Epidemiology of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth

Table 1 Association of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth with various diseases

Disease	Prevalence of SIBO	OR
Functional digestive diseases
Functional dyspepsia	17.2%-53.4%	4.3
Irritable bowel syndrome	31.0%-36.7%	3.7
Functional abdominal bloating/distention	43%-68%
Functional constipation	78%
Functional diarrhea	69%
Organic (non-functional) digestive diseases
Short bowel syndrome	50%
Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction	23.7%-52.6%
Lactase deficiency	27.6%	5.3
Lactose malabsorption in elderly persons	90%	36
Symptomatic uncomplicated diverticular disease	58.9%	8.7
Celiac disease	18.3%	5.1
Environmental enteric dysfunction	85.3%
Crohn’s disease	25.4%	10.9
Ulcerative colitis	14.3%	8.0
Liver diseases
Cirrhosis	40.8%	6.8
Hepatocellular carcinoma	71.8%	81.5
Metabolic associated fatty liver disease	35.0%	3.8
Primary biliary cholangitis	32.8%	18.9
Abdominal surgery
Bariatric surgery	37.0%-73.4%
Gastrectomy	61.6%-77.6%	16.3
Colectomy	62%-74%	3.47
Cholecystectomy	24.6%-46.8%	4.5-5.7
Other digestive diseases
Erosive esophagitis	65%	4.0
Helicobacter pylori infection	60.4%	3.45
Gastroparesis	60%
Chronic pancreatitis	38.6%	5.58
Acute pancreatitis	12.0%-17.8%
Cystic fibroris	31.6%-40.0%
Gallstone disease	14.8%-40.5%	2.2-26.9
Encopresis	42%	2.4
Endocrine and metabolic diseases
Diabetes mellitus	29%	4.18
Hypothyroidism	54%	22.3
Acromegaly	43.9%	22.7
Hyperlipidemia	78.9%
Nervous diseases
Multiple sclerosis	38.1%	4.5
Restless legs syndrome	69%	19.8
Azheimer’s disease	49%	3.35
Autism	31.0%	4.35
Spinal cord injuries	37.5%-38.5%
Parkinson’s disease	46%	5.22
Rheumatic diseases
Systemic sclerosis	34%	12.51
Behçet’s disease	36%
Spondylarthropathy	63%	32.9
Fibromyalgia	100%
Other diseases
Allergic asthma	67%
Non-allergic asthma	43%
Heart failure	41.7%-45.0%	7.14
Pancreatic cancer	63.3%	11.2
Cholangiocarcinoma	46.7%	5.7
Obstructive sleep apnea	30.8%
Post-COVID-19 irritable bowel syndrome	93.3%	9.3
Deep vein thrombosis	69.8%	3.5
Rosacea	10%-46%	16.2

SIBO: Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth; OR: Odds ratio; COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019.