; X: No assessment.

Table 2 Treatment details based on clinical stage

Treatment	n (%)
Localized disease	215 (77.6)
Resection	204 (94.9)
Neoadjuvant and/or adjuvant therapy	124 (60.8)1
Surgery alone	80 (39.2)
Nonsurgical therapy	11 (5.1)
Locally advanced disease	62 (22.4)
Surgery after neoadjuvant therapy	14 (22.6)
Radiotherapy-based combination therapy	29 (46.8)2
Chemotherapy	19 (30.6)

¹10 neoadjuvant therapy, 120 adjuvant therapy.

²6 intensity-modulated radiotherapy, 23 stereotactic body radiotherapy.

Table 3 Univariate and multivariate analyses for overall survival

Characteristics	Univariable analysis		Multivariable analysis
	Hazard ratio (95%CI)	P value	Hazard ratio (95%CI)	P value
Sex
Male	Reference	N/A	N/A	N/A
Female	0.74 (0.53-1.05)	0.089	N/A	N/A
Age (yr)
≥ 45	Reference	N/A	N/A	N/A
< 45	0.82 (0.60-1.12)	0.217	N/A	N/A
Site
Body and tail	Reference	N/A	N/A	N/A
Head	0.83 (0.60-1.15)	0.271	N/A	N/A
Baseline CA19-9 in U/mL
> 150	Reference	N/A	N/A	N/A
≤ 150	0.62 (0.44-0.87)	0.005a	0.67 (0.48-0.95)	0.025a
Unknown	1.05 (0.66-1.66)	0.841	1.17 (0.72-1.91)	0.532
Pathology grade
Well and moderate	Reference	N/A	N/A	N/A
Poor	1.62 (1.15-2.28)	0.006a	1.56 (1.08-2.26)	0.017a
Unknown	1.45 (0.96-2.19)	0.076	0.94 (0.52-1.70)	0.834
T-stage
1	Reference	N/A	N/A	N/A
2	1.40 (0.82-2.39)	0.220	1.38 (0.80-2.39)	0.252
3	1.88 (1.06-3.36)	0.031a	2.17 (1.18-3.98)	0.012a
4	1.78 (0.99-3.20)	0.053a	1.35 (0.67-2.72)	0.400
X	2.45 (0.56-10.72)	0.234	2.35 (0.50-11.10)	0.282
N-stage
0	Reference	N/A	N/A	N/A
1-2	1.85 (1.36-2.51)	< 0.001a	1.88 (1.36-2.60)	< 0.001a
Clinical stage
Localized	Reference	N/A	N/A	N/A
Locally advanced	1.34 (0.93-1.92)	0.117	N/A	N/A
Resection
No	Reference	N/A	N/A	N/A
Yes	0.62 (0.44-0.89)	0.009a	0.52 (0.29-0.93)	0.027a
Chemotherapy
No	Reference	N/A	N/A	N/A
Yes	1.02 (0.74-1.41)	0.916	N/A	N/A
Radiotherapy
No	Reference	N/A	N/A	N/A
Yes	0.81 (0.57-1.14)	0.223	N/A	N/A
Immunotherapy
No	Reference	N/A	N/A	N/A
Yes	1.01 (0.73-1.40)	0.959	N/A	N/A
Targeted therapy
No	Reference	N/A	N/A	N/A
Yes	0.85 (0.59-1.23)	0.385	N/A	N/A

^aP < 0.05.

CA19-9: Carbohydrate antigen 19-9; N/A: Not applicable.