Retrospective Cohort Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2023.
World J Gastroenterol. Jun 28, 2023; 29(24): 3843-3854
Published online Jun 28, 2023. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i24.3843
Table 1 Baseline characteristics
Control (n = 104560)LSM (n = 48766)SMD
Age, yr50.1 (7.4)51.4 (8.0)0.122
Sex-0.133
    Male100642 (96.3)45496 (93.3)
    Female3918 (3.7)3270 (6.7)
BMI
    Underweight (< 18.5 kg/m2)2017 (1.9)860 (1.8)0.028
    Normal (18.5-23 kg/m2)34098 (32.6)15065 (30.9)-0.012
    Obesity (23-25 kg/m2)27019 (25.8)12856 (26.4)-0.037
    Overweight (> 25 kg/m2)41413 (39.6)19976 (41.0)0.012
    Unknown13 (0.0) 0.0129 (0.0)0.005
Daily alcohol consumption1, g/d28.8 (27.1)26.3 (27.5)-0.064
Drinking status1
    Moderate92707 (88.7)43734 (89.7)0.097
    Heavy 11853 (11.3)5032 (10.3)-0.033
Smoking1, pack-year19.1 (11.8)18.2 (12.9) -0.052
Physical activity status10.051
    Not at all56184 (53.7)24967 (51.2)
    A little 48376 (46.3)23799 (48.8)
AST, U/L 38.0 (49.6)37.3 (45.8)-0.009
ALT, U/L 40.8 (60.8)40.3 (59.6)-0.006
GGT, U/L76.6 (91.8)69.5 (94.2)-0.046
Hypertension (%)27297 (26.1)14145 (29.0)0.065
Diabetes (%)22475 (21.5)11712 (24.0)0.06
Myocardial infarction (%)838 (0.8)537 (1.1)0.031
Congestive heart failure (%)2142 (2.0)1288 (2.6)0.039
Cerebrovascular accident (%)5150 (4.9)3145 (6.4)0.066
Renal disease (%)867 (0.8)515 (1.1)0.023
Antiviral medications (%)896 (0.9)533 (1.1)-0.024
1At the time of inclusion.
Values were presented n (%) or mean (SD). LSM: Lifestyle modification; SMD: Standard mean difference; BMI: Body mass index; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; GGT: γ-glutamyl transferase.
Table 2 Hazard ratios for incident cancer according to lifestyle modification
No. of case (100 persons year)
HR (95%CI)
Hepatocellular carcinoma
    Control (n = 104560)5031 (0.8)Reference
    LSM1 (n = 48766)2296 (0.8)0.92 (0.87-0.96)
        QD (n = 8224)371 (0.7)0.84 (0.76-0.94)
        QS (n = 16423)695 (0.7)0.87 (0.81-0.94)
        RE (n = 14457)799 (0.9)1.08 (1.00-1.16)
        QD + QS + RE (n = 686)31 (0.7)0.79 (0.55-1.12)
All cancer
    Control (n = 104560)9691 (1.6)Reference
    LSM (n = 48766)4710 (1.6)0.93 (0.90-0.97)
        QD (n = 8224)826 (1.7)0.92 (0.86-0.99)
        QS (n = 16423)1411 (1.5)0.89 (0.84-0.94)
        RE (n = 14457)1506 (1.8)1.04 (0.99-1.10)
        QD + QS + RE (n = 686)70 (1.7)0.85 (0.67-1.07)
Extrahepatic cancer
    Control (n = 104560)4660 (0.8)Reference
    LSM (n = 48766)2414 (0.8)0.96 (0.91-1.01)
        QD (n = 8224)455 (0.9)1.01 (0.92-1.11)
        QS (n = 16423)716 (0.8)0.91 (0.84-0.99)
        RE (n = 14457)707 (0.8)1.00 (0.93-1.09)
        QD + QS + RE (n = 686)39 (0.9)0.91 (0.67-1.25)
1Lifestyle modification is quitting drinking or quitting smoking or regular exercise.
HR: Hazard ratio; CI: Confidence interval; LSM: Lifestyle modification; QD: Quitting drinking; QS: Quitting smoking; RE: Regular exercise.
Table 3 Hazard ratios for mortality according to lifestyle modification
No. of case (100 persons year)
HR (95%CI)
Liver-related mortality
    Control (n = 104560)2458 (0.4)Reference
    LSM1 (n = 48766)1150 (0.4)0.92 (0.86-0.99)
        QD (n = 8224)203 (0.4) 0.92 (0.80-1.06)
        QS (n = 16423)319 (0.3)0.81 (0.72-0.91)
        RE (n = 14457)422 (0.5)1.15 (1.04-1.27)
        QD + QS + RE (n = 686)17 (0.4)0.85 (0.53-1.37)
All-cause mortality
    Control (n = 104560)4539 (0.7)Reference
    LSM (n = 48766)2294 (0.7)0.94 (0.90-0.99)
        QD (n = 8224)451 (0.9)1.04 (0.94-1.15)
        QS (n = 16423)588 (0.6)0.78 (0.72-0.85)
        RE (n = 14457)772 (0.9)1.11 (1.03-1.20)
        QD + QS + RE (n = 686)38 (0.9)0.91 (0.66-1.25)
1Lifestyle modification is quitting drinking or quitting smoking or regular exercise.
HR: Hazard ratio; CI: Confidence interval; LSM: Lifestyle modification; QD: Quitting drinking; QS: Quitting smoking; RE: Regular exercise.