Retrospective Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2023.
World J Gastroenterol. Nov 28, 2023; 29(44): 5882-5893
Published online Nov 28, 2023. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i44.5882
Table 1 Baseline characteristics of all patients with peptic ulcer disease, n (%)
Total (n = 26785)
Age ≥ 65 yr10392 (38.8)
Men15544 (58.0)
RUT or serology19601 (73.2)
Gastric ulcer18527 (69.2)
Duodenal ulcer8377 (31.3)
Diagnosis
    Hypertensive disorder4773 (17.8)
    Diabetes mellitus2239 (8.4)
    Hyperlipidemia2038 (7.6)
    Chronic kidney disease1282 (4.8)
    Ischemic heart disease2221 (8.3)
    Cerebrovascular disease812 (3.0)
    Chronic liver disease1436 (5.4)
    Osteoarthritis425 (1.6)
    Chronic obstructive lung disease515 (1.9)
Medication
    Aspirin4068 (15.2)
    Other antiplatelet agent13065 (11.4)
    Clopidogrel2386 (8.9)
    Cilostazole691 (2.6)
    NSAID5342 (19.9)
    Warfarin579 (2.2)
    DOAC297 (1.1)
    Steroid3404 (12.7)
    Antidepressant6308 (23.6)
    Bisphosphonate488 (1.8)
    Immunosuppressant578 (2.2)
1Antiplatelet agents other than aspirin include clopidogrel, cilostazole, ticlopidine, triflusal, ticagrelor, and prasugrel.
RUT: Rapid urease test; NSAIDs: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; DOAC: Direct oral anticoagulant.
Table 2 Comparison of characteristics according to the etiology of peptic ulcer disease
H. pylori-related PUD (n = 8202)
Drug-related PUD (n = 7066)
Idiopathic PUD (n = 4333)
P value
All (n = 19601)
Age ≥ 652043 (24.9)3842 (54.4)1601 (36.9)< 0.0017486 (38.2)
Men, n (%)5268 (64.2)3774 (53.4)2747 (63.4)< 0.00111789 (60.1)
Gastric ulcer5062 (61.7)5052 (71.5)2758 (63.7)< 0.00112872 (65.7)
Duodenal ulcer3272 (39.9)2171 (30.7)1574 (36.3)< 0.0017017 (35.8)
Diagnosis, n (%)
    Hypertensive disorder928 (11.3)2036 (28.8)529 (12.2)< 0.0013493 (17.8)
    Diabetes mellitus438 (5.3)954 (13.5)256 (5.9)< 0.0011648 (8.4)
    Hyperlipidemia587 (7.2)829 (11.7)129 (3.0)< 0.0011545 (7.9)
    Chronic kidney disease173 (2.1)604 (8.5)123 (2.8)< 0.001900 (4.6)
    Ischemic heart disease483 (5.9)1098 (15.5)49 (1.1)< 0.0011630 (8.3)
    Cerebrovascular disease161 (2.0)372 (5.3)35 (0.8)< 0.001568 (2.9)
    Chronic liver disease224 (2.7)447 (6.3)349 (8.1)< 0.0011020 (5.2)
      Alcoholic liver damage164 (2.0)253 (3.6)234 (5.4)< 0.001651 (3.3)
      Liver cirrhosis175 (2.1)381 (5.4)325 (7.5)< 0.001881 (4.5)
    Osteoarthritis84 (1.0)191 (2.7)13 (0.4)< 0.001288 (1.5)
    Chronic obstructive lung disease76 (0.9)209 (3.0)74 (1.7)< 0.001359 (1.8)
Medication, n (%)
    Antiplatelet agent1634 (7.7)1514 (21.4)77 (1.8)< 0.0012225 (11.4)
    Warfarin84 (1.0)258 (3.7)34 (0.8)< 0.001376 (1.9)
    DOAC33 (0.4)129 (1.8)20 (0.5)< 0.001182 (0.9)
    Steroid690 (8.4)1423 (20.1)227 (5.2)< 0.0012340 (11.9)
    Antidepressant1188 (14.5)2408 (34.1)868 (20.0)< 0.0014464 (22.8)
    Bisphosphonate94 (1.1)223 (3.2)18 (0.4)< 0.001335 (1.7)
    Immunosuppressant125 (1.5)275 (3.9)35 (0.8)< 0.001435 (2.2)
1Antiplatelet agents other than aspirin include clopidogrel, cilostazole, ticlopidine, triflusal, ticagrelor, and prasugrel.
PUD: Peptic ulcer disease; DOAC: Direct oral anticoagulant; H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori.
Table 3 Subgroup analysis of characteristics of peptic ulcer disease according to age, n (%)
Age (yr)
H. pylori-related PUD (n = 8202)
Drug-related PUD (n = 7066)
Idiopathic PUD (n = 4333)
P value
Men≥ 651161/2043 (56.8)1869/3842 (48.6)934/1601 (58.3)< 0.001
< 654107/6159 (66.7)1905/3224 (59.1)1813/2732 (66.4)< 0.001
Gastric ulcer≥ 651481/2043 (72.5)2855/3842 (74.3)1093/1601 (68.3)< 0.001
< 653581/6159 (58.1)2197/3224 (68.1)1665/2732 (60.9)< 0.001
Duodenal ulcer≥ 65612/2043 (30.0)1117/3842 (29.1)561/1601 (35.0)< 0.001
< 652660/6159 (43.2)1054/3224 (32.7)1013/2732 (37.1)< 0.001
Diagnosis
    Hypertensive disorder≥ 65452/2043 (22.1)1431/3842 (37.2)321/1601 (20.0)< 0.001
< 65476/6159 (7.7)605/3224 (18.8)208/2732 (7.6)< 0.001
    Diabetes mellitus≥ 65194/2043 (9.5)610/3842 (15.9)148/1601 (9.2)< 0.001
< 65244/6159 (4.0)344/3224 (10.7)108/2732 (4.0)< 0.001
    Hyperlipidemia ≥ 65201/2043 (9.8)533/3842 (13.9)53/1601 (3.3)< 0.001
< 65386/6159 (6.3)296/3224 (9.2)76/2732 (2.8)< 0.001
    Chronic kidney disease≥ 6576/2043 (3.7)382/3842 (9.9)64/1601 (4.0)< 0.001
< 6597/6159 (1.6)222/3224 (6.9)59/2732 (2.3)< 0.001
    Ischemic heart disease ≥ 65247/2043 (12.1)794/3842 (20.7)35/1601 (2.6)< 0.001
< 65236/6159 (3.8)304/3224 (9.4)14/2732 (0.6)< 0.001
    Cerebrovascular disease≥ 6592/2043 (4.5)288/3842 (7.5)25/1601 (1.6)< 0.001
< 6569/6159 (1.1)84/3224 (2.7)10/2732 (0.5)< 0.001
    Chronic liver disease≥ 6542/2043 (2.3)202/3842 (5.3)120/1601 (7.5)< 0.001
< 65182/6159 (3.0)245/3224 (7.6)229/2732 (8.4)< 0.001
      Alcoholic liver damage≥ 6520/2043 (1.1)85/3842 (2.2)64/1601 (4.0)< 0.001
< 65144/6159 (2.3)168/3224 (5.2)170/2732 (6.2)< 0.001
      Liver cirrhosis≥ 6529/2043 (1.6)161/3842 (4.2)113/1601 (7.1)< 0.001
< 65146/6159 (2.4)220/3224 (6.8)212/2732 (7.8)< 0.001
    Osteoarthritis≥ 6556/2043 (2.7)145/3842 (3.8)10/1601 (1.1)< 0.001
< 6528/6159 (0.5)46/3224 (1.6)3/2732 (0.2)< 0.001
    Chronic obstructive lung disease≥ 6553/2043 (2.6)176/3842 (4.6)57/1601 (3.6)0.001
< 6523/6159 (0.4)33/3224 (1.0)17/2732 (0.6)0.001
Medication
    Antiplatelet agent≥ 65324/2043 (15.9)1058/3842 (27.5)51/1601 (3.2)< 0.001
< 65310/6159 (5.0)456/3224 (14.1)26/2732 (1.0)< 0.001
    Warfarin≥ 6549/2043 (2.4)190/3842 (4.9)28/1601 (1.9)< 0.001
< 6535/6159 (0.6)68/3224 (2.1)6/2732 (0.3)< 0.001
    DOAC≥ 6523/2043 (1.2)112/3842 (2.9)19/1601 (1.2)< 0.001
< 6510/6159 (0.2)17/3224 (0.6)1/2732 (0.1)0.015
    Steroid≥ 65237/2043 (11.6)807/3842 (21.0)111/1601 (6.9)< 0.001
< 65453/6159 (7.4)616/3224 (19.1)116/2732 (4.2)< 0.001
    Antidepressant≥ 65456/2043 (22.3)1568/3842 (40.8)435/1601 (27.2)< 0.001
< 65732/6159 (11.9)840/3224 (26.1)433/2732 (15.8)< 0.001
    Bisphosphonate≥ 6554/2043 (2.6)174/3842 (4.5)11/1601 (0.7)< 0.001
< 6540/6159 (0.6)49/3224 (1.5)7/2732 (0.4)< 0.001
    Immunosuppressant≥ 6549/2043 (2.4)108/3842 (2.8)13/1601 (0.9)< 0.001
< 6576/6159 (1.2)167/3224 (5.2)22/2732 (1.0)< 0.001
PUD: Peptic ulcer disease; DOAC: Direct oral anticoagulant; H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori.