Knowledge, attitude, and practice of patients living with inflammatory bowel disease: A cross-sectional study

Table 1 Characteristics of the participants

Variables	n (%)	Knowledge		Attitude		Practice
		mean ± SD	P value	mean ± SD	P value	mean ± SD	P value
Total	353	10.05 ± 3.46		41.58 ± 5.23		44.20 ± 7.39
Gender			0.468		0.830		0.077
Male	224 (63.5)	9.95 ± 3.57		41.62 ± 5.02		44.72 ± 7.35
Female	129 (36.5)	10.2 ± 3.28		41.50 ± 5.59		43.28 ± 7.40
Age, yr (10 cases missing)			< 0.001		0.142		0.886
≤ 20	41 (11.6)	9.46 ± 3.87		40.95 ± 5.13		44.00 ± 8.15
20-30	116 (32.9)	10.87 ± 2.94		42.41 ± 5.25		44.37 ± 7.40
30-40	85 (24.1)	10.56 ± 3.03		41.81 ± 5.24		43.89 ± 6.92
> 40	101 (28.6)	9.02 ± 3.91		40.88 ± 5.21		44.70 ± 7.27
Ethnicity (1 case missing)			0.011		0.028		0.609
Han	341 (96.6)	10.13 ± 3.39		41.69 ± 5.16		44.25 ± 7.41
Minorities	11 (3.1)	7.45 ± 4.89		38.18 ± 6.51		43.09 ± 6.85
Residence			0.006		0.059		0.002
Rural	149 (42.2)	9.38 ± 3.72		44.18 ± 5.19		43.76 ± 7.76
City	122 (34.6)	10.66 ± 3.05		42.48 ± 5.05		45.97 ± 6.73
Suburb/urban-rural combination	82 (23.2)	10.35 ± 3.85		40.95 ± 5.45		42.35 ± 7.13
Education			< 0.001		0.003		0.089
Primary school and below	25 (7.1)	6.92 ± 3.53		40.00 ± 4.97		42.88 ± 7.21
Middle school	67 (19.0)	7.99 ± 4.17		39.99 ± 5.82		42.40 ± 8.01
High school/technical secondary school	84 (23.8)	10.25 ± 2.88		41.42 ± 4.83		44.55 ± 6.98
Junior college/bachelor’s degree and above	177 (50.1)	11.18 ± 2.75		42.47 ± 5.05		44.89 ± 7.29
Work status			< 0.001		0.002		0.012
Employed	185 (52.4)	10.79 ± 2.96		42.39 ± 4.90		45.13 ± 6.83
Other	168 (47.6)	9.23 ± 3.78		40.68 ± 5.44		43.17 ± 7.85
Monthly per capita income			< 0.001		0.003		0.074
< 5000	173 (49.0)	9.32 ± 3.87		40.61 ± 5.20		43.29 ± 7.95
5000-10000	104 (29.5)	10.88 ± 2.52		42.37 ± 4.96		45.21 ± 6.59
> 10000	76 (21.5)	10.55 ± 3.27		42.68 ± 5.32		44.87 ± 6.93
Marital status			0.029		0.939		0.201
Unmarried or other	157 (44.5)	10.50 ± 3.21		41.60 ± 5.25		44.76 ± 7.40
Married	196 (55.5)	9.69 ± 3.62		41.56 ± 5.23		43.74 ± 7.37
Smoking habit			0.163		0.386		0.202
No (no smoking)	282 (79.9)	10.18 ± 3.33		41.45 ± 5.13		43.94 ± 7.18
Yes (smoking or used to smoke)	71 (20.1)	9.54 ± 3.92		42.06 ± 5.63		45.20 ± 8.14
Drinking habit			0.461		0.744		0.372
No (no drinking)	240 (68.0)	10.14 ± 3.40		41.51 ± 5.27		43.95 ± 7.36
Yes (drinking or used to drink)	113 (32.0)	9.85 ± 3.59		41.71 ± 5.16		44.71 ± 7.47
Medical insurance type (multiple choices)
Basic medical insurance for urban employees	187 (53.0)	10.68 ± 3.06	< 0.001	43.62 ± 4.98	< 0.001	44.79 ± 7.14	0.108
New cooperative medical insurance	112 (31.7)	9.16 ± 4.02	0.001	54.18 ± 5.45	0.001	43.34 ± 7.88	0.138
Basic medical insurance for urban residents	62 (17.6)	9.18 ± 3.77	0.029	55.13 ± 4.87	0.460	44.56 ± 6.71	0.666
Commercial insurance	23 (6.5)	10.74 ± 3.37	0.323	56.30 ± 4.76	0.490	45.61 ± 7.24	0.343
No insurance	3 (0.8)	12.33 ± 1.15	0.252	52.00 ± 4.58	0.235	34.67 ± 9.29	0.025
Which IBD			< 0.001		0.005		0.553
Ulcerative colitis	133 (37.7)	9.16 ± 3.69		54.57 ± 5.06		43.89 ± 7.55
Crohn’s disease	220 (62.3)	10.59 ± 3.21		56.18 ± 5.25		44.38 ± 7.30
Duration of IBD			0.995		0.948		0.248
< 1 yr	239 (67.7)	10.05 ± 3.46		55.58 ± 5.17		44.65 ± 7.36
1-2 yr	59 (16.7)	10.08 ± 3.43		55.41 ± 5.30		43.17 ± 7.72
> 2 yr	55 (15.6)	10.02 ± 3.56		55.73 ± 5.59		43.33 ± 7.09
Ostomy			0.014		0.088		0.621
Yes	27 (7.6)	8.48 ± 4.37		53.93 ± 5.95		43.52 ± 10.05
No	326 (92.4)	10.18 ± 3.53		55.71 ± 5.15		44.25 ± 7.14
Comorbidities			0.463		0.064		0.004
Yes	59 (16.7)	9.75 ± 3.72		54.42 ± 5.11		41.71 ± 7.32
No	294 (83.3)	10.11 ± 3.41		55.81 ± 5.23		44.64 ± 7.28
Family history of IBD			0.588		0.991		0.392
Yes	9 (2.5)	10.67 ± 4.21		55.56 ± 4.98		42.11 ± 6.43
No	344 (97.5)	10.03 ± 3.45		55.58 ± 5.24		44.25 ± 7.41
Surgical history			0.340		0.487		0.894
Yes	165 (46.7)	10.24 ± 3.39		55.78 ± 5.10		44.14 ± 7.47
No	188 (53.3)	9.88 ± 3.53		55.39 ± 5.35		44.24 ± 7.34
History of drug allergy			0.110		0.120		0.890
Yes	48 (13.6)	10.79 ± 2.73		56.67 ± 5.15		44.33 ± 7.36
No	305 (86.4)	9.93 ± 3.55		55.40 ± 5.23		44.17 ± 7.41
What kind of treatment is being received?			0.040		0.004		0.276
5-aminosalicylic acid drugs (e.g., mesalazine)	19 (5.4)	8.63 ± 3.44		55.00 ± 4.99		45.32 ± 8.87
Glucocorticoids	1 (0.3)	12.00		57.00		50.00
Immunosuppressants (e.g., azathioprine, tacrolimus, cyclosporine, etc.)	6 (1.7)	6.50 ± 3.27		51.33 ± 6.38		37.83 ± 9.99
Biological agents (e.g., infliximab, vedolizumab, ustekinumab)	301 (85.3)	10.16 ± 3.49		55.97 ± 5.13		44.33 ± 7.26
Biological agents + immunosuppressants	14 (4.0)	9.93 ± 3.34		51.36 ± 5.58		43.57 ± 6.73
Biological agents + 5-aminosalicylic acid drugs	12 (3.4)	11.25 ± 1.48		53.42 ± 4.36		42.50 ± 6.99

IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease.

Table 2 Knowledge dimension, n (%)

Knowledge	Correct	Wrong	Unclear
IBD is a group of chronic, non-specific recurrent intestinal inflammatory diseases, including UC and CD	316 (89.5)	2 (0.6)	35 (9.9)
At present, many factors, such as heredity, immunity, environment, and microorganisms, are involved in the pathogenesis of the disease	74 (21.0)	185 (52.4)	94 (26.6)
Symptoms of IBD can include abdominal pain, diarrhea, bloody stool, anemia, fever, joint swelling, pain, etc.	293 (83.0)	13 (3.7)	47 (13.3)
Extraintestinal manifestations of IBD include oral ulcers, joint injury, skin injury, eye lesions, hepatobiliary diseases, etc.	212 (60.1)	32 (9.1)	109 (30.9)
IBD often occurs in young adults and is more common between the ages of 20-50 yr	267 (75.6)	16 (4.5)	70 (19.8)
IBD is a lifelong disease, and the patient’s condition is prolonged and repeated. At present, there is no specific and effective medicine or method to cure the disease	293 (83.0)	11 (3.1)	49 (13.9)
Colonoscopy and mucosal biopsy are the best methods to establish the diagnosis and assess the disease’s severity in patients with IBD	285 (80.7)	6 (1.7)	62 (17.6)
Generally, medical treatment is the main treatment for IBD, but surgical treatment is needed when intestinal obstruction, intestinal perforation, and canceration occur	275 (77.9)	5 (1.4)	73 (20.7)
The treatment of patients with IBD varies widely among individuals, with different classifications and severity of the disease leading to different treatment outcomes and efficacy	299 (84.7)	1 (0.3)	53 (15.0)
Drugs for treating IBD include hormones, aminosalicylic acid drugs, immunosuppressants (azathioprine, methotrexate, etc.), and biological agents	274 (77.6)	5 (1.4)	74 (21.0)
There are no side effects after treatment with glucocorticoids, etc.	149 (42.2)	39 (11.0)	165 (46.7)
Currently, the biological agents approved for treating IBD in China include infliximab, vidrizumab, and ustekinumab	292 (82.7)	6 (1.7)	55 (15.6)
All patients with IBD can’t normally absorb the nutrients they intake	232 (65.7)	60 (17.0)	61 (17.3)
Emotion, smoking, drinking, and other behaviors will not affect IBD	286 (81.0)	36 (10.2)	31 (8.8)

IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; UC: Ulcerative colitis; CD: Crohn’s disease.

Table 3 Attitude dimension, n (%)

Attitude	Strongly agree	Agree	Neutral	Disagree	Strongly disagree
I am confident in the treatment of IBD	158 (44.8)	134 (38.0)	58 (16.4)	3 (0.8)	0
I think patients with IBD need to avoid certain foods	186 (52.7)	144 (40.8)	22 (6.2)	1 (0.3)	0
I think that patients with IBD combined with malnutrition need to use a combination of intestinal and extra-intestinal nutrition support according to the disease situation if necessary	171 (48.4)	151 (42.8)	29 (8.2)	1 (0.3)	1 (0.3)
I think scientific dietary guidance and management are key to managing IBD	193 (54.7)	141 (39.9)	18 (5.1)	1 (0.3)	0
I think developing a specific treatment plan for IBD needs to be tailored to the individual’s situation and developed jointly by the IBD medical specialist and the patient	208 (58.9)	129 (36.5)	15 (4.2)	1 (0.3)	0
I think the adjustment of IBD medication needs to be carried out under the guidance of specialists, and patients should not adjust their own medication	228 (64.6)	112 (31.7)	13 (3.7)	0	0
I believe that during IBD medication, patients need to monitor the side effects of their medication and provide timely feedback to their specialists	216 (61.2)	128 (36.3)	9 (2.5)	0	0
I think treatment can be stopped when the colonoscopy shows mucosal healing (i.e., complete healing of colonic erosions and ulcers)	37 (10.5)	47 (13.3)	92 (26.1)	134 (38.0)	43 (12.2)
I think the early application of biologics, in conjunction with specialist advice, will allow early control of disease activity to change the course of the disease and minimize complications and disability in the bowel	171 (48.4)	147 (41.6)	30 (8.5)	3 (0.8)	2 (0.6)
I think patients with IBD should reduce their intake of saturated fatty acids (animal oil, cream, fatty meats, meat soups, etc.)	137 (38.8)	156 (44.2)	52 (14.7)	7 (2.0)	1 (0.3)
I think that IBD patients should try to drink plain hot water and freshly squeezed juices and need to avoid strong tea, sugary drinks, coffee, alcohol, etc.	177 (50.1)	148 (41.9)	24 (6.8)	2 (0.6)	2 (0.6)
I think the IBD disease has obviously increased the family’s financial burden	172 (48.7)	133 (37.7)	42 (11.9)	5 (1.4)	1 (0.3)
I think I can get married, get pregnant, and give birth normally if my IBD disease is controlled	125 (35.4)	166 (47.0)	52 (14.7)	8 (2.3)	2 (0.6)
I think IBD has affected my normal work, study, and social interaction	98 (27.8)	134 (38.0)	86 (24.4)	30 (8.5)	5 (1.4)

IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease.

Table 4 Practice dimension, n (%)

Practice	Always	Often	Sometimes		Seldom	Never
I will actively cooperate with the medical staff for my treatment and nursing	244 (69.1)	93 (26.3)	15 (4.2)		1 (0.3)	0
I will communicate with specialists regularly and follow up regularly	166 (47.0)	116 (32.9)	62 (17.6)		9 (2.5)	0
I will vent my bad emotions correctly, such as through exercise relaxation, music relaxation, and implied adjustment, to relieve mental stress	106 (30.0)	125 (35.4)	92 (26.1)		25 (7.1)	5 (1.4)
I will communicate with family members, close friends, and patients and gain encouragement and emotional support	94 (26.6)	117 (33.1)	92 (26.1)		41 (11.6)	9 (2.5)
	Yes, n (%)			No, n (%)
I will take care to quit smoking and drinking	346 (98.0)			7 (2.0)
I will take care to avoid staying up late and overworking	120 (34.0)	119 (33.7)	87 (24.6)		23 (6.5)	4 (1.1)
I will take care to choose appropriate physical exercise according to my physical condition	96 (27.2)	95 (26.9)	105 (29.7)		50 (14.2)	7 (2.0)
If there is an ostomy, I will go to an IBD specialist for standard treatment	336 (95.2)	17 (4.8)	0		0	0
If I am treated with biological agents, I will pay attention to monitoring the related side effects	179 (50.7)	107 (30.3)	52 (14.7)		11 (3.1)	4 (1.1)
If a food allergy is identified, I will take care to avoid it in my daily diet	210 (59.5)	105 (29.7)	30 (8.5)		5 (1.4)	3 (0.8)
I will use a “diet diary” to identify foods that may cause discomfort, such as abdominal pain or diarrhea, and try to avoid them in my future diet	106 (30.0)	94 (26.6)	67 (19.0)		42 (11.9)	44 (12.5)
I will improve my understanding of diseases and treatment through WeChat groups, networks, and popular science lectures	100 (28.3)	85 (24.1)	104 (29.5)		52 (14.7)	12 (3.4)
I will insist on taking medicine or receiving infusion treatment of biological agents as prescribed by my physician	247 (70.0)	86 (24.4)	16 (4.5)		3 (0.8)	1 (0.3)
I will encourage and help other people with IBD as much as I can	135 (38.2)	78 (22.1)	93 (26.3)		37 (10.5)	10 (2.8)

IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease.

Table 5 Correlation analysis

	Knowledge dimension	Attitude	Practice
Knowledge dimension	1
Attitude	0.371 (P < 0.001)	1
Practice	0.100 (P < 0.001)	0.452 (P < 0.001)	1

Table 6 Univariate and multivariate analysis of knowledge

Variables	Univariate analysis		Multivariate analysis
	OR (95%CI)	P value	OR (95%CI)	P value
Gender
Male	1.09 (0.62-1.92)	0.751
Female	Ref
Age
≤ 20	Ref		Ref
20-30	2.80 (1.10-7.09)	0.030	3.01 (0.97-9.38)	0.057
30-40	2.17 (0.84-5.63)	0.111	4.06 (1.04-15.82)	0.043
> 40	0.76 (0.33-1.75)
Ethnicity
Han	3.83 (1.13-12.94)	0.031	3.70 (0.80-16.97)	0.093
Minorities	Ref		Ref
Residence
Rural	Ref		Ref
City	3.08 (1.56-6.07)	0.001	1.69 (0.74-3.84)	0.213
Suburb/urban-rural combination	1.95 (0.97-3.90)	0.060	1.33 (0.58-3.03)	0.496
Education
Primary school and below	Ref
Middle school	2.99 (1.15-7.76)	0.025	3.98 (1.29-12.33)	0.017
High school/technical secondary school	11.80 (4.20-33.17)	< 0.001	14.06 (3.92-50.38)	< 0.001
Junior college/bachelor’s degree and above	20.70 (7.75-55.28)	< 0.001	15.20 (4.15-55.65)	< 0.001
Work status
Employed	4.07 (2.23-7.41)	< 0.001	1.34 (0.63-2.85)	0.444
Other	Ref		Ref
Monthly per capita income
< 5000	Ref		Ref
5000-10000	3.94 (1.84-8.43)	< 0.001	2.04 (0.81-5.18)	0.133
> 10000	2.46 (1.17-5.18)	0.018	0.90 (0.34-2.36)	0.823
Marital status
Unmarried or other	Ref		Ref
Married	0.61 (0.35-1.07)	0.083	0.85 (0.33-2.16)	0.734
Smoking habit
No (no smoking)	Ref
Yes (smoking or used to smoke)	0.60 (0.33-1.12)	0.10
Drinking habit
No (no drinking)	Ref
Yes (drinking or used to drink)	0.85 (0.49-1.50)	0.584
What kind of IBD is being diagnosed
Ulcerative colitis	0.50 (0.29-0.85)	0.011	0.57 (0.28-1.18)	0.132
Crohn’s disease	Ref		Ref
Duration of IBD
< 1 yr	1.14 (0.54-2.39)	0.729
1-2 yr	0.98 (0.39-2.45)	0.964
> 2 yr	Ref
Ostomy?
Yes	0.51 (0.21-1.23)	0.135
No	Ref
Comorbidities
Yes	0.62 (0.32-1.19)	0.149
None	Ref
Family history of IBD
Yes	1.86 (0.23-15.16)	0.560
No	Ref
Surgical history
Yes	1.15 (0.67-1.97)	0.613
No	Ref
History of drug allergy
Yes	1.40 (0.60-3.29)	0.433
No	Ref
What kind of treatment is being received?
5-aminosalicylic acid drugs (e.g., mesalazine)	Ref
Glucocorticoids	-	-
Immunosuppressants (e.g., azathioprine, tacrolimus, cyclosporine, etc.)	0.46 (0.07-2.99)	0.418
Biological agents (e.g., infliximab, vedolizumab, ustekinumab)	2.11 (0.77-5.80)	0.148
Biological agents + immunosuppressants	1.69 (0.34-8.40)	0.520
Biological agents + 5-aminosalicylic acid drugs	-	-

IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease.

Table 7 Univariate and multivariate analysis of attitude

Variables	Univariate analysis		Multivariate analysis
	OR (95%CI)	P value	OR (95%CI)	P value
Knowledge score (as continuous variables)	1.24 (1.14-1.34)	< 0.001	1.23 (1.11-1.36)	< 0.001
Gender
Male	1.42 (0.73-2.74)	0.300
Female	Ref
Age
≤ 20	Ref
20-30	1.49 (0.52-4.25)	0.461
30-40	1.29 (0.43-3.82)	0.651
> 40	1.27 (0.44-3.65)	0.656
Ethnicity
Han	4.69 (1.31-16.80)	0.017	3.21 (0.66-15.59)	0.149
Minorities	Ref		Ref
Residence
Rural	Ref		Ref
City	2.47 (1.06-5.76)	0.037	1.63 (0.61 4.32)	0.329
Suburb/urban-rural combination	1.12 (0.51-2.44)	0.779	0.98 (0.39-2.47)	0.968
Education
Primary school and below	Ref		Ref
Middle school	0.95 (0.30-2.97)	0.925	0.85 (0.23-3.08)	0.803
High school/technical secondary school	2.37 (0.70-8.05)	0.165	0.87 (0.22-3.49)	0.841
Junior college/bachelor’s degree and above	2.91 (0.95-8.94)	0.062	0.82 (0.20-3.26)	0.774
Work status
Employed	2.65 (1.32-5.30)	0.006	1.54 (0.64-3.70)	0.338
Other	Ref		Ref
Monthly per capita income
< 5000	Ref		Ref
5000-10000	2.22 (0.97-5.09)	0.060	1.10 (0.42-2.89)	0.850
> 10000	2.16 (0.85-5.46)	0.105	1.06 (0.35-3.17)	0.924
Marital status
Unmarried or other	Ref
Married	0.97 (0.51-1.88)	0.937
Smoking habit
No (no smoking)	Ref
Yes (smoking or used to smoke)	0.88 (0.40-1.94)	0.755
Drinking habit
No (no drinking)	Ref
Yes (drinking or used to drink)	1.16 (0.57-2.36)	0.689
What kind of IBD is being diagnosed
Ulcerative colitis	0.75 (0.39-1.44)	0.383
Crohn’s disease	Ref
Duration of IBD
< 1 yr	0.92 (0.36-2.35)	0.866
1-2 yr	0.91 (0.29-2.90)	0.873
> 2 yr	Ref
Ostomy?
Yes	0.55 (0.19-1.53)	0.250
No	Ref
Comorbidities
Yes	0.68 (0.31-1.51)	0.341
None	Ref
Family history of IBD
Yes	1.05 (0.13-8.64)	0.962
No	Ref
Surgical history
Yes	1.14 (0.59-2.19)	0.698
No	Ref
History of drug allergy
Yes	1.52 (0.52-4.47)	0.448
No	Ref
What kind of treatment is being received?
5-aminosalicylic acid drugs (e.g., mesalazine)	Ref		Ref
Glucocorticoids	-	-	-	-
Immunosuppressants (e.g., azathioprine, tacrolimus, cyclosporine, etc.)	0.24 (0.02-2.22)	0.206	0.38 (0.03-4.43)	0.438
Biological agents (e.g., infliximab, vedolizumab, ustekinumab)	1.10 (0.24-5.02)	0.899	0.88 (0.17-4.53)	0.878
Biological agents + immunosuppressants	0.21 (0.03-1.32)	0.096	0.16 (0.02-1.17)	0.070
Biological agents + 5-aminosalicylic acid drugs	0.35 (0.05-2.51)	0.298	0.17 (0.02-1.51)	0.113

IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease.

Table 8 Univariate and multivariate analysis of practice

Variables	Univariate analysis		Multivariate analysis
	OR (95%CI)	P value	OR (95%CI)	P value
Knowledge score (as continuous variables)	1.10 (1.02-1.19)	0.020	0.96 (0.87-1.06)	0.412
Attitude score (as continuous variables)	1.21 (1.13-1.30)	< 0.001	1.20 (1.11-1.30)	< 0.001
Gender
Male	1.62 (0.86-3.04)	0.134
Female	Ref
Age
≤ 20	Ref
20-30	1.25 (0.45-3.50)	0.672
30-40	1.65 (0.53-5.11)	0.386
> 40	1.16 (0.41-3.30)	0.780
Ethnicity
Han	0.65 (0.14-3.11)	0.589
Minorities	Ref
Residence
Rural	Ref		Ref
City	2.41 (1.08-5.40)	0.033	2.01 (0.80-5.04)	0.139
Suburb/urban-rural combination	1.12 (0.53-2.38)	0.768	1.12 (0.49-2.58)	0.788
Education
Primary school and below	Ref
Middle school	0.66 (0.20-2.22)	0.503
High school/technical secondary school	2.10 (0.56-7.84)	0.272
Junior college/bachelor’s degree and above	1.58 (0.49-5.11)	0.441
Work status
Employed	2.76 (1.41-5.40)	0.003	1.93 (0.88-4.21)	0.099
Other	Ref		Ref
Monthly per capita income
< 5000	Ref		Ref
5000-10000	2.42 (1.06-5.51)	0.036	1.31 (0.51-3.33)	0.578
> 10000	1.71 (0.74-3.94)	0.207	0.86 (0.32-2.28)	0.755
Marital status
Unmarried or other	Ref
Married	0.65 (0.34-1.25)	0.200
Smoking habit
No (no smoking)	Ref
Yes (smoking or used to smoke)	0.86 (0.41-1.84)	0.706
Drinking habit
No (no drinking)	Ref
Yes (drinking or used to drink)	1.18 (0.60-2.35)	0.631
What kind of IBD is being diagnosed
Ulcerative colitis	0.80 (0.43-1.52)	0.501
Crohn’s disease	Ref
Duration of IBD
< 1 yr	1.39 (0.59-3.27)	0.445
1-2 yr	0.74 (0.27-2.01)	0.558
> 2 yr	Ref
Ostomy
Yes	0.62 (0.22-1.72)	0.354
No	Ref
Comorbidities
Yes	0.43 (0.21-0.88)	0.022	0.50 (0.23-1.09)	0.082
None	Ref		Ref
Family history of IBD
Yes	-	-
No	Ref
Surgical history
Yes	1.11 (0.59-2.09)	0.741
No	Ref
History of drug allergy
Yes	0.83 (0.35-1.99)	0.682
No	Ref
What kind of treatment is being received?
5-aminosalicylic acid drugs (e.g., mesalazine)	Ref
Glucocorticoids	-	-
Immunosuppressants (e.g., azathioprine, tacrolimus, cyclosporine, etc.)	0.19 (0.02-1.41)	0.104
Biological agents (e.g., infliximab, vedolizumab, ustekinumab)	1.38 (0.38-4.97)	0.622
Biological agents + immunosuppressants	2.44 (0.23-26.30)	0.463
Biological agents + 5-aminosalicylic acid drugs	0.94 (0.13-6.63)	0.948

IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease.